Stiff Matter in the Universe | Chapter 3 | Physical Science: New Insights and Developments Vol. 1

The main objective of this article is to introduce a novel mathematical expression for the comoving volume element in a flat universe that includes a cosmological constant, cold matter, and stiff matter and utilised this to derive constraints on the amount of stiff matter in the universe based on the Planck measurements of the Hubble parameter. These constraints are then examined to assess whether stiff matter could potentially resolve the Hubble tension. The findings show that the difference between the Hubble constant in a universe with stiff matter and the ΛCDM−universe is positive. Hence, the Hubble constant is larger with stiff matter than without. This goes in the right direction since the point of departure for this calculation is the value of the Hubble constant as determined by the Planck measurements, and this value is lower than the late universe measurements. The findings also indicate that the Planck measurements impose an upper limit on the current value of the density parameter of stiff matter, ΩS0 < 5 · 10−23, which is insufficient to resolve the Hubble tension.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Øyvind G. Grøn
Faculty of Technology, College of Applied Sciences, Art and Design, Oslo and Akershus University, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/psniad/v1/5185

Exploring Observational Constraints on F(T,TG) Gravity with Hubble’s Parametrization | Chapter 8 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 8

Newgravitational theories can be formulated using gauge theory with local Poincar´ e symmetry, which naturally leads to a spacetime with torsion. In this study, we explore a parametrization approach to the Hubble parameter within the framework of modified teleparallel Gauss-Bonnet gravity. This theory is based on the torsion invariant T and the teleparallel equivalent of the Gauss-Bonnet term T_G, forming the F(T ,T_G) gravity model. Notably, this modified gravity framework provides a unified explanation of cosmic evolution, encompassing early-time inflation and late time accelerated expansion, without requiring a cosmological constant. The results obtained from our analysis are consistent with recent cosmological observations, demonstrating a transition from a decelerating phase to an accelerating phase of cosmic expansion. By utilizing a combination of observational datasets, including Type Ia Supernovae(SNeIa), BaryonAcousticOscillations (BAO), Cosmic Microwave Background(CMB),andHubbleparameterH(z)measurements, wehaveconstrained the transition redshift z_t, which marks the epoch when the universe shifts from deceleration to acceleration. Furthermore, we have determined the best-fit value of z_t and compared the reconstructed evolution of the deceleration parameter q(z) and the equation of state parameter ω(z). The findings are in strong agreement with the standard ΛCDM model, reinforcing the validity of our approach.

 

Author (s) Details

 

S. H. Shekh
Department of Mathematics, S. P. M. Science and Gilani Arts, Commerce College, Ghatanji, Dist. Yavatmal, Maharashtra 445301, India.

 

N. Myrzakulov
Department of General and Theoretical Physics, L N Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan and Ratbay Myrzakulov Eurasian International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Astana 010009, Kazakhstan.

 

A. Pradhan
Centre for Cosmology, Astrophysics and Space Science (CCASS), GLA University, Mathura 281406, India.

A. Mussatayeva
Department of General and Theoretical Physics, L N Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan and Department of Physics and Chemistry, S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010011, Kazakhstan.

 

A. Bagde
Department of Mathematics, Late R. Bharti Arts, Commerce and Smt. S. R. Bharti Science College, Arni, Dist. Yavatmal, Maharashtra 445301, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v8/4453

Can Anisotropic Cosmic Expansion or Stiff Matter Solve the Hubble Tension? | Chapter 5 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 8

I deduce a new form of an exact anisotropic solution of Einstein’s field equations which was originally found and presented in a different way by Saunders (1969) in 1969. This form of the solution shows in an explicit way how it generalizes the isotropic ΛCDM universe model to a corresponding model with anisotropic expansion – an AΛCDM model. It is used here to investigate whether anisotropy of the cosmic expansion can resolve the Hubble tension, which is a long-standing problem in cosmology. The conclusion is that cosmic anisotropy, even in a general Bianchi type I framework, cannot solve the Hubble tension. Due to its mathematical similarity to the AΛCDM model, a universe model with stiff matter, a SΛCDM model, is also discussed in this chapter, and it is shown that observational restrictions on the amount of stiff matter in the universe, mean that there is too little stiff matter to solve the Hubble tension.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Øyvind G. Grøn
Faculty of Technology, Art and Design, College of Applied Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University, St. Olavs Plass, P.O. Box 4, NO-0130 Oslo, Norway.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v8/4477

Unitless Physics US9-IIIc: Focused Particle Communication, Evolution of Fundamental Physics Leading to Biology and the Universe | Chapter 7 | Current Research Progress in Physical Science Vol. 1

 

This study introduces one dimensional force which requires internal particle processing as a simpler addition to Classical Mechanics and the enabling predecessor of Quantum Mechanics. The evolution of Physics is a process in which our only basis of understanding will come from biological science and much measurement of appropriate parameters in tornados and many other areas. Understanding of Biological Evolution. Particle communication arising from rest energy enables the conversion of random motion to organized motion. The evolution of Physics requires increasing complexity with time. Earlier Physics must be simpler which excludes the many failed attempts to extend the Standard Model via more complex mathematics and dimensions. The inability of the Standard Model of Physics to explain nonlocality in QM, the similar morphology of spiral galaxies and hurricanes, the causes of helicity conservation in water, tornadoes and jet streams in the atmosphere and galaxies, and the inability to produce angular momentum conservation from random motion are among its major shortcomings. Selective particle-to-particle communication and subsequent particle action to a state of greater organization are necessary for the solutions.  This paper, based on US9-1 and US9-2, explores the possibility of new particle-to-particle forces via rest energy which enable higher organization.

An ability in Physics to deal with the above would provide physics that could be useful to biological science which presently describes numerous varieties of particle-to-particle communications in very complex organizations. Control of tornados via interference of particle-to-particle communication can be possible with future technology. The effects of focused particle-to-particle communication can replace the concepts of dark matter and nuclear force bosons.

Focused selective particle-to-particle communication enables evolution in Physics and the Universe which leads to quantum mechanics and biological evolution. The possibilities regarding the Universe and Cosmology are extensive. The introduction of focused particle-to-particle communication from rest energy in addition to gravity and E&M enables creative interactions that can solve many of the mysteries inherent in current understanding: Dark matter, dark energy, lattice structure of the Universe and inter-galactic voids. ΔβFEF can explain superconductivity, lightning, etc.

 

Author(s)details:-

James W. Christy
7285 Golden Eagle Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, USA.

 

Please See the book here :-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crpps/v1/78

Transformation Equations for the Fifth Dimension | Chapter 3 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 8

 Scientists have happened arguing for a very long time if there are pieces faster than the speed of light or not. Those who renounced the existence of pieces faster than light speed always concern Lorentz equation. This equating deals with particles in only four ranges. In this paper, we show what would happen if we adjoin one more measure to this equation to manage deals with five dimensions a suggestion of correction four. The addition concerning this fifth measure will greatly help us comprehend the state of particles before, forthcoming, at, and above the speed of light.

Author(s) Details:

M. Helmy Said,
Vihditie 4-6 A 14, 03100 Nummela, Finland.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V8/article/view/9685

How Far Light Travels before Dropping Below the Visible Frequency Range| Chapter 3 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 6

 The purpose concerning this study search out take calculations suggesting the maximum distance light travels before it attenuates beneath the seeable commonness range, that is, drops not accessible to view. The commonness of light evenly decreases as it traverses enormous distances presage (attenuates). This wonder is famous as a redshift cause apparent light has a weakness to shift toward the coral end of the range. There sooner or later comes a point at that light drops beneath the coral end of the range and is not any more seeable to us. When redshift is correctly assumed as debilitation, allure calculations allow us to reckon at what distance light drops beneath the electromagnetic frequencies. Beyond this confining distance, skilled are innumerable a lot of galaxies that are hidden to us.

Author(s) Details:

David Rowland,
61 Sandstone Drive, Hanwell, New Brunswick E3E 0C3, Canada.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V6/article/view/9209

jk Transformation Laws of Coordinates and Composition of Velocities| Chapter 13 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol.7

 

 By introducing the usage of imaginary velocity, relative motion is redefined under the real-time examination of the universe. One of the author's discoveries of inherent inconsistencies in relative motion highlights how, in two-dimensional motion, the transfer of an item's actual size to the opposing velocity of the other object is justified. Because the magnitude transfer is imaginary rather than real, imaginary velocity offers accurate estimates for relative velocities (refer 1.2). As a result, the new transformation laws [1] are established and given the term "jk," which stands for two constants and represents the variance from the Lorentz inverse law. Each frame in an isotropic universe has references for its position while it is stationary or moving in a localised area, where A frame that is at rest maintains its position in respect to its surroundings over time. To provide the idea that it is moving against gravity, the mechanism only enables the moving frame to see a reflection of its own motion in the resting frame. As a result, the relative motion is a combination of real and imaginary motions with the ability to change direction. enabling complicated velocity into the jk laws. The Maxwell equations, space-time intervals, and rotating frames all remain invariant under these principles, regardless of whether vector values are in cross product or dot product. Inherent scalar values, like mass, time, length, etc., however, have inverse change. Therefore, jk transformation is not a vector-dominated rule like Lorentz transformation. The quantization of red-shift and particle decay is justified by physical processes without reciprocity effects. Understanding the nuances of the micro universe, such as the asymmetry of Doppler's changing pictures and short-lived particles, antimatter, subatomic particles, gamma rays, GRBs, and subatomic particles, is made easier by these concepts.

Author(s) Details:

Mohd Javed Khilji,
B-385, Indervihar Colony Airport Road Bhopal, 462030, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V7/article/view/7789

Homogeneous Sphere with Excited Vacuum Pressure, Applications in Extended Space Model and Cosmology | Chapter 15 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol. 6

 According to Sakharov's theory of the "metrical elasticity" of space, vacuum pressure in the paper is calculated from the geometry of the space around the local gravity system. Vacuum deformation is thought to consume energy equal to the gravitational defect of masses. Using an adequate solution of Einstein's equations, we were able to estimate the gravitational influence on the vacuum in the situation of a weakly attracting static, centrally symmetric distribution of matter. The vacuum pressure of the opposing sign counteracts this effect. The vacuum pressure and matter density are both included in the equation of state. They match the field equations for the symmetric distribution of matter at the centre. The energy-momentum-mass vector corresponding to the D Extended Space Model (ESM) is discovered after taking into account the photon motion in the resultant space-time. We research the capacity to use the given equation of state for any We look at how well the derived equation of state may be applied to various gravitational systems and cosmology. Rotation angles in 5D are used to explain the change in photon energy and momentum in Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker space-time. This cosmological model predicts that during the current epoch, half of the dark energy density that is not linked with the cosmological constant and half of the dark energy density that is not related with the cosmic deceleration parameter.

Author(s) Details:

D. Yu. Tsipenyuk,
Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991 Russia and Moscow Politechnic University, Moscow, 107023 Russia.

W. B. Belayev,
Khlopin Radium Institute, Saint-Petersburg, 188651, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V6/article/view/7224

State of Light and Solution of Many Cosmological Puzzles | Chapter 11 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol.5

Today, a basic cosmology explains the appearance of "dark" energy. The findings explain the cosmic microwave background's homogeneity, critical density, and other phenomena. Light is helping us better comprehend the "dark" Universe, with applications down to the tiny quantum world, including the size of living cells.

Author(s) Details:

Louise Riofrio,
Researcher, County of Hawaii, Waimea, USA.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V5/article/view/7167

Spacetime and General Relativity: A Novel Approach| Chapter 7 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol.4

Four-dimensional (Minkowski) spacetime is purely mathematical and has no practical application. Time is an abstract measurement of motion and events that occur in three dimensions. It is impossible to extract nonphysical time from three-dimensional space and project it onto a fourth, ostensibly physical axis with a separate set of reference points. Spacetime does not exist, does not curve, and has no gravitational interaction. General relativity is severely flawed because Einstein predicated his geometric theory of gravity (general relativity) solely on this incorrect spacetime foundation. Geometry is the branch of mathematics that deals with the characteristics and relationships of points, lines, surfaces, and objects' relative positions. Mathematics is a sort of measuring that is intellectual rather than physical. Because geometry cannot cause or be influenced by anything in physical reality, Einstein's geometric theory of gravity fails. Because it assumes that a real force (gravity) interacts with an abstraction (geometry) that has no actual existence, general relativity fails. This chapter conclusively refutes both Minkowski spacetime and general relativity.

Author(s) Details:

David Rowland,
61 Sandstone Drive, Hanwell NB, E3E 0C3, Canada.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V4/article/view/6934

Astrophysics and Logic Often Conflict| Chapter 13 | New Trends in Physical Science Research Vol. 2

The science of logic is the study of reasoning, proof, and validity. This is the first research to use rigorous logical analysis to examine eight popular astrophysical ideas. The following cosmological theories are hereby declared invalid due to multiple false assumptions, faulty reasoning, and mathematical oversights: big bang theory, Hubble's law, general relativity, gravitational wave theory, dark matter theory, dark energy theory, Higgs boson theory, and Doppler-redshift theory. What is intellectually impossible is physically impossible as well.

Author(s) Details:

David Rowland,
61 Sandstone Drive, Hanwell, New Brunswick E3E 0C3, Canada.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NTPSR-V2/article/view/6625

Something is Seriously Wrong with Cosmology | Chapter 09 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol. 1

 This study investigates and reports on a number of scientific and mathematical flaws that, taken together, have resulted in a widely held understanding of the universe that is significantly incorrect. Current accepted astrophysics has created an extensive network of hypotheses that are lacking foundation due to a fundamental cosmological mistake dating back to 1915. The legendary big bang could not have occurred, galaxies are not colliding, we are not on a collision path with Andromeda, and dark matter and dark energy are both fictitious concepts. General relativity has become the accepted explanation for gravity as a result of two mathematical errors dating back to 1915. This geometric explanation of gravity, however, is fatally faulty. There is no such thing as four-dimensional spacetime, and it does not curve or interact with gravity. Gravitational waves do not exist, and gravity does not bend light. This study finds that the following hypotheses are false: big bang theory, Hubble’s law, expansion theory, 4-D spacetime, general relativity, dark matter, dark energy, cosmic microwave background theory, and gravitational waves. The cosmos is an immense, eternal expanse with no beginning or end and no boundaries of any kind.

Author(S) Details

D. Rowland
61 Sandstone Drive, Hanwell, New Brunswick E3E 0C3 Canada.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V1/article/view/6325

Study on Unitless Physics III: Focused Particle Communication, Evolution of Fundamental Physics and the Universe US9-3 | Chapter 9 | Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 4

 The conversion of random motion to structured motion is enabled by particle communication emerging from rest energy. An inability to produce angular momentum conservation from random motion, an inability to explain nonlocality in QM, and a lack of explanation for the similar morphology of spiral galaxies and hurricanes, as well as the causes of helicity conservation in water, and tornados and jet streams in the atmosphere and galaxies, are all major flaws in the Standard Model of Physics. Selective particle-to-particle communication and subsequent particle action to a state of greater organisation are required for the solutions. In many situations, particle-to-particle targeted communication is required to evolve random velocities into ordered velocity states. Based on US9-1 and US9-2, this work investigates the feasibility of novel particle-to-particle forces that permit higher organisation via rest energy.

Physics skills in dealing with the aforementioned would produce physics that could be beneficial in biological science, which now explains a variety of particle-to-particle communications in very complicated organisations. With future technologies, it may be feasible to control tornados by interfering with particle-to-particle communication. Dark matter and nuclear force bosons can be replaced by the effects of targeted particle to particle communication.

Focused selective particle-to-particle communication allows physics and the universe to evolve, leading to quantum mechanics and biological evolution. Although QM's mathematics are important in this process, this work claims that simpler predecessors of QM exist within particle communication and internal processing of fundamental particles. Physics can evolve to higher-order states thanks to selective particle communication. Standard Physics does not recognise this option. The possibilities in the field of cosmology and the universe are vast. In addition to gravity and E&M, the introduction of concentrated particle-to-particle communication from rest energy permits creative interactions that can answer many of the riddles inherent in present understanding: dark matter, dark energy, the Universe's lattice structure, and inter-galactic gaps.

Author(S) Details

James W. Christy
7285 Golden Eagle Drive, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCPS-V4/article/view/4559

A Look at Schmutzer's New Projective Unified Field Theory | Chapter 3 | Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1

 Schmutzer's 5-dimensional Projective Unified Field Theory is described as a new general-relativistic covariant unification of gravitation, electromagnetism, and scalarism in this brief communication. Scalarism, which appears in the theory, is a novel natural phenomena that might be regarded as dark matter. A variety of applications to spaceship orbits, planets and stars in galaxies, as well as the cosmos as a whole, produce new consequences that go beyond the Einstein-Maxwell theory's known claims.

Author (S) Details

Rainer Collier
Theoretisch-Physikalisches Institut, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCPS-V1/article/view/3608

Mathematical Cosmogony and Axiomatics of Cosmology | Chapter 3 | Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 14

 Mathematical Cosmogony and Cosmological Axiomatics are briefly covered in this paper. The Universe is the mathematical continuum's bifurcation. There is no hardware, only software, which we are currently restoring on paper. On this path, matter evolves and ends up in the Solar System of planets or the entire Cosmos.

Author(s) Details

Besud Chu. Erdeni
Independent Researcher, Mongolia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V14/article/view/3157

The Big Bang Never Happened: Conclusive Proof | Chapter 8 | Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 13

 The prevailing assumption for nearly a century has been that the universe was created by a big bang singularity. This speculative occurrence is an impossibility that has only become a well-established belief due to a basic scientific inaccuracy that few have questioned until now. This article shows why the universe could not have started from a singularity, that galaxies are not receding from the Milky Way, and that we are not on the verge of colliding with other galaxies. Andromeda, of course. Edwin Hubble made a number of errors, including incorrect assumptions and major miscalculations. The Big Bang Theory assumes that the cosmos appeared out of nowhere. This concept challenges physics as well as logic, the science of thought and reasoning. Nothing can be the root of a problem. “The concept that there might be nothing that preceded something offends reason itself,” Aristotle is said to have said.

Author(s) Details

David Rowland
Independent Researcher, Canada.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V13/article/view/2926

Hypothesis of Quantum Gravity| Chapter 5| Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 12

 I was inspired to write this article after reading a book by Prof. Geraint Lewis and Dr. Luke Barnes about how to undo astronomy's Big Bang. Since attending several astrophysics courses at Australian National University a year before, I'd had a strong urge to do this (they were conducted by Professors Brian Schmidt and Paul Francis). I found the Lewis/Barnes book to be an excellent resource, and I supplemented it with my own thoughts on Mobius strips, Figure-8 Klein bottles, and Wick rotation.This hypothesis is based on my belief that science will one day prove that everything in space and time is connected. "If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way," Stephen Hawking wrote in "A Brief History of Time," "it might be impossible to get close to a full solution (of the universe's puzzles) by investigating parts of the problem (such as general relativity and quantum mechanics) in isolation."The idea is to create a "proof of concept" that may then be supplemented by equations. It has been determined that the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation, and Multiverse theories all fail in the end, and that a topological model incorporating bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, Figure-8 Klein bottles, and Wick rotation performs better. The failing cosmologies all have compelling arguments, leading to the conclusion that they're all vital stepping stones. The Big Bang, for example, is seen as a breach of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics, yetBits moving between 1 and 0 are evocative of the alleged origin from quantum fluctuations. Dark matter, dark energy, and electromagneticgravitational union could all be explained by the topological hypothesis. Finally, the paper discusses vector-tensor-scalar geometry, as well as expansions of Einstein's and Maxwell's theories of gravity and electromagnetism.

Author (S) Details

Rodney Bartlett
Australian National University, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.

View Book :-https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V12/article/view/2634

What We Know about the Universe that is Not So: Undoing a Century of Errors | Book Publisher International

 The prevailing assumption for nearly a century has been that the universe was created by a big bang singularity. This speculative occurrence is an impossibility that has only become a well-established belief due to a basic scientific inaccuracy that few have questioned until now. The cosmos could not have formed from any singularity, according to this book, which gives both logical proof and scientific evidence. Hubble's law, which assumes that galaxies are moving away from Earth at velocities proportionate to their distance, is widely regarded as the definitive proof that the universe is expanding. Hubble's law is severely defective due to erroneous assumptions, weak logic, and data that appears to have been fabricated. Edwin Hubble formed the erroneous assumption that nebulae are rushing away from one other, then discovered the mathematics to back up his assertion. In modern physics, general relativity (GR) is the geometric theory of gravity that has come to be acknowledged as the standard definition of gravitation. Gravity, according to GR, is the outcome of large objects distorting four-dimensional spacetime geometrically. The more mass in a body that provides gravity, the greater the claimed distortion. This distortion is said to alter the trajectory of moving objects in space, as well as the pathways of light rays passing close to huge objects. GR is, unfortunately, a terminally defective hypothesis based on logical mistakes, erroneous assumptions, and empirical misinterpretation. Geometric spacetime does not exist, it does not curve, and it cannot interact with gravity in any way.

Author(s) Details

David Rowland
Independent Researcher, Canada and Member of Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Canada and Affiliate of Canadian Association of Physicists, Canada.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/WWKUNSUCE/article/view/2128

Studies on Two Supreme Principles of Plato’s Cosmos: The One and the Indefinite Dyad—The Division of a Straight Line into Extreme and Mean Ratio, and Pingala’s Mātrāmeru| Chapter 6 | Current Topics on Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 1

 In this survey, we look at some findings regarding the behavior of the resolvent of a weighted shift operator. The relationship between the coefficients of the mentioned operators, the behavior of the Cesaro averages, and the behavior of the resolvent were all taken into account. a/b + b)/a = a/b When applied to linear geometry, this equal proportion corresponds to what Euclid referred to as the Division into Extreme and Mean Ratio (DEMR) or The Golden Proportion. In fact, according to my mathematical interpretation, Plato uses Pingala's Mtrmeru or The First Analogy of the Double to shape the body of the Cosmos as a whole, to the point of identifying the two supreme principles of the Cosmos—the One (1) and the Indefinite Dyad (and1/)—with the DEMR in the Timaeus 32b and the Epinomis 991 a–b. As a result, Fire and Earth are linked by two Mean Ratios rather than one (namely, Air and Water). Furthermore, using the Platonic approach to analyze the geometric properties of the Cosmos as a whole, I believe Timaeus built the 12 pentagonal faces of the Dodecahedron using elementary Golden Triangles (a/b = ) and the Mtrmeru sequence. This would also demonstrate that my mathematical interpretation of the platonic texts is at the very least plausible. Plato most likely refers to the Line of the Horizon paradigm in his Republic when he speaks of the Divided Line to explain his cosmological doctrine of ideas.

Author(s) Details

Maria Antonietta Salamone
Department of Philosophy and Society, Faculty of Philosophy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.

View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/CTMCS-V1/article/view/1387

Einstein's Elevator in Cosmology | Chapter 7 | Newest Updates in Physical Science Research Vol. 5

 In comoving coordinates, the metrics of gravitational and cosmological models are brought into canonical form. From this, the FWR curvature parameter is calculated, and it is demonstrated that k = 0 does not correspond to a flat model, but to a spatially positively curved geometry with free-falling reference systems. This is also in line with Einstein's elevator theory. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our subluminal universe is linked to the R = ct  Melia's approach is based on the assumption that k = 0 is concerned with a free-falling system in the sense that it has been defined above.

Author (s) Details

Rainer Burghardt
Independent Researcher, Austria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NUPSR-V5/article/view/1402