Screening of Fungicides against Coffee Anthracnose| Chapter 2 | Advances in Colletotrichum Species Causing Coffee Anthracnose in China

 

The indoor virulence of 15 fungicides against Colletotrichum spp. (coffee anthracnose pathogen) was evaluated using the mycelial growth rate method. The results showed that prochloraz, carbendazim, prochloraz-manganese chloride complex, azoxystrobin, and difenoconazole exhibited strong inhibitory effects on mycelial growth, with EC50 values of 0.0358 μg/mL, 0.128 μg/mL, 0.1452 μg/mL, 0.1616 μg/mL, and 0.8367 μg/mL, respectively, all below 1 μg/mL. Moderately effective fungicides included pyrimethanil, thiophanate-methyl, tebuconazole, copper calcium sulfate, and cymoxanil, with EC50 values of 1.8686 μg/mL, 3.4059 μg/mL, 7.4905 μg/mL, 12.4788 μg/mL, and 15.0906 μg/mL, respectively. The least effective were myclobutanil, mancozeb, chlorothalonil, propineb, and iprodione, with EC50 values of 36.4532 μg/mL, 53.3999 μg/mL, 290.0661 μg/mL, 849.7937 μg/mL, and 4400.3908 μg/mL, respectively. Further screening of combined formulations using the four most effective fungicides (prochloraz, carbendazim, azoxystrobin, and difenoconazole) revealed a significant synergistic effect when prochloraz was mixed with difenoconazole. The optimal ratio was 6:4 (prochloraz: difenoconazole, based on EC50 values). Subsequent outdoor pot trials confirmed the enhanced efficacy of this combination, aligning with the indoor screening results. This study provides a theoretical foundation for optimising fungicide combinations to control coffee anthracnose in field applications.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ying Lu
Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.

 

Jiali Gong
Xuzhou Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu Xuhuai Area, Jiangsu, China.

 

Chunping He
Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.

 

Yanqiong Liang
Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.

 

Xing Huang
Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.

 

Kexian Yi
Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.

 

Weihuai Wu
Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-84-8/CH2

Insights into the Diversity and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Coffee Anthracnose in China| Chapter 1 | Advances in Colletotrichum Species Causing Coffee Anthracnose in China

 

Coffee is a significant traded commodity for developing countries. Among the various diseases affecting coffee, anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. has re-emerged as a major constraint on global coffee production. In this study, 74 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from coffee plants exhibiting anthracnose symptoms across nine plantations in China. Phenotypic characterisation was first performed for preliminary identification. The MAT1-2 (ApMat) gene was used to identify 55 isolates as belonging to the C. gloeosporioides species complex. The remaining 19 isolates were identified using a multi-locus phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS, act, chs-1, gapdh, and gs loci. These isolates were classified into seven species from five species complexes: C. gloeosporioides (including C. siamense, C. nupharicola, and C. theobromicola), C. boninense (C. karstii), C. gigasporum (C. gigasporum), C. orchidearum (C. cliviicola), and C. magnum (C. brevisporum). This study presents the first global report of C. nupharicola and C. cliviicola as causal agents of coffee anthracnose, and it is also the first record of C. nupharicola in China. Pathogenicity tests confirmed that all seven species can infect coffee leaves and cause anthracnose symptoms. The identification of multiple Colletotrichum species, including newly reported pathogens, underscores the complexity of coffee anthracnose management, highlighting the practical importance of tailored disease control strategies. Understanding the genetic diversity and pathogenicity of these species can aid in developing targeted management approaches, such as resistant coffee varieties or specific fungicides. The discovery of C. nupharicola and C. cliviicola as pathogens in coffee globally suggests that these species may have a broader host range and wider geographic distribution than previously recognised. This research significantly advances our understanding of the Colletotrichum species complex associated with coffee anthracnose and provides a foundation for developing more effective management strategies, which is crucial for protecting coffee production in developing countries where the crop is a key economic resource.

 

Author(s) Details

Ying Lu
Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.

 

Xiaoli Hu
College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.

 

Yanqiong Liang
Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.

 

Xing Huang
Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-84-8/CH1

Cytology in COVID-19 and Laryngopharyngeal Reflux Disease| Book Publisher International

 

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 infection and laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) both expose the upper aerodigestive tract to injurious biological agents—viral particles and gastric refluxate, respectively. These exposures can trigger mucosal inflammation, oxidative stress, and genotoxic changes detectable through cytological and immunohistochemical evaluation.

 

Aim: This study aimed to assess genotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in exfoliated mucosal cells of individuals with suspected COVID-19 and patients with LPR, and to evaluate epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)–related markers to understand early mucosal remodelling.

 

Settings and Design: A cross-sectional study conducted at AIIMS, Mangalagiri, between August 2022 and February 2024.

 

Methods: Exfoliated buccal or pharyngeal mucosal samples were collected from 86 COVID-19-suspected individuals (18–45 years) undergoing RT-PCR testing and from clinically diagnosed LPR patients with healthy controls. Smears were stained using the Papanicolaou technique for cytological analysis, and immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) and EMT markers (E-cadherin, N-cadherin). Micronucleated cells, inflammatory infiltrates, and oxidative marker expression were quantified. Statistical analysis was done using independent t-tests and ANOVA, with significance set at p < 0.05.

 

Results: COVID-19 RT-PCR–positive subjects showed significantly elevated micronucleated cells, total micronuclei, and inflammatory cell counts compared to RT-PCR–negative individuals, along with intense 8-OHdG expression indicating marked oxidative DNA damage. LPR patients similarly demonstrated increased oxidative stress with strong 8-OHdG staining and higher micronucleated cell frequencies than healthy controls. While E-cadherin expression remained largely preserved, N-cadherin showed moderate upregulation in LPR patients, suggesting an early EMT-related cadherin shift. Both conditions exhibited a reduced epithelial-to-inflammatory cell ratio, reflecting ongoing mucosal injury and remodelling.

 

Conclusion: Both SARS-CoV-2 infection and chronic laryngopharyngeal reflux exert measurable genotoxic and oxidative effects on mucosal epithelial cells. The increased micronuclei formation, heightened 8-OHdG expression, and early EMT-associated changes indicate genomic instability and mucosal remodelling driven by persistent inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings underscore the importance of early detection and targeted interventions to prevent progression toward long-term mucosal damage and potential malignant transformation.

Author(s) Details

Yogita Poojari
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

Ambati Gowtham Sai
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

B Vishnu
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

Pranav Donkada
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

Hemanth Bonamsetty
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

Senthil Murugan
Department of Antomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

P K Sankaran
Department of Antomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Mangalagiri, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-47485-50-3

The Role of Interval Appendectomy in the Treatment of Complicated Appendicitis: A Review of Current Perspectives | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 3

 

An interval appendectomy is performed after completing non-operative treatment of complicated appendicitis to prevent recurrence. However, the indication for interval appendectomy following the management of an appendicular mass remains a subject of debate. There is currently no consensus regarding the necessity of interval appendectomy. Typically, the decision is made by the attending surgeon, with a prevailing trend towards omitting interval appendectomy in favour of monitoring patients through computed tomography and colonoscopy. The advent of advanced diagnostic tools has led to a reevaluation of the necessity of interval appendectomy. This review aims to examine the role and significance of interval appendectomy in the management of appendicular mass. A literature review was conducted by using secondary sources from 1990 to 2023. Keywords such as “interval appendectomy”, “appendicular mass”, “delayed appendectomy” and “appendicular phlegmon” were used.  Based on all the available evidence that has been reviewed, interval appendectomy can be safely omitted after successful conservative treatment for an appendicular mass. Nonetheless, further randomised prospective studies are needed to assess the role of interval appendectomy in the management of appendicular mass.

 

Author(s) Details

Kumar H.R.
Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Taylor’s University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v3/6782

Principles and Clinical Applications of the Limberg Rhomboid Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction| Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 3

The rhomboid flap, introduced by Professor A. A. Limberg of Leningrad, is commonly known as the Limberg flap. It is an interesting procedure for skin movement in which a rhomboid defect is created and then closed with a rhomboid-shaped flap of a similar size. The design is basically a parallelogram with two angles of 120° and two of 60°, although these can be modified to accommodate the geometry of the lesion or defect. The surgeon’s goal is to avoid unsightly scars while using the simplest, most effective reconstructive approach. The present chapter demonstrates the versatility of the rhomboid flap in the head and neck region. The first case is a 28­year­old lady presenting with an extra-oral draining sinus in the left submandibular region secondary to an infected left mandibular first molar. The second case is a 35­year­old lady presenting with the complaint of an ugly-looking growth over the skin of the left angle region of the mandible. These two cases, one of dentoalveolar infection and the other of cervicofacial actinomycosis, are presented, in which the unsightly scars that could have been produced by excision of the lesion alone have been avoided by the use of a rhomboid flap. The study concluded that the rhomboid flap is a very versatile and robust flap, easy to master and practice, that can be tailored to suit the surgeon’s needs.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abdul Ahad G Khan
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Khalid University College of Dentistry, Abha, KSA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v3/6779

Ovarian Mass Leading to the Diagnosis of Krukenberg Tumour: A Case Report | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 3

 

A Krukenberg tumour is a distinct metastatic ovarian carcinoma, a secondary ovarian malignancy arising from a distant primary site. They often show nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms, which lead to a delayed diagnosis and a poor prognosis.

 

This case report exemplifies the challenges associated with diagnostic delays of Krukenberg tumours, especially in distinguishing metastatic ovarian tumours from primary ovarian cancer, and the limited treatment options available in the advanced stages of the disease, which can affect patients' prognosis.

 

Histopathological analysis revealed diffusely invasive growing cancerous tissue with granular and diffuse single distribution in which numerous tumour cells had a signet–ring appearance indicative of a Krukenberg tumour from the stomach.  Despite postoperative recovery and subsequent admission for treatment, the patient encountered recurrent obstruction and ultimately succumbed.

 

This report present the case of a 29-year-old woman of African Descent, Gravida 1 para 1, who presented to the accident and emergency room with persistent abdominal pain, distension, and vomiting. Erect Abdominal X-ray demonstrated dilated bowel loops. Transabdominal ultrasonography revealed a complex adnexal mass measuring approximately 13.9 × 8.5 cm, involving the ovary and fallopian tube, extending into the cul-de-sac and Morrison’s pouch. A subsequent CT imaging showed Heterogeneous intraperitoneal pelvic tumours measuring 12.0 × 11.4 × 8.7 cm, associated with ascites and evidence of intestinal obstruction. Free fluid was also noted throughout the peritoneal cavity. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy, which identified friable ovarian masses measuring 8 × 10 cm on the left and 10 × 14 cm on the right, along with a 10 × 4 cm omental mass. Additional metastatic deposits were observed on the fallopian tubes, transverse colon, and peritoneum. All grossly visible tumours were surgically excised.

 

This case highlights a rare presentation of bilateral metastatic Krukenberg tumours from primary gastric adenocarcinoma in a young woman. It underscores the diagnostic challenges posed by nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms and emphasises the importance of early, accurate diagnosis using imaging, endoscopy, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Multidisciplinary management is essential to guide surgical, oncologic, and palliative care, optimising outcomes and quality of life even in advanced-stage disease.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Amanda Gray
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, Georgetown, Guyana.

 

Jeniesa Klass
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, Georgetown, Guyana.

 

Malika Bacchus
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, Georgetown, Guyana.

 

Owens Ogbeiwi
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, Georgetown, Guyana.

 

Nirvani Goberdhan
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, Georgetown, Guyana.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v3/6768

Pentraxin 3: A Multifaceted Mediator of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Risk | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 3

 

Introduction: Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an acute-phase protein that stands at the intersection between inflammation and cardiovascular pathology. Influential role of PTX3 impacts vascular inflammation, endothelial function and atherosclerotic progression. Pentraxin vascular health is staged by its dual role as a biochemical marker and a potential modulator that provides greater specificity than systemic C-reactive protein. Data synthesised positions pentraxin as a promising candidate for precision cardiovascular medicine.  PTX3 is a long pentraxin produced by stromal and myeloid cells in response to inflammatory signals and microbial moieties. It plays a multifunctional role in inflammation, acting as a functional ancestor of antibodies.

 

Objective: This review explores the relationship between PTX3 and cardiovascular risk, its diagnostic and prognostic value, and its implications for clinical practice. The objectives focused on in this chapter are the functional role of PTX3 to stratify patients according to the severity of cardiovascular risk. Secondly, the prognostic role of elevated PTX3 levels speaks about the worst outcome in patients with cardiovascular disease. Thirdly, PTX3 can be considered as a therapeutic target that reinforces new avenues of treatment.

 

Methodology: This book chapter is an outcome of a comprehensive literature review that focused on articles from the PubMed database, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Utilised the keywords such as pentraxin 3, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and inflammation. Through a reductionist approach, mechanistic insights with regard to the association between pentraxin and cardiovascular health were framed.

 

Conclusion: PTX3 is a promising biomarker for cardiovascular risk assessment and disease progression. Further research is needed to establish standardised reference values and explore its potential as a therapeutic target.

 

 

Author(s) Details

K. A. Arul Senghor
SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, India.

 

V. M. Vinodhini
SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, India.

 

Renuka. P
SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, India.

 

M S. Vyshnavi
SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v3/6784

Evaluating Bioactive Compounds in Medicinal Plants: A Case Study of Trichilia monadelpha (Meliaceae) | Chapter 5 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Oxidative stress contributes to numerous degenerative diseases, making plant-derived antioxidants increasingly valuable for therapeutic applications. This study evaluated the phytochemical composition and antioxidant potential of Trichilia monadelpha leaf extracts, a West African tree with reported medicinal properties. Leaves were extracted using maceration with n-hexane and methanol solvents, yielding 2.4% and 3.2% respectively.  Phytochemical screening revealed that the methanolic extract contained alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, and terpenoids, while the n-hexane extract contained alkaloids, terpenoids, and cardiac glycosides. Antioxidant activity was assessed at four concentrations (0.25–2.0 mg/mL) using DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, with vitamin C as the standard. The methanolic extract showed clear, concentration-dependent antioxidant activity across all assays. Its DPPH IC₅₀ value was 2.584 mg/L compared with 1.907 mg/L for vitamin C, and similar dose-dependent trends were observed in the reducing and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, although with lower potency than the standard. Pearson’s correlation indicated a stronger association between phytochemical content and antioxidant activity in the methanolic extract (r = 0.951). The n-hexane extract displayed minimal activity (r = 0.560).

 

T. monadelpha leaves, especially the methanolic extract, contain bioactive constituents with measurable antioxidant effects, supporting their traditional use and highlighting the need for further isolation and characterisation of the active compounds.

 

Author(s) Details

P. D. Clark
Department of Chemistry, Edwin Clark University, Kiagbodo, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

E. Omo-Udoyo
Department of Chemistry, Edwin Clark University, Kiagbodo, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6791

 

Synthesis and Leaching of Zirconium-rich Alkali-resistant Glasses Containing Heavy Metals Present in Fly Ashes Incineration |Chapter 4 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Glasses containing zirconium are used to produce glass fibres due to their alkali-resistant nature. The presence of zirconium slows the deterioration of the glasses. This study developed a process for producing alkali-resistant zirconium-containing glasses for use as a heavy metal retention matrix contained in fly ashes. These alkali-resistant zirconium-containing glasses were synthesised to undergo leaching tests. To synthesize these alkali-resistant glasses, 5 glass compositions were developed: two alkali-resistant model glasses type CEMFIL, V1 (with zirconium and without heavy metals) and V2 (with zirconium and heavy metals) and three glasses of fly ashes V3 (without zirconium and with heavy metals), V4 (with 30 % of V3, zirconium and heavy metals) and V5 (with 60% of V3, zirconium and heavy metals). V4 and V5 were obtained using V3 as raw material and supplementing with SiO2, ZrO2 and Na2O to give them alkali-resistant properties. Chemical composition of the various glasses was determined by a micro-analyser with an ion probe or electron microprobe of brand CAMECA SX50 with a potential difference of about 10 kV at Paris VI University. Differential thermal analyses, structural analyses, as well as the observation of the surface of the glasses were carried out at the CNRS/CEMHTI laboratory in Orléans. Differential thermal analysis showed a glass transition temperature Tg of 656°C for V1, 616°C for V2, 615°C for V3, 641°C for V4 and 664°C for V5. Extremely small peaks of alumina have been observed on the V1, V2 and V3 glasses and peaks of ZrO2 only on the V5 glass. Surface analysis of glasses showed that they were essentially homogeneous, although we noted the presence of some heterogeneities: V1 and V2 with small crystals of ZrO2, V3 had a slight crystallisation of Fe chromite spinel (CrO4), and V5 contained large crystals rich in zirconium. Glasses leaching in basic medium led to the development of hydrated film on the glass surface characterised by hydrogen enrichment and sodium depletion irrespective of the glass. After static leaching tests in a basic medium, SEM and electron microprobe analyses revealed that all glasses were covered with a weathering film. These weathering films were enriched in zirconium (V1, V2, V4, and V5) and depleted in Na. Glasses V4 and V5 had the most zirconium-enriched alteration films and also appeared to be the least affected.

 

Author(s) Details

K.M. Mbemba
Université Paris-Est Marne-la Vallée, 5 Boulevard Descartes 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France, Université Marien NGOUABI, Unité de Chimie du Végétal et de la Vie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, B.P. 69, Brazzaville, République du Congo and Centre de Recherche et d’innovation des Projets de Technologie (CRIPT), Cité Scientifique, Avenue de Gascogne, Brazzaville, République du Congo.

 

S. Djanarthany
Université Paris-Est Marne-la Vallée, 5 Boulevard Descartes 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France.

 

G. Matzen
Université d’Orléans, CNRS/CEMHTI, 1D Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique 45071 Orléans Cedex 2, France.

 

Please see the book here :-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6751

 

Bagasse to Bio-nanotech: Eco-friendly Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Saccharum officinarum with Promising Anti-aging Potential | Chapter 3 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Background: Nanotechnology, a rapidly evolving field, deals with the manipulation of materials at the atomic and molecular levels within the size range of 1 to 100 nanometres. Nanotechnology finds applications across numerous scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, and materials science. Saccharum officinarum is a lignocellulose material rich in cellulose and fibre, widely used in paper, packaging, textile, and construction industries.

 

Aim: The present study aims to synthesise eco-friendly and cost-effective silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the aqueous extract of Saccharum officinarum stem and to evaluate their potential anti-ageing activity for cosmetic and biomedical applications.

 

Methodology: This experimental study focuses on the green synthesis, characterisation, and biological evaluation of silver nanoparticles using plant-based reducing agents derived from Saccharum officinarum stem extract. The study was conducted in the PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Trichy. The aqueous extract of Saccharum officinarum stem (bagasse) was prepared and subjected to phytochemical screening, which confirmed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, terpenoids, polyphenols, and glycosides. These biomolecules served as natural reducing and stabilising agents during the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The formation of AgNPs was visually indicated by a colour change from pale yellow to dark brown. Characterisation was carried out using UV–Visible Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) to confirm nanoparticle formation, morphology, and elemental composition.

 

Results: The UV–Visible spectrum showed a distinct absorption peak at 477 nm, confirming the surface plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. SEM analysis revealed well-dispersed, uniformly distributed nanoparticles with smooth morphology, while EDAX confirmed the elemental purity of silver. The synthesised AgNPs exhibited notable anti-ageing potential, likely due to the synergistic antioxidant effects of phytochemicals present in the Saccharum officinarum extract.

 

Conclusion: The study successfully demonstrates a sustainable and green approach for synthesising silver nanoparticles using Saccharum officinarum stem extract. The biosynthesised AgNPs exhibit promising anti-ageing properties, making them suitable for incorporation into cosmetic formulations such as anti-ageing creams and skin treatments. This eco-friendly method aligns with green chemistry principles and holds potential for future applications in nanomedicine and cosmeceutical industries.

 

 

Author(s) Details

F. Janeeta Priya
PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Autonomous) (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

A. Leema Rose
PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Autonomous) (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

S. Vidhya
PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Autonomous) (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

A. Arputharaj
Department of Electronics, St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous) (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

P. Aparna
PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Autonomous) (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

T.R. Amsica
PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Autonomous) (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

V. Motcha Rakkini

PG & Research Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620002 Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Suresh Malakondaiah
Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Selaiyur, Chennai 600073 Tamil Nadu, India.

 

M. Menakha
PG & Research Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620002 Tamil Nadu, India.

 

S. Magdalin Sylvia
PG & Research Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620002 Tamil Nadu, India.

 

K. Brindha
PG & Research Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620002 Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6717

Unveiling the Bioactive Potential of Ipomoea biloba: An Integrated Approach to Phytochemistry and Bioactivity | Chapter 2 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Ipomoea biloba (Convolvulaceae) is a water-loving creeping plant and is esteemed in traditional medicine for its different types of therapeutic applications in various diseases like asthma, rheumatism, and burns. Despite it has been used historical use, a comprehensive scientific validation of its bioactivity is essential. This chapter explores the detailed systematic investigation of the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activity of the potential of a methanol extract of Ipomoea biloba leaves (MEIB). The Methanol was used as an extraction solvent to accomplish a wide different ranging recovery of phytoconstituents because of its well-balanced polarity. The preliminary phytochemical profiling of MEIB confirmed the presence of a variety of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, saponins, steroids, carbohydrates, and amino acids. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of MEIB was assessed using standard assays, revealing significant, dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity comparable to ascorbic acid, thereby underscoring its potential to ameliorate oxidative stress. Furthermore, the cytotoxic efficacy of MEIB was assessed against the human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell line. The extract demonstrated a potent and dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation, suggesting notable anticancer properties. This cytotoxic activity may be mechanistically linked to the presence of phytoestrogenic compounds, like estradiol precursors, known to interact with estrogen receptors in the cytoplasm of target cells. The collective study findings from this robust position Ipomoea biloba as a promising reservoir of bioactive compounds. The findings not only validate its ethnomedicinal uses but also highlight its significant potential as a source for the development of natural antioxidant and anticancer agents. Further research is needed to isolate, characterise, and confirm the specific molecules responsible for these observed biological activities.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Geetha Rani Kumar
Department of Biochemistry, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science (A), Rasipuram, Namakkal, India.

 

Shobana Devi Paulraj
Department of Biochemistry, Shrimati Indira Gandhi College, Thiruchirapalli, India.

 

Vallipriya Rajendran
Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Pavendar Bharathidasan College of Arts and Science (PBCAS), (Bharathidasan University) Thiruchirapalli, India.

 

Kiruthika Natarajan
School of Allied Health Science, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation, Deemed to be University, Salem, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6704

Volatile Organic Compounds Released from Spruce Wood during Thermal Loading | Chapter 1| Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Volatile organic products (VOCs) are irritants and toxic to humans and the environment. They are a result of the thermal degradation of wood. This paper focuses on the effect of different wood treatments on the formation of VOCs. Experiments were conducted on untreated (REF), thermally treated (TTW), and flame-retardant-treated spruce wood at temperatures of 150 °C, 200 °C, and 250 °C. VOCs were collected at the same time and analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). At the temperature of 250 °C, the number of VOCs was increased significantly. Typical VOCs included furfural, furfuryl alcohol, and α-pinene. 54 compounds were identified in REF samples, which is the highest number; only 3 compounds (aliphatic hydrocarbons) were identified in TTW samples. Therefore, the treatment of wood affects the number and quality of VOCs. Analysis of VOCs is important to understand the process of burning and the toxic properties of compounds produced.

 

Author(s) Details

Katarína Trojanová
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.

 

Veronika Veľková
Department of Fire Protection, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.

 

František Kačík
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Wood Sciences and Technology, Technical University in Zvolen, 96001 Zvolen, Slovakia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6686

Cross-domain Motivation: Exploring Means of Learner Engagement in ESL Classrooms |Chapter 4 | Language, Literature and Education: Research Updates Vol. 10

 

The concept of human intelligence as a monolithic phenomenon was replaced in the last part of the previous century by the theory of multiple intelligences. Intelligence(s) and motivation are inseparable aspects of learning something new. In the absence of the former, learning does not proceed beyond the level of bits and pieces of information, nor do those fragments get assimilated into knowledge. This is the case with the process of learning. Lack of motivation, perhaps, gets reflected more in the product, namely, the learning outcomes. This paper is an inquiry into the possibility of getting motivation from one field of learning, such as art or kinesthesis, into another desirable one, namely, studies. If a child displays intelligence in one field, it presupposes the presence of self-motivation behind that display. If part of that self-motivation can be manoeuvred skilfully into the desired area, the learning outcome is likely to be enhanced. The paper presents this argument against the backdrop of learning and teaching English as a second language.

 

 

Author(s) Details

P Bhaskaran Nair
Formerly of Pondicherry Central University, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/lleru/v10/6564

Genetics of Coastal Habituation: How Recombinant Inbred Lines Respond to Saline Environments | Chapter 10 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 6

 

Background: Among all abiotic stresses, salinity is the second most widespread soil problem in rice-growing countries of the world after drought, which continues due to climate change and poor irrigation practices. Rice is highly sensitive to salinity, particularly at the seedling and reproductive stages. Identifying rice genotypes tolerating salinity both at the seedling and at reproductive stages that maintain stable yield in coastal saline soils requires an understanding of genetic variability and trait relationships in terms of direct and indirect effects to develop salt-tolerant rice varieties.

 

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess phenotypic performance and to estimate genetic variability for salt tolerance in both the seedling and reproductive stages of rice under coastal saline soils.

 

Methodology: The present study was conducted at the natural coastal saline soils of Acharya N. G Ranga Agricultural University (ANGRAU)- Agricultural Research Station (ARS), Machilipatnam, during Kharif (June to November) 2024. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate Recombinant Inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross MCM 109/BRR 0119 for salt tolerance in an Alpha-lattice design. Here, 150 RILs at F5 generation were studied at pH 8.4, and EC 7.2 dSm-1 and data on yield and salinity traits were collected. Salt tolerance was evaluated at the seedling and reproductive stages using the standard evaluation system (SES), with scores from 1 (highly tolerant) to 9 (highly susceptible) based on growth, leaf symptoms, and spikelet sterility. Statistical analysis was performed using PBIB.test, GCV, PCV, heritability and GA as per cent of the mean were drawn from the variability package of R software.

 

Results: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) for 12 characters attributed significant differences among 150 RILs studied under salinity (P<0.01). The traits ear bearing tillers hill-1, salinity scoring at reproductive stage, shoot Na+/K+ ratio at harvesting stage, and grain yield per plant (g) exhibited high estimates of GCV, PCV, heritability and genetic advance as per cent of the mean, suggesting additive gene action. While the traits plant survival (%), plant height (cm), panicle length (cm), number of filled grains per panicle, spikelet fertility % and hundred grain weight (g) exhibited moderate PCV and GCV values with high heritability and genetic advance, indicating substantial genetic variability for effective selection.

 

Conclusion: Selecting RILs based on variability traits results in the development of salt-tolerant, high-yielding varieties suitable for coastal saline soils. RILs F5 112 and F5 248 can be released as high-yielding saline-tolerant varieties after evaluation in salinity trials and multi-location trials, whereas RILs F5 122 and F5 202 can be registered as genetic stocks for highly tolerant coastal saline conditions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Vinutna Vinnakota
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Agricultural College, Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Girija Rani M
ANGRAU-RARS, Maruteru, West Godavari, India.

 

Nagendra Rao K
ANGRAU-ARS, Machilipatnam, Krishna, India.

 

Suneetha K
ICAR-IIRR, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, India.

 

Ravi Babu M
ANGRAU-RARS, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v6/6807

Diagnosis of Soil Limiting Factors for Cocoa Trees in Southern Côte d'Ivoire: Approaches for Optimising Production in Azaguié | Chapter 9 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 6

 

Cocoa is the essential raw material for chocolate production and provides several health benefits. Regular consumption of Cocoa has been shown to improve mood, prevent blood clots, premature cell ageing and the development of cancer in the human body. In recent years, cocoa yields in southern Côte d'Ivoire have stagnated or declined, highlighting the need to identify factors limiting production. This study aimed to identify the key soil characteristics that limit cocoa yields in Azaguié, with a view to improving production. The study was conducted in a field of Azaguié cocoa trees (5° 37’29" N, 4° 09’ 01" W) in southern Côte d'Ivoire. In a cocoa plantation, a topographic sequence (oriented N45° - L: 200 m) comprising a summit, upper slope, middle slope and lower slope was selected for the study. On each topographical segment, pseudo soil pits were dug at the foot of the cocoa trees (1 metre from the trunk). Soil samples from depths of 0–30 cm were taken and sent to the laboratory for physical and chemical analysis. The average values of the soil parameters for the topographical segments were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The pH levels range between 5.2 and 5.8, indicating highly acidic soils at the top and acidic soils at the bottom of the slope. Good potassium levels (K+: 0.3–0.6 cmol.kg-1) and moderate calcium levels (Ca2+ : 2.3–2.9 cmol.kg-1) were noted, compared with very low magnesium concentrations. Except for the soils at the summit, which have unacceptable phosphorus levels (P: 29.7 mg.kg-1), the soils at the top, middle and bottom of the slope are depleted in P, organic matter (OM) and nitrogen (N). The attachment sites for exchangeable bases on the ground at the bottom of slopes are moderately occupied (V: 27%). The addition of lime and organic matter in the form of well-decomposed compost is recommended to improve cocoa tree yields. This study was necessary as it highlighted certain chemical parameters of the soil that are linked to the suboptimal yields of cocoa trees. However, the physical characteristics of the soil in the study area still need to be evaluated in future studies.

 

Author(s) Details

BOUADOU Oi Bouadou Félix
UFR Earth Sciences and Mining Resources (STRM), University of Félix Houphouët- Boigny (UFHB), 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.

 

TANOH Adjoua Germaine
Soil, Water and Geomaterials Sciences Laboratory (LSSEG), University of Félix Houphouët- Boigny (UFHB), 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.

 

BONGOUA Affi Jeanne Epouse DEVISME
Soil Science and Sustainable Agriculture (PAD), University of Félix Houphouët- Boigny (UFHB), 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.

 

ETTIEN Djetchi Jean Baptiste
Soil Science and Sustainable Agriculture (PAD), University of Félix Houphouët- Boigny (UFHB), 22 BP 582 Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v6/6783

Economic Appraisal of Farm Pond Investments and Their Impact on Wheat and Barley Cultivation in Jaipur District of Rajasthan, India | Chapter 8 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 6

 

Farm ponds play a pivotal role in optimising land and water resources for agricultural purposes, considering both surface water and groundwater. They serve as critical assets in the efficient management and conservation of soil and water resources, offering multifaceted solutions to meet diverse agricultural needs. This study aimed to assess the economic feasibility of investing in farm ponds among farmers in Jaipur district, Rajasthan, India. Primary data for this study were taken from eighty farmers, including 40 beneficiaries of RKVY-PDMC and MKSY and 40 non-beneficiary farmers for the agricultural year 2021-22. The study's findings revealed the cost of cultivation analysis for wheat and barley. In the case of the wheat crop, farm pond farmers recorded higher yields and profitability, with net returns increasing by 37.19 per cent, returns over variable costs by 34.25 per cent, and the cost of production declining by 28.34 per cent relative to non-farm pond farmers. A similar pattern was observed in the barley crop, where net returns rose by 43.33 per cent, returns over variable costs improved by 37.73 per cent, and the cost of production decreased by 22.07 per cent under farm pond conditions. Across both crops, assured and timely irrigation from farm ponds contributed to reduced expenditure on key variable inputs, particularly irrigation, fertilisers, and plant protection chemicals-thereby enhancing input-use efficiency, stabilising yields, and significantly improving overall economic performance. The total costs for constructing plastic-lined farm ponds were ₹242,348.56 without subsidy and ₹137,348.56 with subsidy per pond. Cost component-wise, machinery, labour, and material costs accounted for the majority (95%) of the total establishment cost without subsidy. The economic evaluation indicators demonstrated favourable outcomes for farm pond investments. The net present worth of the investment was positive, the benefit-cost ratio exceeded one and was positive, the internal rate of return exceeded the prevailing interest rate, and the payback period was relatively short, both with and without subsidies. This suggests that the government should continue to increase subsidy support for plastic-lined farm pond construction to promote economic prosperity among farmers.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Vikas Chaudhary
Division of Dairy Economics Statistics & Management, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.

 

Ashish Yadav
Division of Dairy Economics Statistics & Management, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v6/6756

 

Evaluation of the Morphological Characteristics and Phytochemical Contents of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) with Varying Rates of Poultry Manure | Chapter 7 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 6

 

In many tropical and sub-tropical countries, Elephant Grass is a very popular forage, and in West Africa, it serves an important nutritional role in various meals. Poultry manure is an eco-friendly, valuable source of organic matter and nutrients that improve soil fertility and promote the development and growth of crops. Despite the availability of poultry manure and its numerous benefits, there’s limited knowledge on the most suitable application rates of this manure to elephant grass. This study, conducted at the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, teaching and research farm, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, investigated the effect of varying rates of poultry manure on the morphological characteristics of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and its phytochemical constituents. Elephant grass shoots were sourced from a local farmers. The experiment employed a Completely Randomised Design (CRD) with five treatments: 0 (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20 tons of poultry manure per hectare, replicated five times. Morphological parameters, including stem height, stem girth, leaf length, and number of shoots, were measured weekly for eight weeks after planting. Phytochemicals analysis was performed on a BUCK M910 Gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionisation detector. The data obtained were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results demonstrated that poultry manure significantly (P<0.05) influenced elephant grass growth from weeks 2 to 8, while only stem height was significant in week 1. Although the application rates of 10 and 15 t/ha did not differ significantly (P>0.05), the 15 tons/ha application rate consistently produced the highest mean values across all morphological parameters, closely followed by the 10 tons/ha rate. Notably, the control treatment (0 tons/ha) exhibited the lowest growth responses, highlighting the critical role of organic amendments in soil fertility and plant development. The 20 tons/ha rate surprisingly underperformed compared to moderate rates, suggesting potential nutrient toxicity or soil structure complications at higher application levels. The study concluded that moderate poultry manure application rates (10-15 tons/ha) optimise elephant grass establishment by providing an ideal balance of nutrients, improving soil moisture retention, and enhancing microbial activity. Ultimately, the research recommends a 10 tons/ha application rate for farmers, balancing cost-effectiveness, environmental considerations, and forage production efficiency. Further research is required to evaluate the long-term impacts of poultry manure application on soil health and its effects on other forage species to improve manure application recommendations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Onwubiko, G. N.
Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.

 

Okwor, A. P.
Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v6/6706

 

Prominent Use of Malva sylvestris L in Dermatology | Chapter 8 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Malva sylvestris L. (common mallow) is a flowering plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. The plant has laxative, diuretic, spasmogenic and laxative properties. This plant has a rich history in traditional medicine across Asia, Europe, and Africa, and presents a compelling natural therapeutic agent for a wide range of dermatological conditions. Among the various species used in herbal medicine, M. sylvestris stands out for its diverse usage, which has been documented since 3000 BC. In Iran, M. sylvestris is recognised as an edible herb and has been consumed raw in various vegetable salads; however, it is most commonly used as a medicinal herb. This review consolidates scientific evidence to validate its traditional use in treating wounds, eczema, atopic dermatitis, and skin infections. The therapeutic efficacy of M. sylvestris is primarily attributed to its diverse profile of bioactive phytoconstituents. Key among these are mucilaginous polysaccharides, which provide emollient and soothing effects for sensitive skin and irritations; flavonoids (e.g., gossypetin, malvidin 3-glucoside) and phenolic compounds, which exert potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities by scavenging free radicals and modulating inflammatory mediators like PGE₂; and tannins and essential oils, which contribute to its significant antibacterial effects against pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate that topical applications of M. sylvestris extracts promote wound healing by enhancing collagen deposition and fibroblast proliferation, reduce inflammation and pruritus in atopic dermatitis, and accelerate burn wound contraction, often showing superior efficacy compared to standard treatments like silver sulfadiazine. The convergence of its demulcent, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, underpinned by its distinct phytochemical composition, justifies its traditional use and positions M. sylvestris as a versatile and effective candidate for integrative dermatological therapy. Future studies, including well-designed clinical trials and standardised extract formulations, are required to validate the therapeutic efficacy of Malva sylvestris in dermatological conditions.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Farshad Akbarnejad
Scientific Department, Rayka Shimi Saba Pharmaceutical & Hygienic Knowledge-Based Co., Tehran, Iran.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v9/6800

 

Detoxifying and Enriching Bamboo Shoots: Antinutrients, Fermentation and Safety | Chapter 7 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 9

 Bamboo shoot fermentation is a traditional process that transforms nutrient-rich, but potentially toxic, shoots into safe and palatable foods. The main challenge addressed by this method is the presence of antinutritional factors such as cyanogenic glycosides, which can release toxic hydrogen cyanide if not removed. Indigenous and local communities use a combination of boiling, soaking, slicing, drying, and especially fermentation to reduce these harmful compounds. Fermentation, driven by beneficial microorganisms like lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and fungi, lowers the pH and breaks down toxins, improving safety and imparting distinctive flavours and textures. This process not only enhances food safety and sensory qualities but also increases nutrient bioavailability and introduces probiotics, benefiting digestive health. The traditional knowledge behind these practices supports both community health and the development of safe, marketable bamboo shoot products, ensuring this valuable heritage continues sustainably.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Simson Soren
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, AAU, Joyhing North Lakhimpur, India.

 

Sanjib Borah
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, AAU, Joyhing North Lakhimpur, India.

 

Parijat Kashyap
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Lakhimpur College of Veterinary Science, AAU, Joyhing North Lakhimpur, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v9/6776

Enhancement of Bioactive Compound Production through Plant Transcription Factors | Chapter 6 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 9

 

Medicinal plants produce a wide array of bioactive compounds with significant pharmaceutical value. Plant transcription factors (TFs) play a pivotal role in regulating the biosynthesis of these compounds. The chapter provides an overview of the key TF families, molecular mechanisms of TF mediated regulation, TF-DNA interactions, TF-TF interactions, regulatory networks and recent advances in TF based approaches for enhancing the production of valuable bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. The complex regulatory networks controlling active compound biosynthesis were considered while shedding light on novel strategies for improving the yield and quality of plant-derived products. Recent research in the field of molecular engineering using transcription factors in medicinal plants, with the examples included in the chapter, may encourage the budding molecular biologist to adapt new technologies and tools for the enhanced biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The chapter will provide a synopsis of scientific tools and techniques which can be exploited in the field of tissue culture and secondary metabolite production. Optimisation and enhancement of the pharmacologically relevant bioactive compound production can be achieved through the administration of specific transcriptional regulation factors. The knowledge of the biosynthetic pathway of pharmaceutically significant therapeutics can be applied to the invention of novel bioreactors in the biopharma industry.

 

Author(s) Details

Manju Rakesh
Department of Botany, Haribhai V. Desai College, Pune-411 002, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v9/6694

From Linkage to Neuronal Networks: An Updated Overview of Molecular Genetic Approaches in Schizophrenia Research| Chapter 4 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 6

 

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a highly complex biological disorder characterised by a multifactorial mode of transmission, where both genetic and non-genetic determinants play significant roles. Current evidence suggests that SCZ arises from the cumulative impact of numerous genes, each contributing a modest increase in susceptibility to the illness. This review provides an updated perspective on the genetics and genomics of SCZ, tracing the field from the pre-recombinant era through the genomics revolution. It encompasses key approaches such as cytogenetics, linkage studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Genomic analyses that have illuminated gene signatures include microarray profiling, RNA methylation studies, and single-cell analyses. In addition, diverse animal and cellular models are discussed, highlighting their applications in unravelling SCZ pathology. Systems biology and neuronal network analyses have offered critical insights into the intricate phenotypes associated with the disorder. Emerging technologies, including 3D chromatin architecture studies and optogenetics, are further advancing the field by enabling deeper exploration of neuronal function and regulation. The review, through its efforts, is proposed to highlight major findings in SCZ genetics. The scientific advances are essential in the individual genomes to detect and diagnose SCZ with newer perspectives and advances and tailor therapeutic interventions.

 

Author(s) Details

Ranjini P
Department of Biotechnology, Sir MV Government Science college Bhadravathi, Karnataka, India.

 

Shreya K R
Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, India.

 

Priya MD
Department of Zoology, Government Science College, Nrupathunga University, Nrupathunga Road, Bangalore, 560001, India.

 

Kamatchi C
Department of Biotechnology, The Oxford College of Sciences, Bangalore, India.

 

Tenkanidiyooru Ramamoorthy Prashith Kekuda
Department of Microbiology, S.R.N.M College of Applied Science. N.E.S Campus, Balraj Urs Road, Shimoga-577201, India.

 

Kiran Kumar H.B
Former-PDF NCBS, Resource person Nrupathunga University, Bangalore, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v6/6764

A Review on the Role of the Skin Microbiome and Oxidative Stress in Cutaneous Chronic Wound Pathogenesis | Chapter 3 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 6

 

Cutaneous wounds occur when the skin is injured mechanically, chemically, or by extreme temperatures. Wound healing is a very complex process composed of several phases in which precise events occur, both temporally and spatially. However, when these processes go awry, biofilm-forming bacteria become installed in the healing tissue, and the patient has comorbidities, so the wounds do not heal and become chronic. In this review, we describe the importance of high levels of oxidative stress (OS) and bacteria from the skin microbiome in the initiation and development of chronic wounds. The skin microbiome is diverse in humans, and its composition is dependent on the environment in the specific areas of the body. OS is critical for wound healing as it stimulates the immune system to destroy pathogens and secrete cytokines and growth factors that stimulate healing. When OS levels become high in the wound, and the bacteria of the skin install themselves in the wound, chronicity ensues. However, neither OS nor the bacteria of the skin alone can initiate chronicity. However, when present together, chronic wounds develop. Given the complexity of chronic wound initiation, developing treatment for these wounds has been difficult. Based on current published findings, a potential approach to treating chronic wounds after debridement was recently proposed. It was proposed that it is important to treat the physiological problems related to the comorbidities these patients have prior to and during wound treatment. Patients should also be put on a diet that is rich in products that stimulate an increase in the levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to ensure that the cells have sufficient energy to function, and is rich in α-tocopherol (Vit E) to decrease lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage, and patients should also take antioxidants to reduce OS. Here, we also discuss the challenges of treating chronic wounds and offer a potential sequence of approaches to treating these wounds after debridement.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Manuela Martins-Green
Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

 

Jane Kim and Klara Aziz
Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v6/6757

 

Cellular Innovations and Evolutionary Insights of Dinoflagellates: A Review of Their Cell Biology | Chapter 2 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 6

 

Under the Phylum Dinoflagellates, the current classification recognises ~ 550 genera and a total of 6000 described species that play a prominent role in water ecology. Molecular clock and biogeochemical indices indicate that the dinoflagellate lineage diverged ~650 Ma, and fossil traces of thecate cells and of cysts/zygotes appeared during the Triassic. This review is dedicated to the great protistologist Edouard Chatton (1883–1947), aimed to highlight the originality and remarkable diversity of some dinoflagellate protists through the lens of cell biology. Their fossilised traces date back to more than 538 million years (Phanerozoic aeon). However, they may be much older because acritarchs from the (Meso) Proterozoic era (1500 million years ago) could be their most primitive ancestors. Here, several representative examples of the various lifestyles of free-living (the autotrophic thecate Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg and the heterotrophic athecate Noctiluca scintillans McCartney and other “pseudo-noctilucidae”, as well as the thecate Crypthecodinium cohnii Biecheler) and of parasitic dinoflagellates (the mixotroph Syndinium Chatton) are described. Then, the different dinoflagellate mitotic systems were compared and reported observations on the eyespot (ocelloid), an organelle that is present in the binucleated Glenodinium foliaceum Stein and in some Warnowiidae dinoflagellates and can be considered an evolutionary marker. The diversity and innovations observed in mitosis, meiosis, reproduction, sexuality, cell cycle, locomotion, and nutrition allow everyone to affirm that dinoflagellates are among the most innovative unicells in the Kingdom Protista. Further research using the most advanced techniques in cell and molecular biology is still necessary to try to solve these enigmas.

 

Author(s) Details

Marie-Odile Soyer-Gobillard
CNRS-Sorbonne University, Oceanological Observatory, Laboratoire Arago, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v6/6715

Standardization of An Efficient Micropropagation Protocol for Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell | Chapter 1 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 6

 

Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell, commonly known as “Brahmi,” is a medicinally important plant widely used in Ayurveda for its neuroprotective and memory-enhancing properties. Despite its high medicinal value, large-scale cultivation of B. monnieri using conventional methods is limited by low seed viability, seasonal growth constraints, and habitat degradation. Micropropagation plays an important role in providing a practical solution by enabling the rapid production of disease-free, genetically uniform plantlets in a relatively short period. The present study aimed to standardise an efficient in vitro micropropagation protocol by optimising explant type, surface sterilisation, hormone concentration, and sucrose level. Nodal and leaf segments were selected as explants, sourced from the medicinal garden at the Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kayamkulam. Effective surface sterilisation was achieved using 0.1% Bavistin for 30 minutes followed by 0.05% HgCl₂ for 4 minutes, which eliminated contamination while preserving viability. Shoot initiation occurred within 5–8 days, with the highest frequency of multiple shoots observed on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with 3 mg/L BA or 2 mg/L BA + 1 mg/L. Callus induction was most successful from leaf explants cultured on MS + 2 mg/L 2,4-D + 1 mg/L kinetin, forming friable and regenerative calli within 30–35 days. For rooting, IBA at 3 mg/L promoted direct multiple shoot and root formation, while MS + BAP (5.5 mg/L) + NAA (0.2 mg/L) supported both elongation and rooting. Optimal growth was obtained at pH 5.8 and 3% sucrose, which enhanced shoot number and explant vigour. The present study successfully developed an in vitro micropropagation protocol for Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell is using nodal and leaf explants. The developed protocol is fast, reliable, and reproducible, providing a basis for large-scale clonal propagation, conservation of germplasm, and potential metabolite enhancement in B. monnieri.

 

Author(s) Details

Jyothilekshmi S

Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, India.

 

Sandra Krishnan
Onattukara Regional Agricultural Research Station, Kayamkulam, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, India.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v6/6606

Comparative Evaluation of Coral Reef Health Assessment Methods: Insights from Indonesian and Mesoamerican Approaches for Indonesian Reefs |Chapter 10| Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 4

 

Coral reefs provide essential benefits, but they are fragile and declining worldwide. Thus, reliable reef health assessments are crucial for guiding conservation efforts in Indonesia, a biodiversity hotspot. This study compares the methods of the Indonesian Reef Health Index (RHI_Indonesia) and the Mesoamerican Reef Health Index (RHI_Mesoamerican) to determine which method is more effective and suitable for Indonesian waters. Both methods were evaluated using data from 159 reef observation sites, focusing on live coral cover (LCC), fleshy algal cover (FAC), and reef fish biomass (RFB), including the herbivorous and carnivorous families. A t-test showed a strongly significant difference (p = 0.001) between the RHI_Indonesia and RHI_Mesoamerican methods. Additionally, multiple linear regression, Residual Sum of Squares (RSS), and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) indicated that the RHI_Mesoamerican method provided a better statistical fit and a stronger ecological response. The qualitative assessment also found that the RHI_Mesoamerican approach is easier to implement and more detailed, enhancing reef fish classification and field efficiency, especially with a few trained UVC experts. It incorporates adaptive management through three reference indicators: the benchmark, the target, and the red flag. In contrast, RHI_Indonesia provides an initial evaluation but lacks management guidance and clear targets, though it supports long-term monitoring, similar to the COREMAP program. This study also highlights the important role of herbivorous reef fish in maintaining the coral–algal balance and improving reef health. Therefore, it is recommended that future Indonesian reef assessments integrate herbivore indicators with benthic parameters to strengthen reef monitoring and conservation.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sam Wouthuyzen
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia and Centre for Collaborative Research on Aquatic Ecosystems in Eastern Indonesia, Ambon, Indonesia.

 

Daniel D. Pelasula
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia and Centre for Collaborative Research on Aquatic Ecosystems in Eastern Indonesia, Ambon, Indonesia.

 

Frensly D. Hukom
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia and Centre for Collaborative Research on Aquatic Ecosystems in Eastern Indonesia, Ambon, Indonesia.

 

Petrus C. Makatipu
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

G. Giyanto
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

Jemmy Souhoka
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

Muhammad Abrar
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

Hendrik A.W. Cappenberg
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

Abd. W. Rajab
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

E. Edward
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Serpong, Indonesia.

 

Rikoh M. Siringoringo
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

Teguh Peristiwady
Research Center for Biosystematics and Evolution, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

Eghbert E. Ampou
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

Tumpak Sidabutar
Research Center for Biota System, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

Raden Sutiadi
Research Center for Ecology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v4/6777

Application of USLE and MUSLE Models for the Prediction of Land Erosion in the Catchment Area of the Delingan Reservoir | Chapter 9 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 4

 

Tirtomarto reservoir, or locally known as Delingan reservoir, is located in the village of Delingan, Karanganyar District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java Province in Indonesia. Due to its strategic location, the Delingan reservoir plays an important role in meeting irrigation needs for agricultural land covering an area of 1380 ha every year, but over time the Delingan reservoir is now visible. experienced a decrease in its water capacity and resulting in a decrease in water supply for agricultural land. This is due to the large amount of land erosion that occurs. Soil erosion is often reported as the worst form of land degradation with serious environmental and socio-economic ramifications. This study aims to calculate the value of land erosion that occurs in the catchment area of the Delingan reservoir, which can later be handled so that sedimentation in the reservoir can be overcome and the water supply can be maintained. Prediction of soil erosion in this study using the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) and MUSLE (Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation) methods. The formulation of the USLE method allows planning to predict the erosion rate of a particular land with a slope at a certain rain pattern and soil type as well as land management and use for crops or land conservation. The MUSLE method is a modification of the USLE method. The results of this study obtained the value of the erodibility factor of rain (R) from 2015-2019, the soil erodibility factor (K) of 0.04, the length and slope factor (LS) of 1.99, the factor of land cover plants and the factor of conservation measures. (CP) of 0.04. In the USLE method, the erosion value is 7605.89 tons/year. Then the maximum flood discharge value (QP), surface runoff (QQ), and surface runoff (R) can be obtained so that the erosion value using the MUSLE method is 862.88 tons/year. These findings indicate considerable soil erosion within the catchment area, contributing to reservoir sedimentation, using the USLE and MUSLE models. A more disciplined in analysing and reading the data on the available maps is recommended to get appropriate results. Future investigations on land erosion in the Delingan Reservoir catchment area, particularly those employing the USLE and MUSLE methods, should utilise complete datasets and apply the full equations rather than relying solely on map-based estimations.

 

Author(s) Details

Jaji Abdurrosyid
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. Ahmad Yani Tromol Pos1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Fathul Ngalim
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. Ahmad Yani Tromol Pos1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Renaningsih
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. Ahmad Yani Tromol Pos1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Agus Riyanto

Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. Ahmad Yani Tromol Pos1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Gotot Slamet Mulyono
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. Ahmad Yani Tromol Pos1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v4/5277

High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method Development and Validation for Cefdinir Assessment Using Tinidazole as an Internal Standard in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms | Chapter 8 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 8

 

Cefdinir is a semi-synthetic oral antibiotic belonging to the cephalosporin family of antibiotics. For the estimation of the drug Cefdinir, several methods are available in the literature. The aim of this study was to develop a faster method for eluting Cefdinir. The present work involves a rapid and reproducible HPLC method, which was developed and comprehensively validated for the estimation of the drug cefdinir in the bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Tinidazole was used as an internal standard. The method addresses challenges such as long run times, unstable retention behaviour, and inadequate resolution. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a C18 column under isocratic conditions with a mobile phase tailored for optimal peak shape and robustness. Validation followed ICH Q2(R1) guidelines, demonstrating excellent linearity (r² ≥ 0.999), precision (%RSD ≤ 2%), and accuracy (98–102% recovery). The method further exhibited strong ruggedness and robustness under deliberate variations. These results confirm the suitability of the developed method for routine quality-control applications. The validated method was successfully applied to the commercially available pharmaceutical dosage forms.

 

Author(s) Details

Gadapa Nirupa
Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, A.P 500085, India.

 

Upendra M. Tripathi
R and D Department, Startech Labs Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Floor, S M R Chambers, H. No 1-58/7 Madinaguda, Hyderabad, A.P, 500050, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v8/6752

Zizyphus mauritiana as a Source of Tannins with Antibacterial and Antiplasmodial Activities | Chapter 7 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 8

 

Background: In Africa and other countries where malaria is endemic, traditional medicinal plants are frequently used to treat or cure malaria. Ziziphus mauritiana, a tropical fruit tree species belonging to the family Rhamnaceae, is used in African traditional medicine against different symptoms and diseases.

 

Aim: This study was designed to evaluate tannins extracted from Ziziphus mauritiana as a source of potential antimalarial and antimicrobial agents in Mali.

 

Methodology: The collection of plant materials, tannins extraction, antibacterial activity evaluation were done at the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako, Mali and antiplasmodial activity assessment at Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, United States of America, between September 2013 and February 2014. The tannins were extracted from leaves of Z. mauritiana collected around Bamako, Mali. Antiplasmodial activity was evaluated against 3D7 (chloroquine-sensitive) and Dd2 (chloroquine-resistant) strains of Plasmodium falciparum using the fluorescence-based SYBR® green I method. Antibacterial activity of tannins was evaluated by the disc diffusion method against strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhi, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus aureus donated by the National Research Institute in Public Health in Mali and collected from infected patients suffering from different diseases. The Kruskal–Wallis H test for data of zone of inhibition was used with the Statistical Package for the Medical Sciences version 17.0.

 

Results: The tannin extracts from leaves of Z. mauritiana demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity (average 7-9 mm diameter of inhibition zone) on tested strains. Tannins extracted from leaves of Z. mauritiana showed moderate antiplasmodial activity against 3D7 P. falciparum (46.9±1.12 μg/mL) and against Dd2 P. falciparum strains (67.8±2.39 μg/mL). They also showed an antibacterial activity on different bacterial strains, showing important inhibition zones. Especially, they were more active on Streptococcus than Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Staphylococcus aureus.

 

Conclusion: Tannins extracted from Z. mauritiana demonstrated good antiplasmodial and antibacterial activities. It could be regarded as effective and studied for further consideration as a complementary medicine source of antimicrobials against most multidrug-resistant bacteria and other parasites. These data confirm the potential use of tannins as a key element in antimalarial and antibacterial drug development.

 

Author(s) Details

Mamadou Wélé
African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Science, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Singou Keita
Laboratoire de Biosciences et Applications, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Cheickna Cisse
African Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Science, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Mamadou A Konare
Laboratoire de Biosciences et Applications, Université des Sciences des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako, Mali.

 

Laura Kirkman
Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA.

 

Lamine Baba-Moussa
Laboratoire de Biologie et de Typage Moléculaire en Microbiologie, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v8/6695