Association between Plasma CEA Level and Tissue CEA Density with Clinical and Histopathological Features of Colorectal Cancer | Chapter 9 | Achievements and Challenges of Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 1

Aim: The objectives of this study were to correlate elevations in plasma CEA levels with the extent of tissue CEA and determine the association of clinicopathological features with tissue CEA in primary tumours in Uganda.

Introduction: Circulating levels of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are widely accepted after primary tumour resection to monitor tumour recurrence and this marker has proved to be useful in the management of colorectal cancer. In Uganda and most parts of the world, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is the most widely used tumour marker. This marker monitors tumour recurrence and is useful in the management of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to correlate elevations in plasma CEA levels with the extent of tissue CEA and determine the association of clinicopathological features with tissue CEA in Ugandan colorectal tumours.  Preoperative elevation of CEA, and the degree of elevation, is associated with an increased risk of recurrence and decreased long-term survival.

Methodology: A total of 119 patients with colorectal cancer specimens from September 2019 to September 2021 were recruited from four hospitals in central Uganda. A preoperative blood sample and the corresponding formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue block were obtained from all participants. Data was abstracted from the clinical patients’ files on age, sex, stage, grade and topography of CRC. Haematoxylin and eosin sections were prepared to determine the histopathological subtype, grade, and lymphovascular invasion status. The plasma CEA levels were determined and the tissue CEA expression was detected using the indirect immunoperoxidase method which used monoclonal antibody CEA, DAKO Agilent USA< Clone I17 and reference IR622. Pearson chi-square test was used to assess the association between CEA expression and demographic and histopathological variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare average plasma CEA levels (ng/ml) to tissue CEA intensities. Results: There were 31.4% CRC tissues in stage IV that stained positively for CEA compared to stage I (p=0.0101). Compared to 73.4% with grade II CRC which stained positively for CEA, there were 15.2% of CRC tissues with grade I that stained positively for CEA (p=0.0000). A positive correlation was found between the CRC tissue CEA and grade of CRC (r=+0.2204) and this reached statistical significance (p=0.0232). There was no relation between preoperative plasma CEA level and the CEA in the CRC tissue.

Conclusions: This study showed a significant correlation between the grade of CRC and CRC CEA tissue expression. A higher incidence of lymph node metastasis is associated with a poorly differentiated CRC and a higher CRC tissue CEA expression. There was no correlation found between preoperative plasma CEA and tissue CEA. The study finding suggests a poorer prognosis for patients expressing high levels of CEA in their colorectal cancer tissue in Uganda.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Richard Wismayer
Department of Surgery, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University for Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Habib Medical School, IUIU University, Kampala, Uganda and Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Julius Kiwanuka
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Henry Wabinga
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.

 

Michael Odida
Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/acmms/v1/2819

Global Transmission Margins Determination and Cloud Attenuation Models at Satellite Bands | Chapter 2 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 7

Considering the fact that various dimensions of disturbances occur in the atmospheric layers randomly, which often have consequential footprints on the troposphere where mankind naturally lives, there is an obvious need for periodic determination of effective transmission margins consistently for most geographic locations on Earth.  The need for the achievement of an effective wireless transmission margin and larger bandwidth at a relatively lower cost precipitates the importance of hydrometeor models’ roles in satellite transmissions. Also, the almost perpetual existence of clouds in tropical climates makes cloud models all the more fundamental. Details of four years of station spectrum analyzer data, five years of climatological data and fifty – eight years of radiosonde data used in this research at tropical test station - Ota, southwest Nigeria - were earlier published. At the station, total cloud attenuation data were measured and logged every minute using the spectrum analyzer. The large data was used to deduce the station cloud attenuation cumulative distribution, which was used to derive the station's new cloud attenuation algorithm. This cumulative distribution was compared with the station cloud attenuation cumulative distribution of each of the other existing cloud models. The radiosonde data was used to derive each existing cloud model’s predicted cloud attenuation cumulative distribution respectively for the tropical station. These sets of distributions were used to deduce the station's new cloud attenuation algorithm’s parameters through a written and published simulation program, which defined the cloud attenuation model for the station. Thus, the generation of any new station cloud attenuation model only fundamentally requires the station’s radiosonde data. The integrity of the radiosonde data renders cloud cover data and all others for a station only for graphical comparisons and corroboration. Thus, the new cloud attenuation algorithm can be used to develop the cloud attenuation model for any geographic location by using the methodology reviewed above and whose details were earlier published. Subsequently, the collected spectrum analyzer data, climatological data and acquired radiosonde data were used to compute projected attenuation values for each cloud attenuation model at propagation signal frequencies between 12 GHz to 50 GHz. The predicted values were extracted and analysed statistically. Spectrally, the station's new cloud attenuation model’s cumulative distribution proportionally averaged the other model’s characteristic cumulative distributions as shown by the graphical figures. The results show that convergence of the range of predicted attenuation values by each of the cloud models increases directly with frequency. Hence, global hydrometeor transmission margins for any set of locations can be determined through the explained method, at an effective frequency.

 

Author (s) Details

O. M. Adewus
Department of Physics, Lagos state University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria.

O. O. Ometan
Department of Physics, Lagos state University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria.

S. A. Akinwumi
Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

T.V. Omotosho
Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

 

M. L. Akinyemi
Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v7/2384

Seasonal Variability of Mixed Layer Depth in the Red Sea | Chapter 1 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

 

Mixed layer depth (MLD), one of the most important oceanographic parameters, has been investigated in the Red Sea using in situ profiles. A monthly climatology record of MLD in the Red Sea has been derived based on in situ temperature profiles. Deep MLDs have been observed during the winter and shallow during summer. Transitional MLDs have been found during the spring and fall. Deeper MLDs were observed in the northern end of the Red Sea associated with the winter cooling of the high-saline surface waters. Further, the region north of 19 °N experienced deep mixed layers, irrespective of the season. Wind stress plays a major role in the MLD variability of the southern Red Sea, while net heat flux and evaporation are the dominating factors in the central and northern Red Sea regions. Tokar gap winds and ocean eddies significantly changes the MLD structure in the Red sea.

 

Author (s) Details

C. P. Abdulla
Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.

 

M. A. Alsaafani
Department of Marine Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia.

 

T. M. Alraddadi
Department of Marine Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia.

 

T. T. M. Asharaf
Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.

 

A. M. Albarakati
Department of Marine Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia.

  Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/eieges/v6/7654A

Seasonal Variability of Mixed Layer Depth in the Red Sea | Chapter 1 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

Mixed layer depth (MLD), one of the most important oceanographic parameters, has been investigated in the Red Sea using in situ profiles. A monthly climatology record of MLD in the Red Sea has been derived based on in situ temperature profiles. Deep MLDs have been observed during the winter and shallow during summer. Transitional MLDs have been found during the spring and fall. Deeper MLDs were observed in the northern end of the Red Sea associated with the winter cooling of the high-saline surface waters. Further, the region north of 19 °N experienced deep mixed layers, irrespective of the season. Wind stress plays a major role in the MLD variability of the southern Red Sea, while net heat flux and evaporation are the dominating factors in the central and northern Red Sea regions. Tokar gap winds and ocean eddies significantly changes the MLD structure in the Red sea.

Author(s) Details:

C. P. Abdulla,
Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.

M. A. Alsaafani,
Department of Marine Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia.

T. M. Alraddadi,
Department of Marine Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia.

T. T. M. Asharaf,
Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.

A. M. Albarakati,
Department of Marine Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V6/article/view/13061