Fundamentals of Corporate Governance | Book Publisher International

 Mechanisms of corporate governance are significant , given that corporate governance is about how corporations use their resources among their many stakeholders to settle disputes. A distinction between systems of governance must, however, be made. On the one hand, there are internal governance structures which are under the direct control of the company's owners; on the other, there are external governance mechanisms which are not under the control of the company's owners, but which represent the characteristics of governance which are specific to the countries in which they work. Such country features have a great effect on the corporate governance structures in which companies operate Corporate governance has become an essential indicator of the performance of a government. It has been described as the primary mechanism for enhancing investor trust, increasing productivity and fostering economic growth. With the downfall of Maxwell Publishing Company, Britain was the first country to be devastated by scandal. To deal with this, Britain took the initiative to create a regime of governance. The United Kingdom replied with the Cadbury Report (1992), which aimed to set strict guidelines defining what was supposed to mean good governance. In the meantime, several other circumstances have arisen, such as the cases of Poly Beck, BCCI in the 1990s and, more recently, Marconi in Britain, demonstrating dishonest conduct or bad governance. After the failures of Holzman, Berliner Bank and Babcok, Germany had its share of misery. Australia, with Ansett Airlines and One Tel failing, and Switzerland, with Swiss Air failing, joined the party. In the global financial climate, many situations have arisen that have created significant concern among nations. In the United States, the failures of Enron , Worldcom and Tyco made headlines and, as with some past failures, caused some concern (AlHares, 2020). The outcome was the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002), which since the Great Depression has been considered to be some of the most far-reaching legislation of its kind. The Cadbury Report (1992) and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002), these two governance findings, show Their influence on the principles of the OECD, a fact recognised by the OECD in its publication (AlHares, 2017). Because of a number of scandals in OECD countries, the development of corporate governance has come about. The United Kingdom 's response to scandals in that country was the Cadbury Report (1992). In 1999, the OECD Corporate Governance Principles were the initial response to a lack of good governance that led to scandals. In 2002, the U.S. experience with scandals led to the creation of a governance structure, the SarbanesOxley Act, and a few years later, with the 2004 Principles of Corporate Governance, the OECD followed this by strengthening its governance principles. The application of this definition has also led to other OECD countries and international organisations. The OECD has considered changes that have been made to corporate governance in its member countries since its 1999 Guidelines, integrating several of these changes into its own 2004 Corporate Governance Principles, while adopting a forward-looking strategy. The OECD recognised that, in order to keep pace with evolving global situations, changes and inventions were needed. The changes in financial markets have been characterised by greater interest among OECD members in new types of institutional investors, a relative decline in banking and increased pension savings (OECD Survey, 2004). These constituted a new state of affairs that had to be discussed in the sense of OECD 's 2004 Principles. It was also understood that new approaches to sustain high quality governance would be needed as new implementation problems arose. The principles were revised in 2002 by the OECD Corporate Governance Steering Committee, which ultimately culminated in the new 2004 Corporate Governance Principles.

Author (s) Details

Aws AlHares
Department of Accountancy and Finance, Business School, University of Huddersfield, UK and School of Business Management & Information Technology, College of the North Atlantic in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.

Tarek Abu-Asi
School of Business Management & Information Technology, College of the North Atlantic in Qatar, Doha, Qatar.

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Oral Cavity - A Potential Repository for Early Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Asymptomatic Carriers | Chapter 12 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 The new Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic has become a worldwide health emergency. The early diagnosis and successful isolation of patients is the key cause of concern among the health authorities, as the present influenza is very close to the old common flu in its initial clinical appearance. Real Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRTPCR) is currently considered to be the gold standard for the identification of the causative virus, SARS-Cov-2, but in the meantime, it takes time and poses the risk of further spread to the exposed individuals , especially healthcare staff. Social distancing is also the only way known worldwide to avoid the spread of the disease and to keep isolating, screening and acting on individuals with clinical symptoms. Asymptomatic carriers, however, are the next point of concern and need mass screening that is not feasible with rRT-PCR per se. Researchers are trying to create a way out for the Detection of the SARS-Cov-2 virus in asymptomatic carriers or in patients who are incubated, thereby eradicating the spread of the disease and flattening the virus multiplication curve. As stated in the literature on salivary research, early detection of a related virus during the outbreak of SARS was found to be encouraging. This paper is an attempt to emphasise that, due to its anatomical relationship with the salivary glands, naso-oro-pharynx, and the mucosa that are gradually filled with saliva, the oral cavity may be a possible reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 both in the incubation process and/or convalescence time. Samples of saliva are easy to obtain and possibly make it an excellent method for mass screening, thereby promoting the early detection and prevention of further spread of the deadly From a pandemic.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Anmol Agarwal
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Dr. Gaurav Mittal
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dental Studies and Technologies, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Dr. Payal Agarwal
Department of Oral, Dental and Craniofacial Care, Yashoda Super Specialty Hospital, Kaushambi, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Shimona Raj Mittal
Private Practitioner, Tooth Tamers the Family Dentists, Govindpuram, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India.

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Presenting Series of Seven Cases of MRI Spectrum of Symptomatic and Non – Symptomatic Tarlov Cysts for Orthopedic Management Point of View | Chapter 11 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol . 3

 Such cysts are perineural cysts that are located mainly in the sacral zone. In this type of the cyst, the dorsal nerve root is encased. As an accidental discovery, the object is infrequently found. These are sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF) that are detected in cross-sectional imaging modalities, especially in magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI). We present a set of seven cases in which these perineural cysts have been detected during routine lumbosacral spine imaging. Many of these patients underwent lumbosacral spine magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) for backache or any other pelvic problems. Computerized tomography ( CT) myelography also assisted in diagnosis and bone remodelling linked to cysts in one event. Three patients were found to be symptomatic and the size and position of the cysts corresponded to the severity of the complaints. In three of our instances, the underlying formation of these entities was also matched by etiopathogenesis. As the size of these cysts was minimal and did not lead to patient problems, four patients were asymptomatic. MRI is the best way of diagnosing these perineural cysts that are responsible for multiple forms of myelopathies. In non-contrast MRI studies, T2WI sequences are the best way to delineate the scale, shape, outline and position of these cysts. This further elaborates their expansion to the surrounding regions as well. To search for further morphological characteristics of these cysts, MR myelography is adjuvant.

Author (s) Details

B. B. Sharma
Department of Radio-Diagnosis, SGT Medical College, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India.

Dr. Tanu Singh
Department of Radio-Diagnosis, SGT Medical College, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India.

Meghna Varma
Department of Radio-Diagnosis, SGT Medical College, Gurugram, Haryana 122505, India

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Discussion on Oral Piercing Fascinations and Complications | Chapter 14 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 Oral piercing is among the younger generation's very common body art. In Western culture, piercing, regarded as a growing phenomenon, often represents all the fashion, danger, daring, independence or sexuality, whereas other individuals do it on impulse and for spiritual reasons or to boost perceived body image. The goal of this paper is to present the local and systemic complications and the normal oral piercing effects. It is critical in our ever-more-cosmetic society to have adequate information to provide quality treatment to such patients and to educate the patient about the potential complications of oral piercings before the procedure. With closer follow-up of patients with oral and perioral piercing, dental professionals may have greater understanding of the adverse effects as compared to other practitioners. In order to detect early detection, individuals with oral / perioral piercing should also visit the dentist at regular intervals for oral inspection.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Debasruti Naik
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan University, Bhubaneswar, India.

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A Comprehensive Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Planned Teaching Program on Knowledge Regarding the Care of Permanent Pacemaker at Home among Patients at Selected OPDs of Sangli and Kolhapur City | Chapter 13 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 The current study was aimed at assessing the efficacy of the proposed awareness teaching programme on permanent pacemaker treatment at home among patients in selected Sangli and Kolhapur City OPDs. Background: A pacemaker is a small electronic system mounted above a layer of muscle just below your skin. In order to maintain a steady heart rate, it helps to pace your heart. If the heart beats too slowly or stops too long between heart beats, it feels it. It will send electric pulses to keep the heart rate steady if it detects a sluggish rate or a pause that is too long. Methodology: pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test methodology was performed to evaluate the expertise of patients with permanent pacemaker in the selected Sangli and Kolhapur city OPDs. The questionnaire's reliability coefficient 'r' was 0.85, which is why it was considered accurate. The Purposive Sampling Method selected a total of 50 samples. A standardised 18-item questionnaire was administered. To gather data. On the 1st day, the pre-test was given followed by scheduled teaching and the 7th day was administered by Posttest. The conceptual structure, developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968), is based on the general system model theory. Result: The knowledge of pacemaker treatment was not understood until providing scheduled teaching patients with permanent pacemaker. The maximum number of patients with good knowledge of pacemaker treatment , i.e. 10 per cent, was found. The post-test revealed that 46% of individuals have a good knowledge score. This indicates that the post-test knowledge score has increased markedly, and scheduled teaching has been effective.

Conclusion: It was therefore concluded that pre-test and post-test awareness score improvements were clearly demonstrated by the analysis. The present study concludes with the goal of finding the efficacy of the planned teaching programme on awareness of permanent pacemaker treatment at home among patients in selected Sangli and Kolhapur city OPDs. The study results clearly showed that pre-test and post-test awareness score adjustments have occurred.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Sunil Malhar Kulkarni
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), College of Nursing, Sangli, Pune MH, India.

Ms. Jesica Dileep Mali
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed To Be University), College of Nursing, Sangli, Pune MH, India.

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Raynaud’s Disease and Multiple Clinical Challenges: A Concise Review of Literature with a Focus on Medical Acupuncture | Chapter 10 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 With an emphasis on medical acupuncture, this succinct analysis objectively discusses some views of Raynaud's illnesses. The Boolean operators and keywords were used to conduct electronic searches of specific pre-2020 data published in the PubMed , MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect databases. Finally, for this study, 32 papers that directly discussed Raynaud 's disease and medical acupuncture were kept. The primary and secondary disease of Raynaud is poorly understood, lacks standard care and therefore requires patient-centered holistic modalities. Outcome outcomes differ significantly across the board with the use of traditional approaches, modern treatments, therapeutic techniques and medical acupuncture, and primary RD has a better prognosis than secondary RD. Both phenomena of Raynaud 's disease are complex conditions; individualised treatment approach is required, including surgical approach in difficult-to - treat cases, and more comprehensive studies are needed to unravel The mechanisms of their pathophysiology and systematic treatments in all  About the world.

Author (s) Details

Naseem Akhtar Qureshi
National Center for Mental Health Promotion, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr. Dalal Salem Aldossari
King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Sara Osama Salem
King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Adnan Ahmed Makkawi
National Center for Mental Health Promotion, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Distributive Patterns and Predictive Factors of Dental Caries in a Rural Local Council in Enugu State, Nigeria | Chapter 15 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 Dental caries is the most prevalent oral disease of childhood; however, as an emerging public health issue and the critical study of the associated risk factors with tremendous clinical and public health implications among rural Nigerian children, the much needed attention has not been given to dental caries. This study was therefore designed to determine the prevalence of dental caries in secondary school children residing in the rural communities of Awgu North Local Government Area, Enugu, Nigeria, describing the distributive patterns and determining the risk factors associated with dental caries. The analysis, with descriptive cross-sectional design, is a quantitative form. 301 students who were 11-16 years of age were chosen using a stratified random sampling technique. The survey instrument is a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire that was administered by qualified research assistants to all respondents. The participants were tested by two calibrated examiners. in type of incentives. EPI-INFO version 3.3.2 and PEPI version 11.0.0 were used to analyse the results. The results show that one hundred participants are males (33.2 percent) and 201 females (66.8 percent), with dental caries being 35.5 percent. Mean Missing and Filled Decayed Teeth (DMFT) was 0.85 ± 1.50. Girls at the age of 12 and 16 years had substantially higher Decayed Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) than boys (P = 0.027 and P<0.0001 respectively). Students who used fluoridated toothpaste were found to have less cavities. Boys who brushed their teeth with chewing sticks had more caries than boys who used toothbrush and paste, as is usually seen in low resource countries. 53 (49.5 percent) of the dental caries were made up of the decayed portion, while only 3 (2.8 percent) of the caries were filled. Although the predominance of The level of caries observed in this study was low, but higher than the prevalence rates recorded in the urban areas of Enugu State , Nigeria, supporting the fact that the prevalence of carries differs greatly between countries and regions, within different population groups, as well as between urban and rural areas, just as many other diseases do. The results recorded in this study would serve as a prerequisite for future studies and could also serve as a reference for the preparation of an oral health programme for rural communities and a policy on oral and dental health for children.

Author (s) Details

Dr Linda Oge Okoye
Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Dr. Osa-Eloka Christiandolus Ekwueme
Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku Ozalla, Enugu State, Nigeria.

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Research on Taking Depression as a Predictor of Treatment Outcome in Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients under Programmatic Management of Drug Resistant TB Services in Amritsar, Punjab | Chapter 6 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 This cross-sectional research was performed on all patients with MDR-TB who were treated in the Amritsar district under PMDT services from 1 April 2014 to 31 March 2015. The prevalence of depression has been determined and its effect on the result of treatment. The management and review of data was carried out using Microsoft Excel and SPSS. Out of 87 patients with MDR-TB, 57 (65.5 percent) were men and 30 (34.4 percent) were women. The unfavourable treatment effects were substantially correlated with depression. In a statistical study, 50.6% of the patients were depressed and the adverse effect was significantly correlated with depression (p=0.005) in patients with MDR-TB.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Manisha Nagpal
Department of Community Medicine, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Sri Amritsar, India.

Naresh Chawla
District TB Officer, Amritsar, India.

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Impact of Sports Drink on Oral Health | Chapter 8 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 Sports drinks have risen rapidly in a few years due to lifestyle changes. Energy drinks improve physical endurance, promote metabolism, prevent exsiccation during exercise attempts and exchange electrolytes. These energy drinks, despite their vogue, have a low pH and are acidic in nature, and can cause dentin and enamel surface degradation, contribute to permanent loss of tooth bulk and increase dentin sensitivity. Besides this, all sorts of sports drinks often cause massive degradation of the structure of the tooth and the restorative materials used. These energy drinks keep back artificial colours that are likely to cause composite materials and glass ionomer cements to discolour. The acidic nature of energy drinks can lead to deprivation, wear and roughening of the restorative surface. About materials. Many unfavourable outcomes of sports and energy drinks can be linked to consumption by people under the age of 18. To have a control diet, and intake of less quantity of soft and energy drinks, they should be directed, keep away from negative end results of oral health. Over-consumption of sweetener-containing soft drinks with the lowest pH is a probable source of preventable oral health problems.

Author (s) Details

Marlin Jena
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Dharmashree Satyarup
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Ramesh Nagarajappa
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Upasana Dhar
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Dr. Radha Prasanna Dalai
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.


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Silver Diamine Fluoride: Game Changer in Dental Public Health | Chapter 7 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 A substantial part of the world's population is affected by carious teeth, with the largest number of children affected. In susceptible, uninsured and financially poor groups , different lesions are more prevalent. An significant public health problem emerges from caries that are not handled for a very long period of time along with little use of the resources available in both developing and developed countries. Children have limited adaptive ability, and in some treatment procedures can also lead to difficulties. Therefore, in areas with limited access to oral health services such as school children, the need for an appropriate and inexpensive approach to the treatment of dental caries was required. Silver Diamine Fluoride (SDF) is very much in demand nowadays as it can regulate the development of caries and is very less susceptible to technique. This method does not require the use of tools to excavate caries, though silver has many antimicrobial properties and fluoride helps And in remineralization.

Author (s) Details

Sharmistha Mohanty
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Dharmashree Satyarup
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Ramesh Nagarajappa
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Ipshita Mahapatra
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Radha Prasanna Dalai
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

Dr. Sudipta Sahu
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

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Prevalence and Burden of Osteoporosis in India | Chapter 4 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 Osteoporosis is a disease that is characterised by bone micro-architectural deterioration and is predisposed to easy fractures. In India, this poses a huge challenge, as India is a developing country due to demographic transition and population ageing, as well as limited availability of resources in rural India. Most Indians' bone health is at risk and has an enormous burden on the nation despite great progress in understanding the disease, diagnosis and treatment over the last decade. Worldwide, postmenopausal women and the geriatric population are mainly affected by osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is immediately referred to as a "SILENT DISEASE" because a fragility fracture that causes hospitalisation along with increased morbidity and mortality is often the earliest evidence. Due to the limited availability of data as well as difficulties in quantifying the severity of the problem, the exact disease burden is difficult to measure and the biggest problem is the lack of understanding on the part of The provider of healthcare for the public. Unfortunately, it is not possible to calculate bone strength or detect architectural degradation in living patients, and most approaches are used as "proxies" for ad Bone Mass Density (BMD) bone strength assessment. However, the likelihood of fractures can be safely predicted by the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) of the World Health Organization (WHO), which is mainly focused on clinica. And any patient with a low bone density must be considered for treatment of osteoporosis (T-score of between −1.0 and −2.5) Bone health is critically important for the quality of life of individuals. In terms of early prevention, adequate evaluation, diagnosis and care, there have been significant changes recently. From the Indian viewpoint, this chapter will focus mainly on the prevalence of osteoporosis. Fig. Fig. 1 indicates the distinction between bones that are normal and osteoporotic.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Sunil Sheshrao Nikose
Professor of Orthopedic surgery and Director of Centre of Excellence of Medical Simulation Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India.

Devashree Nikose
Medical Doctor, NKP Salve Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India.

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Emphasizing the Applications of Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Endodontics | Chapter 3 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) for dento-facial region imaging is a real shift from 2D to 3D imaging. Two Greek words, tomos (slices) and graphien (write), derive from the word tomography. In order to provide rapid data acquisition of the entire FOV, CBCT was developed as an alternative to traditional CT and there is comparatively less radiation exposure. It produces 3D images of high resolution in axial, saggital and coronal planes in thin, thick or curved slices. CBCT is a valuable method for the diagnosis and preparation of endodontic care as well as for the assessment of apical periodontitis, resorption, root fractures, anatomy of the root canal, perforations and the nature of the alveolar bone around the teeth.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Suresh Mitthra
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Narayanapuram, Pallikaranai, Chennai-600 100, Tamil nadu, India.

Dr. Sekar Sangeetha
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Narayanapuram, Pallikaranai, Chennai - 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dr. Ragupathy Shakila
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Narayanapuram, Pallikaranai, Chennai - 600 100, Tamil Nadu, India.


Dr. Tripuravaram Vinay Kumar Reddy
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College & Hospital, SRM University of Science and Technology, Potheri, SRM nagar, Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu – 603 203, India.

 

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Investigating the Activation Effects of Polysaccharides of Flammulina velutipes Mycorrhizae on T Lymphocyte Immune Function | Chapter 5 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 The aim of the present study is to study the application value of F polysaccharide. Mycorrhizae velutipes(PFVM). Due to its high nutritional value and attractive taste, Flammulina Velutipes is one of the most popular edible fungi in China and Japan. With an increase in F, flammulina velutipes mycorrhizae has been increasingly produced. Production of Velutipes. Therefore, a mouse model was used to analyse the possible impact of F. On immune function, velutipes mycorrhizae. Fifty Wistar female mice (5-week-old) weighing 15-20 g were allocated randomly into five groups. The F polysaccharide. The mycorrhizae velutipes were treated with spleen lymphocytes from mice and mice. The lymphocyte, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumour necrosis factor-a (TNF-alpha) levels of CD3 +, CD4 +, and CD8 + T were Specified. The results showed that the CD3 + and CD4 + T lymphocyte proportions, the CD4+/CD8 + ratio, and the IL-2 and TNF-a levels in F polysaccharides were significantly increased. Mycorrhizae velutipes, whereas the proportion of CD8 + T lymphocytes in F polysaccharide was reduced. Velutipes mycorrhizae-dependent dose process. This study concludes that F polysaccharide has long-term exposure. Mycorrhizae velutipes can activate the immune function of T lymphocytes. The F polysaccharide. Velutipes mycorrhizae are expected to grow into products for immune health.

Author (s) Details

Zheng-Fei Yan
College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.

Nai-Xu Liu
Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.

Xin-Xin Mao
College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.

Yu Li
Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.

Chang-Tian Li
Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.

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Electronic Health Records, Electronic Prescribing and Medication Errors: An Appraisal and Update of Relevant Literature, 2000-2020 | Chapter 9 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 This paper summarises the international literature on EHRs, e-prescribing (eP) and MEs and provides a forum for countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of the World Health Organization (WHO-EMR) to incorporate EHRs and ePs in the healthcare system. For the years 2000-2020, computer searches were carried out for PubMed , MEDLINE, Quertle ®, Google Scholar, Online Information and International Pharmacy Abstract databases using various single- and combined-keyword techniques, with 184 papers retained for review. While EHR-integrated e-prescribing reduces medication errors at all levels of healthcare, decreases morbidity and mortality, increases patient and healthcare provider satisfaction by lowering costs and enhancing quality of life, at different stages of the prescription process, it produces various types of medication errors. An EHR that has a clinical decision with eP Support system (CDSS), dose-limit range, warning protocols for drug-drug interaction, and support for structured decision support help to strengthen eP and ensure greater patient safety and numerous other applications. There is obviously limited evidence in these countries, and therefore more research are required to evaluate the influence of EHRs and EPSs on medication errors, healthcare quality, patient safety and outcome, morbidity and mortality rates, the acceptance of patients and healthcare providers, and particularly their cost-effectiveness.

Author (s) Details

Naseem Akhtar Qureshi
National Center for Mental Health Promotion, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr. Dalal Salem Aldossari
King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Sara Osama Salem
King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Adnan Ahmed Makkawi
National Center for Mental Health Promotion, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Recent Study on Mathematical Model of Zoonotic Influenza Subtype A (H7N9) Spread in Human Population | Chapter 1 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 This paper deals with the dynamics of zoonotic influenza type H7N9 human infection, both in birds and in humans. Most human cases of infection with A(H5N1) and A(H7N9) have been related to direct or indirect contact with contaminated live or dead poultry. It is critical to control the disease at the source of the animal to reduce the risk to humans. H7N9 has the potential to develop into a global threat, with one significant restriction right now that limits its potential to spread. A virus mutation can increase zoonotic influenza infection and its risk of becoming a pandemic influenza. We devised a statistical model of the impact of avian influenza on the population of humans and birds. A basic reproduction number for both the human and bird population has been computed,

R0 and Rb0  respectively, thus we have proved that the model is locally and globally asymptotically stable for disease – free equilibrium points when basic reproduction number for both populations is < 1. The endemic equilibrium point, which is globally asymptotically stable when > 1. in the bird population, is also proven. For different parameters of the model, extensive numerical simulations and sensitivity analysis are done. Critically analysed and divided into their respective classes are the effects of vaccination, sequestration and recovery. As evidenced by the simulations, the study model yields satisfactory results and can be used country-wise to predict future epidemic situations. In these different scales, we use real data and our model helps us to generalise our forecasts and make better recommendations for controlling this epidemic. Our next research will be focused on geographical consideration of secret factors that influence immunity, birth rate, and death rate.

Author (s) Details

Durgesh Nandini Sinha
Department of Mathematics, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA and Strayer University, Online Division, USA.

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A Detailed Overview on Veneers – Diagnostic and Clinical Considerations | Chapter 2 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol.3

 In order to optimally enhance dental health, appearance and function, cosmetic dentistry is holistic oral treatment that incorporates both art and science. Its goal is to provide maximum aesthetic improvements with minimum trauma to the dentition. Veneer is a thin film of tooth-colored material added to the tooth to repair defects and inherent discoloration that are localised or generalised. Improvements to the aesthetic smile design of patients are allowed by the evolution of material sciences, ceramics, and adhesive systems. A analysis that highlights the diagnostic considerations; repair and maintenance; and recent developments in veneers is the latest manuscript.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Suresh Mitthra
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Narayanapuram, Pallikaranai, Chennai -600100, Tamilnadu, India.

Dr. Balasubramaniam Anuradha
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Narayanapuram, Pallikaranai, Chennai -600100, Tamilnadu, India.

Dr. Joseph Changankary Pia
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Narayanapuram, Pallikaranai, Chennai -600100, Tamilnadu, India.

Dr. Arunajatesan Subbiya
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Narayanapuram, Pallikaranai, Chennai -600100, Tamilnadu, India.

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Toward a Lemaitre-Hubble-Riess Cosmology | Book Publisher International

 However, if A tends to 0 and ⁇ the external space density has been discarded by A. Einstein could mutually cancel the positive and negative volumetric acceleration tensors and the General Relativity could not be extended to the external space. Otherwise, A. Friedman provided alternatives to the equations of Einstein, showing that without the term, the Physical Universe could expand or contract. Einstein confessed later to G. The inclusion of Gamow was his "worst blunder." G. In 1927, Lemaitre predicted and E. In 1929, Hubble verified the Physical Universe 's expansion velocity, expressed by its equation: v = H ⁇ r, where r is the Measurable Universe's radius and H is a parameter of which H is a parameter. Since 1930, value has been searched, assuming distinct values of v. In the year 1995, A. Riess and Riess et. The accelerated property of such expansion was discovered by al. The author suggested an equation for the expansion of space acceleration in the first article as ⁇ H = H2r/2, considering it in the simplest case as a constant (~ 2x10-7 cm ⁇ s-2). In addition , the value of H as a time function was deduced in the second article: H = 2 / t (s-1). However, the scientific community's praised aim to demonstrate the no-blunder character of ⁇ has been extended to name a mysterious form of energy (dark energy) that would be The main component (71%) of the universe is the origin of the expansion of the universe. In fact, a vast amount of thermal energy (originating at the Big Bang) existed that was adiabatically transformed in the expansive work of space and partially condensed in matter at lower temperatures (in the order of the binding energies of the lepton) to form the Physical Universe; the rest of the energy continued its redshift until the present CBR. Otherwise, when related to the complete Universe I e to the complete expanding Space) from the right line to a parabolic line, the classical inverted cone of time, centred on the constancy of c into the Physical Universe, must change its slant shape. It would suggest that the radius of the Universe was greater than previously thought from the time t ~ to/3, as seen in the 3rd article of this book.

Author (s) Details

J. G.  Lartigue
National University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico.

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Critical Discourse Analysis into Practice | Book Publisher International

 The term "discourse" originates from "discursus"; "conversation" means a Latin utterance. It can be a mode of daily communication, formal discussions, addresses, religious or political orations that are written or oral. Since the medium, because it expresses an opinion or an ideology, discourse has social influence over people. Discourse dealing is to refer to the discursive practises in which meaning is contained. The laws of discourse demand that linguistic signals be explicit and important. Among these important discourse commentators, several linguists have discussed notions of dominance and hegemony.

Author (s) Details

Zorobi Philippe Toh
Alassane Ouattara University, Côte d'Ivoire.

Koffi Eugene N'guessan
Alassane Ouattara University, Côte d'Ivoire.

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An Overview on Value at Risk Model of Bank Cash Management with Application to Lebanon | Book Publisher International

This paper develops a bank cash management model that is easy enough to comprehend and apply. The model relies on Value at Risk ( VaR), stress testing, and inventory management joint principles. The uncertainty of cash withdrawals must be calculated for this reason. This is carried out through a Predicting a regression that explains cash withdrawal fluctuations. The typical mistake of this regression illustrates the misunderstanding in withdrawals. By choosing and applying a Hodrick-Prescott philtre, the model allows for the proper consideration of interconnected statistical processes. The philosophy  It borrows from the issue of news vendor inventory and is extended to the Lebanon situation. Restricted by A As an input, a limited number of parameters are necessary, and must be defined beforehand. The service level and the estimated stock-out cost per order, which decide the stock-out likelihood, and the overall stock-out cost are among these parameters. The carrying cost is essentially the capital cost of opportunity. The ex ante and ex post findings are consistent with theoretical assumptions, and are certainly very realistic.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Samih Antoine Azar
Faculty of Business Administration and Economics, Haigazian University, Beirut, Lebanon.

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A Narrative Review on the Effect of Acetaminophen and Ibuprofen in Orthodontic Tooth Movement | Chapter 14 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 Application of orthodontic force causes an inflammatory event resulting in bone resorption and subsequent orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in the periodontium. The release of inflammatory mediators such as E2 prostaglandins and Interleukin-1β serve as potent bone resorption stimulators. Strong force application results in discomfort and the same non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) are recommended for relief. By interfering with prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, these NSAIDs negate the inflammatory reactions, thereby inhibiting orthodontic tooth movement. The aim of this mini literature review was to highlight the impact on their pain relieving capacity and effect on OTM of the two widely used medications, namely acetaminophen and ibuprofen. It was concluded that acetaminophen was a potent analgesic that could be used to alleviate orthodontic treatment-related pain because its effect was at the level of the central nervous system and not at the cell level. The degree of the membrane as well as its inhibitory effect on OTM was not a matter of concern as it inhibited the PG synthesis only slightly. Ibuprofen, on the other hand, acted as a mild analgesic and, with its anti-inflammatory effect, also inhibited OTM. At the peripheral stage, ibuprofen reduces PGs, thereby influencing osteoclastic activity and the subsequent deceleration of orthodontic tooth movement. Instead of ibuprofen, acetaminophen is the recommended medication of choice for reliving pain and discomfort during orthodontic therapy.

Author (s) Details

Dr. A. Arif Yezdani
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.


Dr. Mansi Giri
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

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A Critical Review on Insulin Like Growth Factor-1―A Skeletal Maturity Indicator | Chapter 13 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 The evaluation of growth status plays a critical role in orthodontic care preparation decisions and the adolescent growth spurt is considered an optimal time to undergo growth adjustment therapy. Different radiological and non-radiological skeletal maturity indicators with their related advantages and drawbacks have been used. One such non-radiological biomarker is insulin like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) that could be used to estimate the amount of available growth present to help treat jaw differences in the circumpubertal growth period as the mean levels of it have been reported to be high during this period. IGF-1 and its predictive utility in estimating the peak pubertal growth spurt used alone or in conjunction with other radiological skeletal maturity measures is globally peer-reviewed and relevant indexed reference papers separated and diligently examined. Information gleaned from the analysis of the literature showed that IGF-1 wasEfficient in the measurement of the circumpubertal growth spurt. As seen on lateral cephalograms, it had a high correlation with the cervical stages C3 and C4 as well as with the stages relating to peak pubertal growth as seen on handwrist radiographs and middle phalanx 3 (MP3) on periapical x-rays. IGF-1 has been an efficient and alternative biomarker used alone or in conjunction with other radiological biomarkers to predict the peak pubertal growth spurt. Without the danger of additional radiographic radiation, IGF-1 may be used as a possible skeletal maturity measure. Late pubertal phases show higher mean levels of IGF-1 blood spot relative to prepubertal, early pubertal, and postpubertal phases. The mandibular condyle is IGF-1 sensitive and more reactive.

Author (s) Details

Dr. A. Arif Yezdani,
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Prof. Dr. S. Kishore Kumar
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dr. Kesavaram Padmavathy
Department of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Oral-Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Absolute Anchorage in the Correction of Class II Skeletal Malocclusion with an Infra-Zygomatic Crest Bone Screw Approach | Chapter 12 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 Introduction: This case study explains the treatment with prognathic maxilla and retrognathic mandible of Class II skeletal malocclusion with strongly proclined maxillary incisors and lingually blocked right lateral mandibular incisors with complete distalization of the maxillary arch and the use of infrazygomatic crest bone screws devoid of premolar extraction. Treatment of patients with Class II skeletal discrepancy presents orthodontists with a task. With the introduction of Temporary Anchorage Devices (TADs) used as skeletal anchorage techniques, however, this has become a thing of the past: treatment involved a pre-adjusted edgewise appliance strap-up, MBT (0.022 X 0.028-inch slot) procedure. While premolar extractions were warranted in the case, a non-extraction method was suggested. For the distalization of the entire maxillary arch, infra-zygomatic bone screws of 14 mm in length and 2 mm in diameter were used. This case was reviewed at the beginning of orthodontic treatment (T1) and at the end of orthodontic treatment (T1). (T2) treatment. Results: At T2, with the canines and molars finished in Class I relationship, extreme pre-maxillary prognathism and mandibular anterior crowding with lingually locked right lateral incisor were corrected. There was a satisfactory achievement of regular overbite and overjet with a pleasing soft tissue profile. Conclusion: To correct Class II skeletal disparity with maxillary prognathism and extreme proclination of maxillary incisors devoid of premolar extractions, infra-zygomatic bone screws can be used efficiently as absolute skeletal anchorage.

Author (s) Details

Dr. A. Arif Yezdani,
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dr. Priya Chatterjee
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Prof. Dr. S. Kishore Kumar
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dr. Kesavaram Padmavathy
Department of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Oral-Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

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An Innovative Approach of Skeletal Maxillary Bilateral Posterior Crossbite Correction with Decortication and Bone Autograft Augmentation | Chapter 11 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 Context: Deliberate periodontium damage caused by either corticotomy, piezocision or microosteoperforation causes increased remodelling of the alveolar bone due to regional acceleratory phenomena leading to rapid movement of the tooth. Periodontal bone graft augmentation provides the periodontium with structural integrity, reducing tell-tale relapse incidence. The procedures advocated for the accelerated correction of the skeletal maxillary bilateral posterior crossbite and open bite malocclusion were selective decortication and bone autograft augmentation in the case mentioned. A -18-year-old female patient with moderate Class III skeletal malocclusion, increased bimaxillary dento-alveolar protrusion, anterior open bite, forward tongue position, and maxillary bilateral posterior crossbite imbricated and rotated mandibular incisors. A protocol for non-extraction care has been recommended. Methods: Full thickness mucoperiosteal flaps were mirrored in the maxillary oral regions one week after strapping of the pre-adjusted edgewise appliance, MBT prescription (0.022 x 0.028-inch slot) and Hyrax unit. With surgical perforations, decortication was performed and supplemented with bone autograft taken from the patient's symphyseal area. The activation of the Hyrax system two weeks later was conducted twice daily, with the other orthodontic changes conducted fortnightly before completion of treatment. Results: 2.5 months of accelerated correction of the skeletal maxillary bilateral posterior crossbite and 7 months of care of full malocclusion were achieved. Conclusion: The accelerated malocclusion correction could be attributed to the regional acceleration phenomenon induced by the deliberate surgical insult induced by the decortication procedure and the stable outcome thus observed was attributed to the bone autograft periodontal augmentation. In one-third to one-fourth of the treatment necessary for traditional malocclusion correction, the selective decortication procedure accelerated the correction of the maxillary bilateral posterior crossbite and open bite malocclusion and the augmented bone autograft provided excellent bone volume for the much needed post-treatment stability results in these cases.

Author (s) Details

Dr. R. Rajesh Murugan
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Dr. A. Arif Yezdani
Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Reporting the Homosexuality and HIV/AIDS, Case of the HIV Excellency Center, Lubumbashi University, DR Congo | Chapter 9 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 In most African countries, homosexuality is not recognised. In the African background, this is also the case of DR Congo, governed by the faith and practise of religious morality and the practises of our venerated ancestors. The aim of this study is to show the vulnerability in our field of men having sex with men ( MSM) to HIV / AIDS. An observation was performed at the Lubumbashi University Excellence Center, where four open community MSMs have been monitored for two years. They have been checked for their commitment to medication, clinical and biological backgrounds, and their integration. It results in the majority of MSM hiding behind bisexuality and only a handful of them publicly declaring themselves as such and having access to the care services available. The stigma attached to HIV infection has left an indelible mark in our setting, and in a social context strongly affected by religion, the homosexual community is not spared, already indexed, as mysterious, ritualistic, The trends and customs. Despite challenging working conditions, the Center of Excellence provides holistic treatment, hiring MSM is not easy in the context of political and social homophobia, and the issue is important to talk about the tolerance and respect due to each person to live his life and his choice because stigma and silence destroy.

Author(s) Details

Katabwa Kabongo Joe
Center of Excellence of HIV/AIDS, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo.

Kanyinda Emery
Center of Excellence of HIV/AIDS, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo.

Makoy Erick

Center of Excellence of HIV/AIDS, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo.

Marcel Kayembe
Center of Excellence of HIV/AIDS, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo.

Tavele Shungu Junior
Center of Excellence of HIV/AIDS, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo.

Nkokesha Kabongo
Berea Government Hospital, Lesotho.

Wembo Nyama Stanis
Center of Excellence of HIV/AIDS, University of Lubumbashi, DR Congo.

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Lateral Flow Assays are Essential Tools in the Battle against Infectious Diseases and are Crucial in the Long-term Control of Sleeping Sickness | Chapter 5 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 Parasitic pathogens that are still causing severe human suffering in sub-Saharan Africa are Sleeping Sickness or Human African Trypanosomosis (HAT) and associated Animal African Trypanosomosis (AAT) diseases. In recent years, the monitoring of trypanosomosis has improved with the implementation of point-of - care lateral flow diagnostic assays (LFAs), leading to a substantial reduction in the number of human infections. Although this alone provides evidence of the strength of systemic testing, the decrease in case prevalence results in a new demand for better potential screening tools, with a focus on enhanced positive predictive value (PPV) although retaining the high specificity and sensitivity of current tests. This chapter first outlines the technical specifics of the various LFA formats available today and will subsequently cover the achievements and challenges of the latest trypanosomosis LFAs available, as well as the recently released prototype designs.

Author (s) Details

Zeng Li
Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium and Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry (LMB) and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.

Joar Esteban Pinto Torres
Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium.

Yann G. J. Sterckx

Laboratory of Medical Biochemistry (LMB) and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.

Magdalena Radwanska
Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Universiteit Gent, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 71, 9052 Gent, Belgium and Center for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro 119-5, Yeonsu-Gu, 406-840 Incheon, South Korea.

 

Stefan Magez
Laboratory for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussel, Belgium and Center for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Songdomunhwa-Ro 119-5, Yeonsu-Gu, 406-840 Incheon, South Korea and Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universiteit Gent, Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium.

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Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Mothers Regarding Breastfeeding in the University Hospital Center of Brazzaville (Republic of Congo) | Chapter 10 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 Objective: To examine at the Brazzaville University Medical Center the awareness, attitudes and behaviours of mothers about breastfeeding. Population and Methods: Analytical KAP research conducted from 1 February to 31 May 2019, covering only mothers who have begun breastfeeding for a minimum of 4 months and a maximum of 24 months in compliance with World Health Organization guidelines. Socio-demographic features, awareness, attitudes and behaviours were linked to the research variables. Outcomes: One hundred and forty mothers were interviewed. They were of a median age of 30, multi-parous (61.5 percent), with gainful activity (47.9 percent) in a couple (78.6 percent). In 26.5 percent of cases, they had adequate information (87.1 percent) yet harmful, adapted behaviours (95 percent) with responses of distinct certainty, and bad practises (60 percent). Attitudes have not been changed by experience (p > 0.2). Practices that have impacted awareness and behaviours (p < 0.05). Four times more likely to have inadequate practise were women with insufficient expertise (OR = 3.84; CI [1.06-13.9]; p < 0.03).

CONCLUSION: Overall, with a reasonable level of awareness and acceptable attitudes, the responses of the mothers showed strong differences in certainty. Their practises were poor, as much affected by incorrect behaviour as by ignorance and damaging knowledge. An educational campaign on the awareness and attitudes of mothers towards breastfeeding will help to strengthen their practises of breastfeeding.

Author (s) Details

Buambo Gauthier Régis Jostin
Obstetrics Gynecology Department, Brazzaville University Hospital Center, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.

Mahoungou Tsibozi Frédine

Obstetrics Gynecology Department, “Blanche Gomez” Specialized Mother-Child Hospital, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.

Itoua Clautaire
Obstetrics Gynecology Department, Brazzaville University Hospital Center, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.

Potokoue Mpia Samantha Nuelly
Obstetrics Gynecology Department, Brazzaville University Hospital Center, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.

Eouani Max Lévy Eméry
Obstetrics Gynecology Department, Loandjili Hospital, Pointe Noire, Republic of the Congo.

Mokoko Jules César
Obstetrics Gynecology Department, Brazzaville University Hospital Center, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.

Iloki Léon Hervé
Obstetrics Gynecology Department, Brazzaville University Hospital Center, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.

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Health Promotion Interventions Strategies to Change Smoking Behavior of Staff at Dr. Zainoel Abidin Provincial General Hospital, Banda Aceh | Chapter 1 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 

It is a habit of individuals to smoke cigarettes. An unpleasant phenomenon has been workers smoking at Dr. Zainoel Abidin Provincial General Hospital in Banda Aceh. Efforts to improve wellbeing are a tactic that has resulted in lifestyle improvements with decreases in workers smoking. Both 152 male workers who were smokers were the sample for this report. Health Promotion Initiatives (HPI) consisting of personal empowerment plus social support and advocacy to maximise the outcomes of this study have shown that Employee experience and behaviours have greatly affected workers to quit or to quit. HPI provided therapy services, the distribution of antismoking flyers, the installation of antismoking posters and the installation of no smoking signs. These HPI have been successful in improving awareness and developing a constructive attitude towards non-smoking, resulting in substantial decreases in staff smoking while offsite and total cessation of smoking when in the hospital. In all hospitals, continuous assessment, supervision and reinforcement of policies prohibiting smoking should be maintained.

Author (s) Details

Said Usman
Public Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23245, Indonesia.


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Contact Dermatitis in Health Care Sector: A Cross Sectional Study in a Teaching Hospital in Tunisia | Chapter 7 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence in hospitals of contact dermatitis and to identify risk factors. Among a representative group of 1,278 health professionals at the University Hospital, a cross-sectional analysis was carried out, matching professional rank and department. A questionnaire, a specialised analysis and patch tests were the basis of the survey. Occupational contact dermatitis prevalence was 22 percent [17.5-27.2]. The at-risk worker profile was a woman aged 37 years, a nurse working for 12.7±9.36 years in a surgical department. In 92.4 percent of cases, hands were harmed and 86 percent of affected individuals reported rhythmicity with occupational exposure. Among 33 workers, the practise of patch tests using the European Standard Battery was carried out and among 26 workers it was positive. Rubber battery patch test (if suspected of allergic reactions) Contact dermatitis with gloves) was observed in 29 agents and positive in 12 agents. The analytical analysis revealed that in the affected population, the history of atopy, work tenure, mean daily number of hand washing, mean daily number of worn gloves and mean length of wearing gloves were significantly higher. A diagnostic method based on a thorough clinical investigation and patch tests includes contact dermatitis in hospitals.

Author (s) Details

Amira Omrane
Department of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, Faculty of Medicine Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.


Charfeddine Amri
Department of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, Faculty of Medicine Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.


Lamia Bouzgarrou
Department of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, Faculty of Medicine Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.

Taoufik Khalfallah
Department of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, Faculty of Medicine Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.


Mohamed Akrout
Department of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, Faculty of Medicine Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.

Hichem Belhadj Ali
Department of Dermatology, Teaching Hospital of Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.

Mohamed Adnene Henchi
Department of Occupational Medicine and Ergonomics, Faculty of Medicine Monastir, 5019 Monastir, Tunisia.

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Efficacy of Psycho Education on Parents of Children with Intellectual Disability | Chapter 6 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 The stresses that parents of children with intellectual disabilities often face and the resulting effects on family life have been well-documented. In order to assess the beneficial effects of the psycho-educational support programme for parents of children with intellectual disabilities, this research was carried out. The goal of the research was to reduce the burden on the family and improve the well-being of parents of children with intellectual disabilities. To determine the correlation between post-test scores on the general well-being of parents of children with intellectual disabilities, to determine the correlation between post-test scores on the perceived family strain of parents of children with intellectual disabilities. A total of 20 parents of intellectually disabled children were chosen by purposeful sampling and consent was obtained. They were split into control and experimental groups at random. It was pre- and post-study. Using the Family Burden Interview, data was collected Results revealed a statistically significant discrepancy between classes, 2.5 months after intervention, with participants in the programme showing less emotional distress than subjects in the control group. In parents of the study sample, the beneficial directions of behavioural and attitudinal findings were. Thus, a brief psycho-education curriculum and developing constructive thought skills and interpersonal communication skills have contributed to major improvements for parents with children with intellectual disabilities, enhancing well-being and reducing the sense of family stress.

Author (s) Details

Ms. Bhagyashree Kar
Department of Clinical Psychology, Mental Health Institute (COE), SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

Dr. Jashobanta Mahapatra
Department of Clinical Psychology, Mental Health Institute (COE), SCB Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, India.

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Environmental Sub-Epithelial Proteinaceous Keratopathy: A New Name for an Old Disease | Chapter 8 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 4

 Climate droplet keratopathy(CDK) is an ancient degenerative corneal disease of unknown aetiology that was first identified by us in Latin America in the Argentinean Patagonia region (El Cuy Department, Río Negro Province). The prevalence of CDK in this area (Area I) and its presence in other related climatic provinces of Argentina (Region II) have been investigated. Patients' eyes were examined, lifetime patterns were investigated, the profile of tear cytokines and corneal epithelium phospholipids were studied. For most of the day, every person works outdoors. There was very low consumption of food containing ascorbic acid (AA) such as vegetables and fruits in individuals from regions I and II, but CDK was only found in region I where individuals did not use any form of eye defence. In region II, where people have similar work practises and dietary patterns to those in region I, but wear eye protection, no CDK was found. Tears from patients with CDK had substantially higher levels of The phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylserine (PS) groups showed lower total concentrations of phosphatidylcholine in the affected areas relative to the CDK cornea control areas. Several common species were shown in comparative profiles between CDK areas and control areas. Compared with the controls, we also found a few special lipids that were missing in CDK areas and vice versa. These findings clearly indicate that the existence of CDK is not only linked to environment, but also to an inflammatory process and lack of sunlight eye defence. I therefore recommend that this disease be designated as' Environmental Sub-epithelial Proteinaceous Keratopathy (ESPK).

Author (s) Details

Horacio Marcelo Serra
CIBICI-CONICET, Department of Biochemical Science, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre esquina Medina Allende, 5000, Córdoba, Argentina.

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