Smart Antennas in Direction Finding Using Taylor Window | Chapter 11 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

A smart antenna (or cognitive antenna or adaptive array) is a self-optimizing intelligent and interactive antenna which can help in the detection of the signal in case of background noise or interference. The major advantage of the Smart Antenna Array includes providing a narrow beam toward the user of interest while nulling the other users who are part of the network. The work includes in designing the SmartAntennaasatransmitter of Uniform Rectangular Array (URA) of Reflector Backed Dipole Antenna (RBDA) placed at Netaji Subhash University of Technology (NSUT), East campus, New Delhi, India. The array is placed at a height of 169 meters above ground level. Each of the RBDA is operating at 10 GHz frequency. The directional finding algorithms not only rely on received signal strength (RSSI) but also depends upon actual direction of the signal which makes the positioning easier. Five receiver locations are selected such that the antenna changes its beam pattern in order to find the maximum receiver placed in the nearby locations using amplitude scanning and steering vector techniques. The results concluded that when Taylor window is used for tapering the beam, the convergence of the algorithm is optimum. The scope future of the work will be in the analysis of Smart Antenna using other more robust adaptive signal processing algorithms and to apply beamforming algorithms instead of beam scanning techniques.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Abhisha Garg
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.

 

Manisha KhulbeS
Electronics and Communication Department, Netaji Subhash University of Technology East Campus (Formerly Ambedkar Institute of Advance Communication Technology and Research), India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/1687

Quantifying Stress Responses in Buried Gas Pipelines under Heavy-Duty Vehicle Loads | Chapter 10 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

The aim of this article is to quantify the loads exerted by heavy-duty vehicles when crossing over a buried pipeline. These loads are important in deciding about the use of protective sleeves (casings) applied to gas pipelines in regions with increased demands on pipeline operation safety. Experiments were conducted on a test pipe section made from L360NE pipeline steel equipped with strain gauges along the pipe perimeter to measure strains in the axial and circumferential directions. Strain measurements were taken after back-filling the pipe trench, then during vehicle crossings over the empty pipe, and again after pressurizing the test pipe with air. Besides this, an engineering estimation of the state of stress of a buried pipe was also made. The results showed that the weight of the backfill, acting on an empty pipe, causes an ovalness of the circular cross-section of the pipe giving thus the rise of through-wall bending stresses with the tensile stress at the outside surface at the 3 and 9 o´clock positions, and compressive stress at the inside surface. At the 6 and 12 o´clock positions, the stresses are tensile at the inside surface and compressive at the outside surface. Strain-based hoop stresses at the surface of the empty test pipe were found to exceed 30 MPa after back-filling the trench and increased to more than 40 MPa during the vehicle crossings. Axial stresses reached extremes of around 17 MPa in compression and 12 MPa in tension.

 

Author (s) Details

L'ubomir Gajdo
Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prosecká 809/76, 190 00 Prague 9, Czech Republic.

 

Martin Sperl
Institute of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prosecká 809/76, 190 00 Prague 9, Czech Republic.

 

Jan Kec
SVÚM a.s., Tovární 2053, 250 88 Celákovice, Czech Republic.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/3024

A Comprehensive Review of Advanced AI/ML Applications in Solar Radiation Prediction | Chapter 9 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

Recent advancements in AI/ML have focused on improving the robustness of solar radiation predictions through hybrid models, combining machine learning algorithms with traditional physical models, or blending multiple ML techniques. Solar energy is one of the most abundant renewable energy sources available globally, and accurate solar radiation prediction is crucial for efficient energy management, grid optimization, and the development of solar technologies. The advent of machine learning and artificial intelligence has revolutionized the field of solar radiation forecasting, offering more accurate, scalable, and adaptive models. In India, using AI/ML for solar radiation prediction is challenged by inconsistent data quality due to limited, fragmented measurement stations across diverse climates. Large-scale, high-quality datasets are often unavailable, especially in remote or rural areas. The high computational resource requirements further strain infrastructure, particularly in less developed regions. Additionally, interpreting AI/ML models in this context can be difficult, limiting trust in predictions and wider adoption across the country. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art ML and AI approaches used for solar radiation prediction, including traditional models such as regression and time-series analysis, as well as advanced techniques like deep learning and ensemble models. Additionally, the article discusses the challenges, limitations, and future directions in this field. The future of ML and AI in solar radiation prediction looks promising, with potential advancements in quantum computing and the integration of edge computing for real-time forecasting.

 

Author (s) Details

 

R. Meenal
V.S.B Engineering College, Karur - 639111, TN, India.

 

R. Devprakash
Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, 47301, Malaysia.

 

E. Rajasekaran
V.S.B Engineering College, Karur - 639111, TN, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/2935

LoRa IoT Network for Instant Forest Fire Detection and Alert System | Chapter 8 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

The present study highlights about LoRa IoT Network for Instant Forest Fire Detection and Alert Systems. Around the world, forest fires have become a serious problem since they damage homes, wild animals, and trees while also contaminating the air with a high Air Quality Index. Natural and man-made disasters alike were rocking the globe. Tragedies like forest fires are one kind of environmental impact. Once started in the depths of the forest, the fire quickly spreads throughout the whole region, consuming all it touches. The hothouse effect and climatic changes are two effects of similar devastation. For detecting numerous environmental characteristics that may approach the threshold level during a fire-based mishap, this suggested system uses an Arduino and a variety of sensors. The Internet of Things (IoT) will bring new intelligence and efficiency to long-standing technologies such as home automation, control systems, and wireless sensor networks. Here, the temperature and smoke level of two primary factors are regularly monitored. Smoke is detected using the gas sensor MQ6, which measures and detects carbon-based gases. The Ds18b21 wire-based temperature sensor can detect smoke since smoking produces CO2. Furthermore, a PIR sensor is used to identify any human movement.  One Arduino analogue pin is connected to the analogue temperature and gas sensors. At the location of the node and hub, the fire uses Long Range Communication (LoRa) to alert the appropriate Tamil Nadu Forest Department.  The detecting system uses very little electricity and is powered by solar panels. LoRa can send data over larger distances of up to 15 km. To monitor and save these characteristics, an online interface is also established. Extensive field testing has demonstrated the system's effectiveness in real-world outdoor environments, where it continuously collects and transmits vital sensor data related to temperature, humidity, and other critical forest conditions. This data can be used to monitor potential fire hazards and inform timely responses, thereby enhancing forest management and safety protocols.

 

Author (s) Details

R. Anand
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, India.

 

P. Monisha
Department of ECE, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, India.

 

T. Nathiya
Department of ECE, Excel Engineering College, Namakkal, India.

 

S.Karthik
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Excel Engineering College, Namakkal, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/2948

Quantum AI in Cloud Environments | Chapter 7 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

This paper explores the integration of Quantum Artificial Intelligence (AI) in cloud computing environments. It examines key research areas, including quantum algorithms for AI, Quantum-as-a-Service (QaaS), and serverless quantum architecture. The study highlights applications in finance, healthcare, and supply chain management, demonstrating improved computational speed and efficiency. Despite promising advancements, challenges like knowledge gaps, limited talent pool, and high costs persist. Future directions focus on addressing these challenges and expanding interdisciplinary applications. The paper concludes that Quantum AI in cloud computing offers significant potential for enhancing computational capabilities across various sectors while emphasizing the need for continued research and development.

 

Author (s) Details

Alex Mathew
Department of Cybersecurity, Bethany College, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/3116

Optical and Electrophysical Properties of the Germanium Oxynitride Dielectric Films | Chapter 6 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

The work studied the optical and electrophysical characteristics of dielectric films of germanium oxynitride obtained by nitridation of single-crystalline germanium with humid ammonia or hydrazine vapors and deposition of reaction products on semiconductor substrates. The technological method described in our previous work was used. Germanium oxynitride films create a high-quality interface with silicon and indium phosphide. In recent years, very few works have been published on this topic and an attempt was made to fill this gap. It was shown that the capacitance-voltage characteristics of the GexOyNz – Si structure have hysteresis. These structures can be used to store charge in memory elements. The C-U characteristics of the GexOyNz – InP structure in the frequency range of 20 Hz – 20 MHz have very low-frequency dispersion. This defines the prospect of using the structure for creating MIS devices and integrated circuits.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Irakli Nakhutsrishvili
Institute of Cybernetics of Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

 

Revaz Kokhreidze
Institute of Cybernetics of Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

 

Zurab Adamia
Institute of Cybernetics of Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

 

Lasha Loria
Institute of Cybernetics of Georgian Technical University, Tbilisi, Georgia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/3042

An Accessibility Evaluation of the Indian Banking Websites Applying Multi-Tools for Visually Challenged Users | Chapter 5 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

These days, a website is essential for communication, information gathering, and other daily activities. Web accessibility provides access to online information for a variety of users, regardless of their age, language, culture, physical state, or other characteristics. Global website accessibility continues to be a major concern for researchers and web developers. Numerous investigations have been conducted to evaluate the online accessibility of various websites. Banking websites are becoming increasingly popular these days because that's where learning starts. Examples are the Reserve Bank of India, UCO Bank, State Bank of India, Punjab National Bank, ICICI, and other banks are a few of these banks. Since the banking industry is very beneficial to people of all levels, it is imperative to visit those websites in order to gain accessibility. Website accessibility has been assessed using many tools and the W3C standard guidelines. A multi-tool accessibility analysis of banking websites is presented in this paper. Additionally, a comparison of five accessibility tools using thirteen different parameters is provided. In this study, five evaluation tools—EvalAccess2.0, Run FAE, TAW, Tenon, and Hera—are used to evaluate 25 banking websites. These programs provide us with the accessibility position findings of a subset of websites based on the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG 1.0 and WCAG 2.0.) It was noted that employing the accessibility features on specific websites is necessary. This essay offers some recommendations for improving these websites' accessibility.in order to ensure that a larger audience may easily access the information and services offered by these websites. According to the performance review, the websites need to be enhanced in order to be available from anywhere in the world.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Chinna Rao Kurangi
Department of CSE, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

S Venkata Lakshmi
Department of CSE, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

B.M.Sowjanya
Department of CSE, KL University Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Jayasree Pinjala
Department of CSE, Chaitanya Engineering College, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

James Stephen Meka
Ambedkar Chair Professor, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Ravi Kumar Tammineni
Department of CSE, AITAM, Tekkali, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Nitalaksheswara Rao Kolukula
Department of CSE, GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/2975

Spatiotemporal Video Dehazing Using Dark and Bright Channel Priors with Guided Filtering for Improved Visibility | Chapter 4 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

Recently video surveillance in smart city projects is becoming more and more popular. Video surveillance plays an important role for security purposes and it is required high-quality images for video image analysis and recognition. Generally, high-quality image is required in video image analysis and recognition. Often bad weather conditions like atmospheric haze, fog, and smoke affect captured outdoor images and result in loss of visibility and poor contrast. In this paper, a new method was proposed for a single image and video dehazing. Many complex methods exist for removing haze from hazy images. In this paper, a method was proposed that combines dark channel prior (DCP) and bright channel prior (BCP) along with a guided filtering technique to perform effectively and efficiently by spatiotemporal means in video dehazing. The proposed video dehazing method is implemented in three steps. They are i) convert the video into frames of single images, ii) remove haze in single images and iii) convert the sequence of output frames into the video format. All these have been implemented using Matlab2020b software. To extract the global atmospheric light accurately, multiple prior DCP and BCP underlying hazy images were exploited. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed method qualitatively against existing techniques was explored. The computation speed of the proposed method is 62% faster and 64% faster than existing methods for 640 x 480(VGA) resolution images. The experimental result shows that our proposed algorithm enhances the colour fidelity reduces the halo effect and improves the efficiency of video dehazing.

 

Author (s) Details

 

U.Hari
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

A.Ruhan bevi
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, KTR Campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/2590

The Details of Multi-elemental Analysis and 2D Image Mapping within Roots, Leaves, and Seeds from Oryza glaberrima: Application of the Micro-PIXE Technique | Chapter 3 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

The Oryza glaberrima Steud (OG) plant was domesticated 3,500 years ago in the inland delta of the upper Niger River in present-day Mali. From there, it spread across all of West Africa and adapted to very different environments from the desert region of Mali to the humid forests of Sierra Leone. Understanding metal accumulation at the organ level in roots, leaves and seeds in O. gla-berrima (OG) is crucial for improving physiological and metabolic aspects in growing Asian and African rice in salted areas. The micro-analytical imaging techniques are required to reveal its accumulation and distribution within plant tissues. The aim of the study is to investigate the metal accumulation at the organ level in roots, leaves, and seeds in African rice by performing 2D elemental image mapping and by determining their elemental composition. PIXE studies were performed to determine different elements in rice plants. The existing microbeam analytical technique at the iThemba LABS applied for the 2D image mapping of fresh rice tissues to perform a concentration of low atomic mass elements (such as Al, Si, P, S, Cl, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Br, Zn and K) with detection limits of typically 1-10µg/g. Comparison of the distribution of the elements between leaves, root and seed samples using uptake and distribution of elements in particular environmental conditions with potential amount of salt in water was done. The results showed that there were significant correlations among most of the mineral element contents. Ca, Al, Si, Cl, K, S, and P contents were significantly correlated with most of the other mineral element contents, while Br, Cu, Zn, Ti, Mn, and Fe content showed significantly negative associations with the S, Cl and Ca contents of rice side leaves. The study also indicated metal exclusion as a salt tolerance strategy from leaves, root, and seed compartments using matrix correlation between samples and between elements on rice species. The study concluded that Micro PIXE analysis has shown the elemental distribution of Cl, Si, and K are localized on the epicuticular surface of the flag leaves, whereas other elements S, Zn, Cu, P, Mn, Ca, and Ti are on the cytoplasm.  

 

Author (s) Details

Alassane Traore
Department de Physique, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.

 

Anna Ndiaye
Department de Chimie, Faculté Des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.

 

Christopher Bongani Mtshali
Tandetron laboratory – IBA group iThemba LABS, Cape Town, South Africa.

 

Manneh Baboucarr
Africa Rice Center, St Louis, Senegal.

 

Jean Paul Latyr Faye
Department de Physique, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.

 

Daouda Mbodj
Africa Rice Center, St Louis, Senegal.

 

Kandiaba Traore
Africa Rice Center, St Louis, Senegal.

 

Tapha Gueye
Africa Rice Center, St Louis, Senegal.

 

Ababacar Sadikhe Ndao
Department de Physique, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/2477

Global Transmission Margins Determination and Cloud Attenuation Models at Satellite Bands | Chapter 2 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

Considering the fact that various dimensions of disturbances occur in the atmospheric layers randomly, which often have consequential footprints on the troposphere where mankind naturally lives, there is an obvious need for periodic determination of effective transmission margins consistently for most geographic locations on Earth.  The need for the achievement of an effective wireless transmission margin and larger bandwidth at a relatively lower cost precipitates the importance of hydrometeor models’ roles in satellite transmissions. Also, the almost perpetual existence of clouds in tropical climates makes cloud models all the more fundamental. Details of four years of station spectrum analyzer data, five years of climatological data and fifty – eight years of radiosonde data used in this research at tropical test station - Ota, southwest Nigeria - were earlier published. At the station, total cloud attenuation data were measured and logged every minute using the spectrum analyzer. The large data was used to deduce the station cloud attenuation cumulative distribution, which was used to derive the station's new cloud attenuation algorithm. This cumulative distribution was compared with the station cloud attenuation cumulative distribution of each of the other existing cloud models. The radiosonde data was used to derive each existing cloud model’s predicted cloud attenuation cumulative distribution respectively for the tropical station. These sets of distributions were used to deduce the station's new cloud attenuation algorithm’s parameters through a written and published simulation program, which defined the cloud attenuation model for the station. Thus, the generation of any new station cloud attenuation model only fundamentally requires the station’s radiosonde data. The integrity of the radiosonde data renders cloud cover data and all others for a station only for graphical comparisons and corroboration. Thus, the new cloud attenuation algorithm can be used to develop the cloud attenuation model for any geographic location by using the methodology reviewed above and whose details were earlier published. Subsequently, the collected spectrum analyzer data, climatological data and acquired radiosonde data were used to compute projected attenuation values for each cloud attenuation model at propagation signal frequencies between 12 GHz to 50 GHz. The predicted values were extracted and analysed statistically. Spectrally, the station's new cloud attenuation model’s cumulative distribution proportionally averaged the other model’s characteristic cumulative distributions as shown by the graphical figures. The results show that convergence of the range of predicted attenuation values by each of the cloud models increases directly with frequency. Hence, global hydrometeor transmission margins for any set of locations can be determined through the explained method, at an effective frequency.

 

Author (s) Details

O. M. Adewus
Department of Physics, Lagos state University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria.

O. O. Ometan
Department of Physics, Lagos state University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria.

S. A. Akinwumi
Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

T.V. Omotosho
Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

 

M. L. Akinyemi
Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/2384

Legends about 5G Technology: The Truth | Chapter 1 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

5G has come to stay. Since its rollout in 2019, 5G wireless networks have been growing in both availability and use cases. Apple was the first company to introduce 5G in 2020 by offering its newest iPhone with 5G compatibility. From there, the floodgates opened, and today as much as 62% of smartphones are built with 5G connectivity [1].  It has been noted that 5G networks transmit data as fast as 10 or even 20 gigabits per second (Gbps)—more than 100 times faster than 4G. The automotive, healthcare, logistics and manufacturing sectors are among the sectors projected to benefit the most from 5G capabilities. 5G has been hailed as a disruptive technology, comparable to artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) and the Internet of Things (IoT) in terms of the kinds of change it is bringing about.  5G has been praised for its transformative potential across a number of industries because it has the ability to move large volumes of data swiftly and securely between connected devices at speeds never achieved before [2]. Some of the most important differences between 5G and its predecessors are: firstly, “Smaller physical footprint”, that is 5G transmitters are smaller than those on predecessors’ networks, secondly, “Improved error rates”, meaning 5G’s adaptive Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) - a schematic for transmitting data, is more powerful than the schemes used in 3G and 4G networks, thirdly, “Better bandwidth”, that is, 5G can support more devices at the same time by using more radio frequencies including low-band (less than 1 GHz), mid-band (1 GHz–6 GHz) and high-band (24 GHz–40 GHz), and fourthly,” Lower latency”, that is the time it takes data to travel from one location to another is better than on previous networks, making routine activities like downloading a file or working in the cloud much faster [2].

 

Author (s) Details

Oduroye, Ayorinde P
Caleb University, Imota, Lagos State, Nigeria.

 

Oyelowo, Timothy Olaniran
Caleb University, Imota, Lagos State, Nigeria.

 

Sarumi, Jerry Abayomi
Lagos State University of Technology, Ikorodu, Lagos State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/765

Natural Products Chemistry: Emerging Trends and Projected Goals | Chapter 10 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

The chemistry of natural products is anticipated to offer significant opportunities for the growth of the pharmaceutical, green chemical, and novel therapeutic industries in the future. Researchers are increasingly employing contemporary technologies such as genomics, metabolomics, and synthetic biology in traditional bio-prospecting and natural product discovery. This approach enhances the potential for identifying more complex bioactive compounds and elucidating their biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, it is essential to prioritize a sustainable and conservation-oriented approach in the utilization of natural materials, ensuring that raw materials are sustainable for extended durability. The new initiative aimed at systematic research in natural product chemistry is projected to serve as a significant foundation for global health and sustainable environmental utilization.

 

Author (s) Details

Shubhangee Agarwal
Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Neha Bhatt
Department of Chemistry, Pt. L.M.S., Rishikesh Campus, SDS University, Tehri Garhwal- 249145, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH10

Environmental and Ethical Considerations of Natural Products | Chapter 9 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

Research on natural products holds considerable importance, particularly in the domains of healing, agriculture, and manufacturing. However, the environmental and ethical implications related to their acquisition, manufacture, and application are becoming increasingly significant in a deteriorating environment that is rapidly losing species. This chapter presents a case study of large-scale natural product extraction within ecosystems, focusing on the exploitation of natural resource availability, vegetation removal, and the integration of sustainable yield practices. Additional concerns encompass biopiracy, the utilization of indigenous knowledge, and the equitable distribution of benefits derived from the use of various natural resources. The chapter proposes that natural product research and commercialization should sustain, distribute, and conserve resources equitably within the natural environment.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Priyanka Rani
Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Pawan Kumar Shukla
Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH9 

Traditional Herbal Medicines | Chapter 8 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

 Herbal remedies represent established medical systems that have been utilized for centuries by various civilizations to treat ailments. The preparation of these medicines involves various parts of plants, including roots, leaves, flowers, and seeds. Various processes are employed to prepare them, including decoction, infusion, and extraction. The health benefits associated with herbal medications arise from secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenoids. The historical prevalence, safety, and notable therapeutic outcomes of traditional herbal medicines are indeed remarkable. This abstract discusses the scientifically validated traditional medicines, advanced technological methodologies in medicine, and the validation of the medicinal properties of herbs. Additional research on these remedies is advantageous for the application of integrative medicine and serves as a foundation for the development of new pharmaceuticals.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sarika Arora
Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Neha Bhatt
Department of Chemistry, Pt. L.M.S., Rishikesh Campus, SDS University, Tehri Garhwal- 249145, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Priyanka Pokhriyal
Department of Chemistry, Kanya Gurukul Campus, Gurukul Kangri Vishwaidyalaya, Haridwar- 249404, Uttarakhand, India.

 

 Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH8  

Natural Products in Drug Discovery | Chapter 7 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

Natural goods have long been a potent source of medications since they include several structurally distinct bioactive compounds with medicinal qualities. A significant proportion of effective pharmaceuticals, such as antibiotics and anticancer agents, originate from natural products sourced from plants, microorganisms, and marine organisms. This abstract emphasizes that natural products remain a valuable source of lead compounds, as their unique chemical structures can inform the development of enhanced synthetic alternatives. Extraction, isolation, and synthesis techniques continue to evolve, while synthetic biology is advancing, rendering natural products essential for the discovery of novel pharmaceuticals.

 

Author (s) Details

Deepanshu Ran
Department of Microbiology, School of Lifesciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun-248161, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Keshari Nandan
Department of Chemistry, Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar-249404, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH7

Biological Activities of Natural Products | Chapter 6 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

Natural products exhibit a wide range of biological activities that have proven beneficial in drug discovery, agriculture, and the cosmetic industries. The majority of these compounds are bioactive from plants, microorganisms, and marine organisms, demonstrating antimicrobial activity, antioxidant properties, anti-inflammatory effects, anticancer potential, and immunomodulatory activity. Owing to variations in their molecular characteristics, they are capable of interacting with various biological targets, thereby producing a therapeutic effect. This abstract outlines the actions associated with these activities, particularly in the production of pharmaceuticals and health products. Understanding the biological processes utilized by natural products is essential for optimizing their effectiveness in disease management and enhancing human welfare.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Vidivay
Department of Chemistry, Dharma Samaj College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh -202001, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH6

The Role and Biochemical Significance of Plant Secondary Metabolites | Chapter 5 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

Natural products can be reproduced in labs by chemical processes, since they adeptly replicate the complex bioactive molecules found in nature. This encompasses a synthesis of several repeats of one-pot synthetic methods to produce natural products or analogous structures, together with subsequent biological assays of the structure and the increasing pharmacological activity of the drug. Chemical synthesis is crucial for addressing the constraints posed by the limited availability of natural resources and their sustainable harvesting, in comparison to natural production. It also facilitates the creation of structural analogues that have enhanced biological activity or pharmacokinetic properties. This presentation highlights the significance of the chemical synthesis process in drug discovery, including medicinal chemistry and the development of novel therapeutics.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Shubhangee Agarwal
Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Priyanka Rani
Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH5 

Extraction and Isolation of Natural Products | Chapter 4 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

Exploration and separation are crucial steps in the extraction of bioactive chemicals from natural sources, including plants, microorganisms, and marine life. This procedure involves the isolation of the target chemicals using techniques such as solvent extraction, distillation, and chromatography. The parameters involved in the extraction process include the selection of the solvent, temperature, and pH level. Therapeutic indices, thermal properties, unique biochemical reactivity, crystallization, filtration, and intricate chromatographic procedures contribute to the preservation of the purity of isolated substances. This abstract emphasizes the optimization of these technologies to maximize yield, purity, and bioactivity, which are crucial for future pharmaceutical and commercial applications.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Sarika Arora
Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH4

Biosynthetic Pathways: Unlocking Nature's Medicinal Potential | Chapter 3 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

 Biosynthesis refers to the synthesis of natural products that occur within biological systems. Metabolic products are categorized as primary and secondary metabolites, which serve essential functions in the growth, protection, and survival of organisms. This account focuses on the biosynthetic pathways involved in the formation of major classes of natural products, specifically alkaloids, terpenoids and polyketides. The analysis includes specific reactions catalyzed by enzymes and co-factors involved in these pathways, as well as the regulation of biosynthesis. The understanding of biosynthetic enzyme assembly of complex structures enhances appreciation for natural chemistries and is instrumental in the redesign and utilization of these systems in bioengineering and synthetic biology, facilitating the discovery of new drugs and therapeutic targets.

 

Author (s) Details

Pawan Kumar Shukla
Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Shubhangee Agarwal
Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad-244102, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH3 

Exploring Secondary Metabolites: An Introduction | Chapter 2 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

Secondary metabolites are chemical substances that are produced by certain animal systems, microbial systems, and plants. However, the producing organism does not primarily rely on these compounds for growth, development, or interaction with its environment. Unlike primary metabolites, which are involved in the essential biochemical functions of the organism, secondary metabolites are primarily involved in the interaction of an organism with its population. This interaction includes competition, defense, and, potentially, reproduction, through the attraction of pollinators. These products, which exhibit a variety of bioactivities, have been employed in the fields of biotechnology, agriculture, pest control, and drug formulation. They include alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics. It is crucial to investigate secondary metabolites in the context of contemporary pharmacotherapy, as numerous compounds exhibit potent properties.

 

Author (s) Details

Keshari Nandan
Department of Chemistry, Gurukul Kangri Vishwaidyalaya, Haridwar-249404, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Deepanshu Rana
Department of Microbiology, School of Lifesciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala, Dehradun-248161, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH2

Introduction of Natural Products | Chapter 1 | Natural Products Chemistry: From Discovery to Applications, Edition 1

For centuries, plant extracts, microbial crude metabolites, and products from marine organisms have served as a valuable and resourceful life asset. It is readily apparent that they serve as an exceptional reservoir for bioactive molecules, which are particularly relevant to the development and synthesis of drugs. The classification and prevalent applications of natural products have been the subject of this introduction, with a particular emphasis on their significance in the fields of pharmacy, cosmetics, and agriculture. It also discusses the environmental impact of the extraction and utilization of these compounds, as well as their potential implementations in the future in the fields of health and industry.

 

Author (s) Details

Chitranjan Bharti
Department of Chemistry, Dharma Samaj College, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh-202001, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48388-70-4/CH1 

A Comprehensive Review of the Most Devastating and Catastrophic Return of Fear and Uncertainty: The Covid-19 Crisis | Chapter 11 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

 In 2019, the world witnessed the beginnings of a global pandemic in the form of a new respiratory illness. Covid-19, also known as coronavirus disease 2019, is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the novel coronavirus “SARS-CoV-2”. Covid-19 is the news once again making headlines and announcing its comeback. It has had a profound impact since its December 2019 emergence from Wuhan, China. The 2019 outbreak was a turning point affecting nearly every country with varying degrees of devastating and catastrophic severity. It has led to significant worldwide mortality and morbidity causing millions of deaths and long-lasting health complications for many, directly or indirectly. The rapid spread worldwide, led to the World Health Organization calling it a “global pandemic” on March 11, 2020. It has reshaped the world’s healthcare systems, caused economic disruptions and forced significant changes in lifestyle. Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic up until the end of 2024, there have been over 800 million globally confirmed cases. During the same period, the world-wide death rate was just over 7 million with 13 billion Covid-19 vaccinations administered globally. The scar left by Covid-19 is witnessed on the face of every individual and every sector of the economy. Anytime a viral outbreak has the potential to take hold, a containment strategy must be followed in order to keep it from becoming a pandemic. This study is a detailed presentation of the covid crisis. Covid-19 is a viral zoonotic disease which spreads from animals-to-humans and humans-to-humans. It is caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. Covid-19 is an enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that attaches to the host cell through its spike protein which facilitates entry into the host cell via the ACE2 receptors. The virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets of an infected person when coughing, sneezing or talking and can also spread via contact with contaminated surfaces. Asymptomatic or pre-symptomatic individuals can also spread the disease. Covid-19 has caused major social, economic, business and lifestyle disruptions. Covid-19 symptoms range from mild to severe and appear between 2-14 days after exposure. The most common symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle or body aches, loss of taste or smell, headache, nausea or vomiting and diarrhea. In more severe cases, it can cause pneumonia, ARDS, organ failure and even death. A Covid-19 diagnosis is mainly done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - the gold standard of testing. Histologically, Covid-19 is responsible for many changes to the lungs, heart, kidneys, liver and GI tract. Symptoms lasting beyond the primary infection (“long-covid”) have shown to have a significant impact on an individual’s daily life. There are several factors that increase the risk of infection. Individuals who are over 60 versus younger individuals, individuals with comorbidities, those who are immunocompromised, those who smoke, use alcohol, lack exercise or are unvaccinated, all have a higher risk of infection. Infected individuals with underlying health conditions can experience a host of complications such as mild to severe organ impairment (heart, liver, kidney, brain), diabetes, dementia, neurological issues, GI issues, and hematological or muscular pain. The risk also increases for individuals who are lower on the socio-economic spectrum. One of the most prominent features of the Covid virus is its ability to mutate over time. This leads to the emergence of variants with different properties. Currently, there is no definite treatment for Covid-19. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the use of vaccines, antiviral drugs, immunomodulators, monoclonal antibodies and non-pharmaceutical interventions (wearing masks, social distancing, hand hygiene, quarantine, isolation) to reduce the transmission risk, prevent hospitalization and to avoid severe illness or death. The advent of highly efficacious vaccines using novel mRNA technology has seen the effects of the disease wane. The Covid-19 outbreak brought to light some very stark realities. It is abundantly clear there is no influence over animal biology, their disease reservoirs, the host type (bats, mosquitoes), virus mutation, etc. From a societal standpoint, there is no influence over social behavior (collective, individual), socio-economic disparities, age, gender, comorbidities or national resources. Looking at these factors alone, one can see the insurmountable task of controlling another outbreak. Covid-19 infection rates are slowing and the pandemic is giving way to an endemic. However, one question remains - how well prepared are we for the next major outbreak?

 

Author (s) Details

 

M Waheed Roomi
Rath Research Institute, San Jose, California. USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4582

Nomophobia and FOMO Syndrome: Emerging Psychosocial Risks in the Digital Workplace | Chapter 10 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

The digital era has revolutionized workplace dynamics, but it has also introduced new psychosocial risks that impact employees' mental health. Among these, technostress has gained prominence, manifesting in disorders such as Nomophobia (the irrational fear of being without a mobile device) and FOMO Syndrome (Fear of Missing Out). This study explores the intersection between these phenomena and occupational health, analyzing their psychological, behavioral, and organizational consequences. By reviewing recent literature and empirical data, the study highlights how excessive dependence on information and communication technologies (ICTs) contributes to anxiety, decreased productivity, and work-life imbalances. Furthermore, it discusses preventive strategies, including digital hygiene practices, cognitive-behavioral interventions, and corporate policies that foster healthier interactions with technology. As work environments become increasingly digital, understanding and mitigating the effects of Nomophobia and FOMO Syndrome is crucial for promoting sustainable mental well-being and optimizing workplace efficiency.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Rodríguez Elizalde Rubén
Faculty of Economics and Business, Open University of Catalonia (UOC), Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018 Barcelona, Spain.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4837

The Importance of Fitness Sports for Health and Prevention | Chapter 9 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

The concept of health is subject to dynamic change. The World Health Organization (WHO, n.d.) defines health as a state of extensive physical, mental, and social well-being. Health is at the top of the social value hierarchies in Western industrialized countries. It enables people to actively participate in social processes. In the course of industrialization, humans have been formally educated to be sedentary. The trend towards passivity and predominantly sedentary activities during working hours has resulted in an increase in health problems in the chronic-degenerative field. Curative medicine is reaching its limits with these diseases. In order to achieve an improvement in the health situation, it is necessary to make personal lifestyles more health-oriented. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive inventory of the need for health and prevention through fitness sports in today's society, in order to create recommendations for action. The methodology used in this study was a review of the relevant literature. In analysing various research findings, it was discovered that essential to health promotion is preventive orientation and turning towards health instead of focusing on disease. The concept of health promotion complements the previously dominant concept of disease prevention, with the goal of increased prevention and active mobilization of all health-supporting influencing factors. The importance of health promotion is emphasized in the sense of moving away from a perspective of health education and prevention-oriented only to pathogenesis and to risks and risk factors. Health promotion includes all strategies and measures that positively influence health and this in turn also includes prevention in all its stages as well as disease treatment. There is sufficient evidence that exercise and sport have positive effects on health and well-being; this goes as far as living longer, but at least leads to a better quality of life in old age. Fitness sports providers and fitness sports consumers bring their interests into impressive harmony in this respect: weight reduction, improving physical performance, improving energy balance, improving appearance, living healthily, and sleeping better, among others, are the primary reasons for visiting a gym. Prevention through exercise and sport therefore needs to be brought more into awareness, at all levels: among politicians, among employers and employees, among families, teachers, and caregivers, and among younger and older people. Modern fitness sports can play an important and central role in this context for the future. Fitness facilities represent ideal venues for prevention in this regard. One of the most striking features of the fitness market is the permanent development and renewal of fitness sport and its framework conditions - and thus of sport in general. Last but not least, this also sets lifestyle standards that influence value schemes and health behaviour: health, body behaviour and prevention.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Walter Tokarski
German Sport University, Germany.

 

Antonis Tosounidis
Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Western Macedonia, Greece.

 

George F. Zarotis
Faculty of Human Sciences, University of the Aegean, Greece.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4890

A Rare Presentation of Five Primary Cancers in an 80-year-old Female Patient with Werner Syndrome | Chapter 8 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

Werner syndrome (WS) was first described in 1904 by German physician Otto Werner. This is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by premature aging and higher cancer risk. This is one of the few adult-onset syndromes of accelerated aging in which patients generally develop normally until they reach adolescence. The first sign, often recognized retrospectively, is a lack of a growth spurt and a relatively short stature as adults. WS patients are characterized by a defective gene product, WRN, that plays an instrumental role in the genomic stability of DNA structures. It typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood, leading to premature aging, age-related disorders like diabetes, and myocardial infarction, and an increased propensity for developing sarcomas, melanoma, and solid tissue cancer. We present a rare case of an 80-year-old female with WS developing five different primary cancers over a decade namely basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the face, left-sided urothelial carcinoma, right-sided triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), right-sided invasive colonic adenocarcinoma, and pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). The patient’s family history is significant for early-stage cervical cancer in her daughter and for diabetes and hypertension in her mother and sister. Our case report is unique in presentation it defies the expected life expectancy of the 50s seen in WS, with the patient currently exhibiting a stable clinical course. The development of five distinct malignancies diagnosed over 14 years in an individual well beyond the typical age of death for WS highlights both the intrinsic genetic factors as well as the extrinsic biological environment playing a significant role in survival. This case highlights the need for further research into the mechanisms behind extended lifespan and atypical tumor spectra in such patients, as well as the development of tailored therapeutic strategies, particularly with regard to chemotherapy.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ruchi Yadav
Department of Hematology/Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA.

 

Shakthi Raman
Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland.

 

Dosbai Saparov
Department of Internal Medicine, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA.

 

Vivek Yadav
Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, South Georgia Medical Center, Valdosta, USA.

Avezbakiyev Boris
Department of Hematology/Oncology, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4879

The Role of End Feel in Physiotherapy: Assessment, Management and Prognosis in Orthopedic Conditions | Chapter 7 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

For physical and occupational therapists, a limited range of motion (ROM) in patients is a significant impairment that affects efforts at rehabilitation. End feel, a sense of resistance at the end of passive joint movement, is a crucial component of musculoskeletal assessment in physiotherapy. It refers to the quality of resistance experienced by a therapist when applying passive overpressure at the end of a joint’s available range of motion (ROM). The concept of End feel was first introduced by Cyriax, a British orthopedist, in 1982. End feel is a powerful diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic tool, which provides critical insights into the nature of movement restrictions, guides treatment strategies, and helps predict recovery in orthopedic conditions. By mastering end-feel assessment and integrating it into clinical practice, physiotherapists can enhance patient outcomes and optimize rehabilitation strategies. This review provides insight into the role of end feel in physiotherapy and its significance in clinical decision-making.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Jaykumar D. Soni
College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Waghodia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

 

Niketa Patel
College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth Deemed to be University, Waghodia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4854

A Review on the Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Human Health | Chapter 6 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

Probiotics and prebiotics play a crucial role in maintaining human health by modulating the gut microbiota, enhancing immune function, and preventing various diseases. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms, confer health benefits when administered in adequate amounts, while prebiotics, which are non-digestible dietary fibres, promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. Their synergistic action has been linked to improved gastrointestinal health, reduced inflammation, enhanced metabolic functions, and potential applications in oral and systemic diseases. Recent advancements in research highlight their role in modulating the gut-brain axis, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, and improving overall well-being. This review explores the mechanisms, clinical applications, and future prospects of probiotics and prebiotics in human health.

 

Author (s) Details

Harshkumar N Patel
Department of Medicine, GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Gujarat, India.

 

Amar C Sajjan
Department of Microbiology, Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Telangana, India.

 

Sanyuth Reddy Regalla
Gitam Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Anand Jadhao
Department of Physiology, SRMS Institute of Medical Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Jitendra Patel
Department of Physiology, GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Gujarat, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4812

Evaluation of Health-Oriented Fitness Centres by Resigned Male Clients | Chapter 5 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

In order to be competitive and establish themselves in the market in the long term, fitness studios need sustainable innovations in terms of products and services. This is crucial because the targeted fulfillment of customer expectations leads to customer satisfaction, which in turn has a positive effect on customer loyalty and economic success. The aim of the evaluations and statistical analyses presented here is to examine the question of to what extent the evaluations of a fitness studio by men dropping out from their contract are age-dependent. In other words: do studio evaluations– that probably have played a role in the quitting decision - have a different basis in older men in relation to younger men?

A total of 61 men, who had terminated their contract with a fitness studio, were questioned. The participants were asked about different aspects of the training possibilities, equipment, support and environmental factors of the fitness studio.  The average age of the respondents was 44.1 years. The average duration of membership added up to 4.4 years. Overall, it is found that only a few of the reasons offered in the survey are also indicated in significant frequency as important for the quitting decision. On the whole, the various aspects of the studio offer and its surroundings were largely rated as "good", the mean values range around the value 2. The respondents particularly expressed their appreciation for opening hours, trainers (friendliness, helpfulness, competence), trial training and first impression. The membership costs and individual aspects such as music, spaciousness, ventilation, locker rooms and parking facilities are evaluated more critically, if not really badly. Regarding the respondents’ age, there are only minor evaluation differences among the age categories. These small differences in age have, depending on the item evaluated, very different directions. The collected data should help to create recommendations for action that can help to increase customer satisfaction in fitness companies and to reduce long-term drop-out rates by an adequate service offering. Customer satisfaction indicates how well the product use experience compares to the buyer’s value expectations including in fitness aspects.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Georgios F. Zarotis
Faculty of Human Sciences, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4823

Motivational Age Group Variations among Long-Term Male Clients of Health-Oriented Fitness Centres | Chapter 4 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

Over time, the public's perception of fitness sports has changed. Being physically fit these days is a sign of an active, health-conscious, and body-conscious way of living. Motivation is defined as the drive that influences behavior. In popular language, motivation is equated with goal-directed behavior and is, as such, easily understood. The current study provides a motivational framework for fostering enthusiasm among long-time fitness sports participants. These analyses examine whether the frequencies with which motives are mentioned depend significantly on the age of the men surveyed. Male members of a health-focused fitness club in a city were under suspicion. The questionnaire consists of 15 items that were combined into seven motivators. The questions were answered by the fitness centre. They may be taken home to be filled or they could be filled right in the club. Ultimately, 350 questions were prepared, 278 of which were answered. This leaves the response rate at 79.4%. Members who just train on devices are the ones being questioned. The distribution of the genders is almost equal, with a slight overhang (between 53%) of more male respondents. The sample consisted of N=147 male respondents. The average age of the respondents was 57.7 years with a spread around the mean of 12.8 years. The age distribution shows a clear concentration of middle-aged to very old respondents, while younger respondents are comparatively rarely represented. Among respondents with a membership of more than one year, the average length of membership is 10.9 years (spread: 6.8 years). Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. The results show demonstrably significant differences in 4 of the 17 significance tests. In detail, the following significant correlations between motives and age can be found, which are therefore not to be regarded as purely random effects of this specific sampling: a) People who mention the motive ‘Positive influence on physical complaints’ are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 61.0 years to 52.8 years), b) People who mention the motive ‘Balancing every day and professional stress’ are younger than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 52.7 years to 64.2 years), c) People who mention the motive ‘Continuous guidance and training control’ are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 63.4 years to 55.8 years) and people who mention the motive ‘Pleasant and relaxed training’ are older than people who do not mention this motive (mean values 58.9 years to 52.9 years). Of all the age differences, the difference in the motive ‘Balancing every day and professional stress’ is the most pronounced at 11.5 years. The second largest difference with a mean difference of 8.2 years is found in the motive ‘Positive influence on physical complaints’. In order to retain customers in the long term, it is important to find out their motivations thoroughly and seriously, to familiarise yourself with them and categorise them, and to make individual recommendations for action and fitness. Giving appropriate, individualised action and fitness guidance is also essential. Additionally, the knowledge gained helps fitness centres succeed in the long run. The insights gained also help to create the conditions for the long-term success of fitness clubs and to enhance the reputation of fitness sports as a whole.

 

Author (s) Details

George F. Zarotis
Faculty of Human Sciences, University of the Aegean, Rhodes, Greece.

Walter Tokarski
German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4824

Addressing Racial Disparities in Quadruple-Negative Breast Cancer: Insights Into Aggressive Biology, Therapeutic Targets, and Prevention Strategies |Chapter 3 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

Black/African-American (AA) women, relative to their White/European-American (EA) counterparts, experience disproportionately high breast cancer mortality. Central to this survival disparity, Black/AA women have an unequal burden of aggressive breast cancer subtypes, such as triple-negative breast cancer (ER/PR-, HER2-wild type; TNBC). TNBC is inherently more clinically aggressive than the other breast cancer subtypes as evidenced by the higher frequency of metastasis and recurrence within 5 years of diagnosis. While TNBC has been well characterized, recent studies have identified a highly aggressive androgen receptor (AR)-negative subtype of TNBC, quadruple-negative breast cancer (ER/PR-, HER2-wildtype, AR-; QNBC). QNBCs are significantly more aggressive than AR-positive TNBCs. QNBC is increasingly recognized as an aggressive, hard-to-treat breast cancer subtype. Similar to TNBC, QNBC disproportionately impacts Black/AA women and likely plays an important role in the breast cancer survival disparities experienced by Black/AA women. Here, a discussion has been developed on the racial disparities of QNBC and molecular signaling pathways that may contribute to the aggressive biology of QNBC in Black/AA women. This study intends to spotlight potential prevention and therapeutic targets for Black/AA QNBC; ultimately the goal of this study is to provide greater insight into reducing the breast cancer survival burden experienced by Black/AA women. Non-genetic risk factors include lifestyle, socioeconomic status, access to quality oncological care, reproductive factors, anthropometrics, and comorbidities have long been reported to contribute to the gap in survival rates between Black/AA and White/EA women with breast cancer. The Potential Role of Non-Genetic Risk Factors in the Racially Disparate Burden in QNBC is also discussed here. Addressing the racial disparity in the highly aggressive breast cancer subtype, QNBC could significantly contribute to reducing the racially disparate burden of breast cancer.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Nikita Jinna
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.

 

Tijana Jovanovic- Talisman
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.

 

Mark LaBarge
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.

 

Rama Natarajan
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.

 

Rick Kittles
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA and Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.

 

Christopher Sistrunk
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.

 

Padmashree Rida
Novazoi Theranostics, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, USA.

 

Victoria L. Seewaldt
City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4732

Breast Filariasis as Breast Abscess: A Rare Case Study from an Endemic Region | Chapter 2 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 7

 Filariasis is a common infectious disease in tropical countries. In India, it is highly endemic in the states of Bihar, Kerala and Uttar Pradesh. Common sites of involvement in filariasis are lower limbs and the genitourinary region but rarely, it has been found in the thyroid, pleura, and pericardium. The Breast is an unusual site for filariasis and very few such cases have been reported to date.  Clinically it can present as a lump which easily mimics inflammatory carcinoma (of the) breast. A thirty-two-year-old female presented with a painless progressive lump in the right breast with intermittent high-grade fever for 10 days. No other symptoms were present. She was non-diabetic and non-hypertensive with insignificant family and menstrual history. On examination, there was a tender freely mobile lump of approximately 5×4 cm occupying the lower inner quadrant (of the right breast) having firm consistency and a centre fluctuant area of 1 cm, the overlying skin was erythematous. A single non-tender mobile lymph node was present in the right axilla. The contralateral breast (i.e. left breast) was clinically normal. High-resolution sonography revealed cystic lesions from 3-6 O’clock position and axillary lymphadenopathy. The fine needle aspiration cytology showed microfilariae. Hence, a diagnosis of breast filariasis was made. Fluid aspirated from the cavity came out to be sterile. The patient improved symptomatically on di-ethyl-carbazine citrate (DEC) therapy (6 mg/kg for 2 weeks) and the lump too regressed in size. In conclusion, Filariasis in the Breast is very rare, with no specific signs. Histo-pathological test (FNAC/biopsy) is necessary for confirmation. Permanent lymphatic damage can cause irreversible lymphedema. Hence, proper counselling for chronic complications is very essential.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Vaibhav R.Gopal
Department of Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Surender Kumar
Department of Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Faraz Ahmad
Department of Surgery, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

 

Mithlesh Bhargav
Department of Pathology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Riddhi Jaiswal
Department of Pathology, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v7/4625