An Empirical Study on Impact Analysis of Macro Economic Indicators on Indian Banking Stocks | Chapter 3 | Economics, Business and Management: Recent Advances Vol. 1

 

The fluctuations in stock prices are due to both company-specific internal factors and many external factors. Among the external factors, the most important are the macroeconomic factors. To create a profitable portfolio, investors must analyse both internal and external influences. This study focuses on the impact of the most important macroeconomic factors, viz., GDP, inflation, industrial production, crude oil prices, foreign institutional investments, currency exchange rate and interest rates, on the prices of the listed banking stocks in India. The sample constitutes the top five listed banks selected from the public and private sectors on the basis of their market capitalisation. The collected secondary data was analysed using suitable statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, coefficient of correlation and linear multiple regression analysis. Hypotheses are tested based on Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis. It is observed that only two variables, i.e. industrial production and exchange rate, have a significant positive impact on the stock prices. The variable interest rate is showing a significantly negative influence on the stock prices. All the other variables, viz., GDP, inflation, oil prices and FII investments have an insignificant impact.

 

 

Author(s) Details

S. Sundara Ram
C. U. Shah University, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India.

 

Munjal Dave
C. U. Shah University, Wadhwan, Gujarat, India.

 

M. Rajesh
VIT Business School, VIT University, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ebmra/v1/6975

Examining the Factors Influencing Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Sudan | Chapter 3 | Business, Management and Economics: Research Progress Vol. 7

Sudan, as one of many developing countries, has increasingly addressed FDI as a means of economic development as well as for the stimulation of income growth and employment opportunities. Instead of leveraging self-savings, Sudan is mostly dependent upon foreign financing and domestic borrowing to ensure financial inflow, in order to budget and balance its payment deficits. This chapter examines foreign direct investment (FDI) in the context of Sudan during the period 1990–2020. The bounds-testing method of cointegration and the error correction model have been employed. Annual data from 1990 to 2020 on six macroeconomic indicators (e.g., real GDP, exchange and inflation rates, domestic investment, openness of trade, and FDI) were utilized in this research, including time series data obtained from the Central Bank of Sudan, the Ministry of Investment, and Central Bureau of Statistics. This research applied a model that assesses how various types of selective variables impacted the attraction of FDI to Sudan between 1990 and 2020. As per the results, it can be understood that the variables considered for the study are combined on a long-term basis if FDI remains a dependent variable. Further, a significant equilibrium correction was found, which supports the existence of a long-term relationship. A number of internal and external factors, especially gross domestic product (GDP), investment/GDP, trade openness, inflation, exchange rate, and growth rate were found to impact the state of FDI in Sudan. The variables showed no causalities as per the outcomes of the Granger causality test. Moreover, as per the variance decomposition results, the forecast error variance of FDI, in addition to that of GDP, investment/GDP, and inflation, was found to be self-explanatory. Additionally, as per the impulse response functions, the results demonstrated a short-term negative association between GDP and FDI, suggesting that Sudan possesses inadequate absorptive capacity for promoting its economy using FDI. The results of this research emphasized how selective public policies can be utilized to promote FDI and consequently facilitate short- and long-term economic growth. Therefore, it is useful to recommend some policy implications to promote the application of FDI in Sudan. A dynamic, attractive domestic environment should be created through the implementation of relevant policies; FDI must be supported by a hospitable regulatory framework, a large market, and a favorable economic environment, and ensure that the economy is stable and that the investment climate is attractive. Some sectors should also be prioritized in investments, such as agriculture-based industries, transport, communications, renewable energy, and digital transformation in government services, as well as financial and banking industries.

 

Author (s) Details

Mohamed Sharif Bashir
Applied College, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

 

Ahmed Abdu Allah Ibrahim
Faculty of Economic and Social Studies, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/bmerp/v7/2844

Non-perturbative Effects Via Stochastic Quantum Inflation Based on a Single Canonical Scalar Field: The Linear and Quartic Self-Interaction Potential Case | Chapter 11 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 7

Cosmological inflation solves the short-comings of the standard hot big-bang cosmology, while at the same time it generates the primordial fluctuations, and so it provides us with a mechanism that explains the CMB temperature anisotropies as well as the large scale structure of the Universe. The linear inflaton potential, despite its simplicity, has become relevant as it is still in agreement with the latest Planck data, and also because it can be obtained in the context of well-defined quantum field theory from a Coleman-Weinberg potential, provided that a non minimal coupling to gravity is also present. During inflation infrared logarithms of the inflationary scale factor arise in the expectation values of operators of quantum field theories. As those logarithms continuously grow with time, eventually they overcome the small coupling constants, and so perturbation theory breaks down. Starobinsky’s technique of stochastic quantum inflation recovers the leading infrared logarithms at each order, and the series of those leading effects may be resummed to give non-perturbative predictions. The approach is named after Alexei Starobinsky, a prominent physicist who developed key ideas and techniques in this area. Starobinsky inflation, one of the earliest and most successful models of cosmological inflation, leads to a graceful exit from inflation and is compatible with current observational constraints from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Starobinsky’s formalism has been extended to include other modifications of gravity (e.g. f(R) theories) and interactions with additional fields. This manuscript presents the main developments that apply Starobinsky’s stochastic quantum inflation to the case of a minimally coupled scalar field with quartic and linear self-interaction potential. In the case of the quartic potential a series in the coupling constant is obtained, while in the case of the linear potential we solve the corresponding Fokker-Planck equation exactly, and obtain analytical expressions for the stochastic expectation values.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Grigoris Panotopoulos
Departamento de Ciencias Fisicas, Universidad de la Frontera, Casilla 54-D, 4811186 Temuco, Chile.

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v7/4037

Economic Theory under the Lens of Sustainability: A Simple Start | Chapter 2 | Current Topics on Business, Economics and Finance Vol. 3

 The topic of the article is to emphasize controversial aspects or those that may appear to be controversial in the conduct of the economy in the light of the principles of sustainability. From this point of view, the economic cycle is not an ordinary movement of the economic scenario, but an anomaly, a disease of the economic system due to errors in the management of government programs. According to this point of view, they are not even a penalty but an imposed attempt from the natural orientation for a return of the economic system to the classic growth, constant and with less damage to nature. In this rectification process, an important role belongs to the majority of the community who are the spokesmen of nature, from which they receive general guidelines on the correct line of development. Therefore, it is a model of care that develops between the community and the government leadership on the issue of the economy, with the aid of the natural constants. For the return to the state of grace on the path of development, the cure is the recession. Recession intended as a tool to bring the deviated system back to the natural condition of stability. According to this point of view, the recession is a sin to be paid in the economy management and there would be no way to avoid paying this price. Therefore, attempts to avoid the penalties imposed to correct the system may be reckless. Trying to avoid the penalty means only to refuse now that damage, which would allow the following return to the serenity of natural stability. In the scenario under treatment, two handmaids of the conjunctural cycle can move in the scenario: Inflation or Deflation. They are indicators of greater malaise. Going against the cycle and its handmaids can mean going against the grain, postponing growing damage to the economy to the future. Better to follow the natural orientation and indications of the majority in the community, which is the arbiter of changes in the state of the economy. In such a complex framework, monetary policy must correct the market and curb the logic of speculation which goes against the interests of the community. Unchecked, speculation can accentuate the two formidable monetary anomalies that have long raged on the markets.

Author(s) Details:

Giovanni Antonio Cossiga,
Università Sapienza, Rome, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTBEF-V3/article/view/10008

Inadequacies of Monetarism for Developing Countries with Mass Unemployment: A Recent Study | Chapter 2 | Current Topics on Business, Economics and Finance Vol. 1

 This affiliate offers a theoretical foundation for examining the impact of expansionary monetary tactics on inflation, production, and employment in expanding economies. Monetarism's relevance to expanding economies is raised doubt. The shortcomings of monetarism for underdeveloped countries stem from the inapplicability of two fault-finding monetarist assumptions to backward economies. The first is the life of a natural rate of inaction, also known as practical entire employment. The second is that the impact of expansionary finances policy is restricted to aggregate demand (AD), with no effect on aggregate supply (AS). Inspired by Keynes (1936), the realistic examining model for developing countries is grown based on sensible assumptions and objective conditions especially a) mass inaction, and b) expansionary monetary tactics shifts both the AD and AS curves. Keynes primary gift was to climax the role of Government attack in stimulating and sustaining financial performance, and to supply a link between services supply and the real sector.  In this model, expansionary finances policy causes shifts to the right in AD and AS, happening in a new stable balance with certainly higher levels of output. However, the price level change will be contingent on the elasticities of AD and AS (with respect to services supply changes). Because the elasticities of AD and AS are the ultimate cause of the final impact of monetary tactics on output and increase, policy concede possibility concentrate on factors that influence the elasticities. These are the monetary tactics efficiency chauffeurs that can be pursued so that achieve a exercise regime designed to increase heart and lung activity while toning muscles on output and enrollment while maintaining low swelling.Although this approach offers a genuine feasibility for expansionary monetary procedure to boost output while maintaining depressed inflation, the realistic use is predicated on favourable environments, which endure include the economy's skill to absorb increases having a lot of money supply. An efficient method of financial intermediation that can direct more financial resources to the creative sector is essential. Before executing an expansionary monetary procedure to combat unemployment in underdeveloped frugalities with flawed financial arrangements, it may be required to address the issue of fiscal intermediation.Author(s) Details:

Chiselebwe Ng’andwe,
Economics Department, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CTBEF-V1/article/view/9705

Inflationary Models of the Early Universe | Chapter 8 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 2

 The inflationary models of the universe provide new avenues at the interface of particle physics and cosmology, potentially leading to solutions to some of the most difficult problems in both cosmology and particle physics. Numerous proposals have been made to account for the recent cosmic acceleration of the universe, either by adjusting the gravitational sector of the action or by introducing exotic matter into General Theory of Relativity. Different inflationary models especially old inflation, new inflation, chaotic inflation, power law inflation, along with the conditions required for inflation are discussed here with their merits and demerits. I also discuss the recent developments of inflationary models taking into consideration of the present cosmic acceleration of the universe.

Author(s) Details:

Dilip Paul,
Department of Physics, Islampur College, Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V2/article/view/8207

Exact Solutions for an Inflationary Braneworld Model with Scalar and Tachyon Field| Chapter 3 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 2

 Here, I discuss early universe inflationary models that take either a scalar field or a tachyon field into account. Here, the method developed by Zhuravlev and Chervon to create inflationary cosmological models free of scalar field potential constraints is used. The inflationary solution reached here with tachyon field does not depend on its potential, similar to scalar field. Inflation with tachyons is obtained for a small subset of the field's initial domains, unlike scalar fields. I offer potentials that result in inflation in both the scalar and tachyon fields. It is discovered that the tachyonic potential, unlike the scalar field potential, is irregular at all values of the field.

Author(s) Details:

Dilip Paul,
Department of Physics, Islampur College Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V2/article/view/8202

Present and Early Universe with Tachyon and Phantom Field | Chapter 2 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 2

 Recent astronomical evidence from supernova high redshift studies; COBE to WMAP suggests that the expansion of the universe is speeding. It is also thought that the universe may have previously gone through an inflationary period. With an equation of state p=, where =-1, inflation is permitted; nevertheless, under general relativity, such a state may be attained either with a scalar field or an imperfect fluid. The most effective hypothesis to date is based on the dynamics of a scalar field with an appropriate potential that drove inflation and described the evolution of the early cosmos. However, -1 can be used to express the current acceleration. According to the conventional model of particle physics, such an equation of state is not allowed with common materials. Thus, it is to be investigated whether the matter sector of Einstein's equation may be modified with additional fields or even a new physics. If one takes into account exotic fields, one can reach this condition. Tachyon and phantom are examples of such strange fields. I address inflation in the early cosmos and the universe's current speeding phase while taking into account tachyon and phantom field, with a particular emphasis on recent findings.

Author(s) Details:

Dilip Paul,
Department of Physics, Islampur College, Islampur, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V2/article/view/8201

Inflation, Inflation Variability, and Stock Returns: The Inflation Irrelevance Proposition

In this book, the relevance of inflation and the impact of inflation variability on stock prices and returns are empirically investigated.

The statistical evidence for the common statistically significant and negative bivariate relationship between inflation and stock returns is presented at the beginning of Chapter 1. This chapter makes the case and provides evidence that the presence of a supplemental basic variable makes the ostensibly negative relationship disappear. Actual, expected, unexpected, positive unexpected, negative unexpected, unexpected positive inflation rate in periods of positive growth, unexpected positive inflation rate in periods of negative growth, unexpected negative inflation rate in periods of positive growth, and unexpected negative inflation rate in periods of positive growth are all possible values for the inflation variable. The Dow Jones Industrial Average's log returns and the S&P 500 stock market index are used to compute stock returns.

The impact of inflation fluctuation on stock returns is examined in Chapter 2. Either absolute inflation or the square of inflation can be used to determine inflation variability. Bivariate regressions show a negative and statistically significant relationship between inflation variability and stock returns. The coefficient on the inflation variable becomes statistically negligible when both inflation and inflation variability are included as regressors, but the coefficient on inflation variability remains statistically significant and negative. As a result, the impact of inflation's fluctuation rules the empirical landscape. The coefficients of both inflation and inflation variability become statistically irrelevant when a basic variable is included, namely the change in the cost of equity. This provides more proof why inflation is irrelevant.

In Chapter 3, the impact of inflation on stock returns is recalculated while accounting for an endogenous calendar break and the existence of two Markov switching regimes. The findings demonstrate the existence of two regimes and an endogenous calendar break. The relationship between inflation and stock returns is statistically significant and negative in one subsample and one regime, but there is no statistical relationship in the other subsample or the other regime. Further investigation reveals that conditional heteroscedasticity and a non-stationary probability distribution of the inflation variable are what are responsible for the statistically significant results. Strong evidence is shown in favour of a straightforward theoretical stock market model that includes the same fundamental variable as in Chapters 1 and 2.

The Gordon dividend discount model, which is used in Chapter 4, is based on the same basic stock model of dividend growth. According to this model, changes in the cost of equity, the exchange rate of the US dollar, and changes in aggregate demand account for all stock return explanations; inflation and inflation uncertainty have no further explanatory power. The strategy is based on least squares regressions, endogenous calendar breakpoints, and GARCH models. It is discovered that both the inflation and inflation uncertainty variables are statistically negligible. Only one subsample—the most recent one—shows a statistically significant impact of the US dollar; the break occurred in July 1998. After this date, it is predicted that a 1% decline in the value of the US dollar will result in a 1.6% rise in stock prices.

Estimating the impact of inflation on nominal and real stock returns as well as the equity premium is the aim of Chapter 5. The null hypothesis holds that there is no correlation between inflation and stock returns and that inflation has a detrimental unitary impact on both real stock returns and the equity premium. These final two effects are a result of the inflation variable—or a substitute for it—existing on both sides of the regression. The appendix, which addresses this topic, is recommended to the reader. EGARCH models, Markov switching regimes, resilient least squares, quantile regressions, and least squares regressions with HAC robust standard errors form the foundation of the method in Chapter 5. The variables for inflation and T-bills are discovered to be statistically insignificant. With a unitary coefficient, the equity premium is inversely correlated with inflation. This is as a result of the T-bill rate's independence as a gauge of inflation.

By taking into account the independent and combined relationships of the 30 stocks that make up the Dow Jones Industrial Average market stock index, Chapter 6 seeks to re-estimate the impact of inflation on stock returns. Both core inflation and consumer price index inflation are looked at. According to the model, the change in the cost of equity is the only fundamental variable that can adequately explain stock returns; inflation has no remaining explanatory ability. The chapter uses panel least squares, limited and unconstrained system regressions, and other inflation index estimations in addition to linear regressions. The findings demonstrate that the inflation irrelevance hypothesis is well-supported, particularly when core inflation is included in the research. Inflation is proven to be unrelated to stock returns, regardless of the stock or econometric method. There are at least three reasons why this chapter is unique. The first is to examine the 30 Dow individual stocks for relevance rather than using market indexes as is customary in the literature. The second is to use multiple econometric techniques, including cross equation dependencies in both unconstrained and limited system regressions. The third step is to perform panel least squares analysis.

By taking into account the independent and combined relationships of the following six US market stock indices: AMEX, DJIA, NASDAQ, NYSE, RUSSEL, and S&P 500, Chapter 7 aims to re-estimate the impact of inflation on stock returns. The null hypothesis assumes that there is no correlation. The price variable is decided to be core inflation. The chapter creates a market stock model that takes dividend growth to be constant. The four basic variables that make up this model's prediction that stock returns can be explained by changes in the cost of equity, There is no longer any ability to explain inflation using domestic aggregate demand, the VIX volatility index, or the US dollar. Panel least squares, limited and unconstrained system regressions, and linear regressions are all used in this chapter. The findings demonstrate that the inflation irrelevance hypothesis is well supported. Inflation is determined to be unrelated to stock returns, regardless of stock index or econometric method. At least three reasons—similar to those for Chapter 6—make this chapter unique.

In Chapter 8, the 20 Fama-French stocks are used to re-estimate the impact of inflation on stock returns by taking independent and combined relations into account. The chapter provides a market stock model that accounts for dividend increase that is constant across time. The model predicts that four basic variables—the change in the cost of equity, domestic aggregate demand, the VIX volatility index, and the US dollar—explain stock return trends, leaving inflation out of the picture. The existence of outliers is properly taken into consideration. Implemented are two outlier-resistant econometric techniques. The findings demonstrate that the inflation irrelevance hypothesis is well supported. Inflation is determined to be unrelated to stock returns regardless of the stock portfolio or the econometric method. The application of two robust least squares and quantile regressions, which are robust to the presence of outliers, makes the chapter unique for at least one reason.

The stock indices of 17 different nations are tested in Chapter 9 for their relevance to inflation. On 17 distinct international stock indexes, the chapter creates a theoretical stock model and uses correlation and least squares analysis, including robust least squares and quantile regressions. Positive and negative inflation rates both have a non-linear impact, which is also researched. The chapter demonstrates that there are no non-linearities and that inflation irrelevance has strong international backing. A panel of the 16 nations studied in Chapter 9 is used in Chapter 10 to examine the relevance of inflation. Turkey, the 17th nation in Chapter 9, is left out because it stands out as an obvious exception. On these 16 worldwide market indexes, the chapter performs panel least squares analysis and creates a theoretical stock model. Additional techniques include robust least squares, quantile regressions, and full information maximum likelihood. The inflation variable is specified in both a linear and a non-linear manner. The chapter demonstrates that the inflation/stock return relationship is linear and that inflation irrelevance is well supported. It should be noted that the change in the inflation rate has a statistically significant negative coefficient. But the duration effect, which is the same duration effect as for the change in real interest rates, is captured by this change variable. It brings to mind the Fisher hypothesis, which divides changes in nominal interest rates into changes in real interest rates and changes in the rate of inflation.

Estimating the relationship between inflation variability and inflation is the aim of Chapter 11. The absence of an association is the null hypothesis, which is accepted and put to the test. The main innovation involves developing a GARCH specification and setting up a full-fledged macroeconomic model of the inflation rate (the mean equation) rather than reverting to an ad hoc ARMA model (the conditional variance equation). The variance equation contains the inflation rate, and the mean equation contains the GARCH variable. The macro model has strong support, and this strong support is further confirmed by using Monte Carlo bootstrapping. Furthermore, a causal relationship between inflation variability and inflation has a lot of evidence to back it up.

The purpose of Chapter 12 is to estimate the impact of inflation on stock returns while taking into account the potential occurrence of calendar breakpoints brought on by structural changes in a particular economy, varying political and policy regimes, or even global events and spillovers from other countries. The five emerging nations that the author did not test in Chapters 9 and 10 are included in the analysis. Even when breaks are permitted, there is no relationship, according to the null hypothesis. Standard linear and multiple regression analyses are used in this chapter. It searches for statistical anomalies that, if they exist, could cast doubt on both the sampling process and the econometric findings. These fractures are determined endogenously. The chapter examines two regression analysis models, one that is merely bound by inflation and the other that is unconstrained and takes five independent variables taken from a theoretical model into account. For Brazil, Indonesia, and Mexico, statistical breaks are discovered in this chapter. 1988M05, 1998M11, 2000M08, and 2003M07 are the relevant years. No break is present for Chile and Colombia. Only the Brazilian sample and the small subsample prior to the break show a significant connection with the breaks. For the other four emerging nations—Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, and Mexico—inflation is supported as irrelevant. Despite the breaks, the relationship is clearly null and void. One criticism of the data showing there is no correlation between stock returns and inflation is that the sample study has calendar breaks due to institutional differences between the various nations. This chapter attempts to refute this claim and to add to the substantial body of scholarship on inflation's lack of relevance.

The researcher is then drawn to the appendix's discussion of the econometric error of using the same variable on both sides of the regression equation. The work takes into account both a theoretical and an empirical proof. The estimated outcomes in both situations are consistent with a significant bias in the regression slope estimate. Furthermore, statistical support can be obtained in cases where it is not necessary. This econometric issue appears frequently throughout the text, which is why it is appended.

 

Author (s) Details

Samih Antoine Azar

Faculty of Business Administration & Economics, Haigazian University, Lebanon.

 

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/IIVSRTIIP/article/view/7756

Exponential Time-based Supply-chain Two-warehouse Inventory Model for Deteriorating Items with Shortage and Partial Backlogging in Inflationary Environment | Chapter 5 | Novel Research Aspects in Mathematical and Computer Science Vol. 5

Products that lose their uniqueness after a given amount of time fall under the category of degradation in inventory management systems. In a supply chain system where demand is characterised as a function of stock with an exponent function of time, we developed a two-warehouse issue for deteriorating goods. The inventory problem in the supply chain system comprises inventory shortages that frequently happen in daily life as part of the practical situation of scarcity. The backlog situation of a scarcity is also taken into account to make the model more realistic. We have incorporated an inflation factor into our model since it is impossible to disregard the effects of inflation. The suitable illustration offers a sensitivity analysis. To support our findings, the graph between various components is also shown in the analysis section.

Author (s) Details:

Mohammad Rizwanullah,
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Manipal University, Jaipur, India.

Maqsood Hussain Junnaidi,
Department of Supply Chain Management, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMCS-V5/article/view/7482

On the Evolution of Universe Using Relativistic Cosmology | Book Publisher International

 The geodesic equation is developed using calculus of variations for the collision region of two gravitationally coupled structures A and B. A method for calculating any conceivable curvature of universe beyond observable flat cosmos is discussed using the geodesic equation derived for the collision region of A and B. This relativistic method is used to explain a general concept about the evolution of gravitationally bound structures and their impact on the evolution of the cosmos. The distribution of matter and antimatter in the cosmos, observed accelerated expansion of the universe, cosmic inflation, and the current universe's large-scale structure are all explained using this concept.

Author(S) Details

Vigneswaran Ramamoorthy
Park College of Engineering and Technology, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/OEUURC/article/view/4091

Recent Development and Studies: Inflation as a Deterrent to Unemployment | Chapter 9 | Modern Perspectives in Economics, Business and Management Vol. 3

 The focus of the research is on unemployment and inflation in Nigeria. Its main goal was to see if the trade-off theory holds true in Nigeria. From 1988 through 2013, numerous data on unemployment and inflation, as well as other variables like government spending, interest rates, and the gross domestic product, were collected. The test found that unemployment and inflation are negatively connected, demonstrating the existence of the Phillips curve in Nigeria and indicating that inflation has a major impact on unemployment. The study concluded that the government should seek to strengthen the agricultural sector, make massive investments in the real sector, improve the open flow of information between employers and employees, and pay special attention to policy implementation.

Author (S) Details

O. Ibe, Sunny
Department of Banking and Finance Imo State Polytechnic, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/MPEBM-V3/article/view/2449

Exquisite Economics: In Its Simplicity | Book Publisher International

 Cooperation is at the heart of economics. Coercion is at the heart of government. No country has ever managed to achieve a harmonious equilibrium between these opposing domains of influence. Economics has more fallacies than any other field of study, and they all stem from the same root cause: a focus on the immediate benefits of a policy to a single group (a) to the exclusion of other groups, and (b) in ignorance of the long-term ramifications for the economy as a whole. The government does not have its own funds. It can only give to part of the people it takes from. Government can only benefit certain people by harming everyone else.

Author(s) Detalis

David Rowland
Independent Researcher, Canada.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/EES/article/view/2745