Root Studies: What is New? An Extension to a Previous Review of 2013 | Chapter 9 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 1

 Recent root studies have included modeling of the soil-root system to quantify the performance of such a complex system. Recent advances in computer sciences and technology have made it more accessible to users of computer sciences, engineering, and life sciences. There are still some limitations because the evolution of millions of years of adaptation to living of plants on soil involves life on thresholds between phases of roots-soil surfaces, which mathematics and computer science are still unable to properly deal with. The technological advancement appears to be promising. In this follow-up to a previous review, I survey recent advances in modeling of root uptake from soils. Certain improvements have been made, but fundamental issues remain unresolved. These primarily involve nutrient uptake along roots, nutrient interactions at soil-root interfaces, and biological and microbiological interactions with soil microflora.

Author (S) Details

Moshe Silberbush
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Jacob Blaustein Instutes for Desert Research-French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Sede-Boqer Campus, Midreshet-Ben-Gurion, Israel.

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Effect of Zinc Application Biofortification of Zn in Grain of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Varieties | Chapter 8 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 1

 The goal of this study was to see how some chickpea varieties responded to zinc fertilization. In other words, fertilization is used to increase the zinc (an essential element) content of chickpea grain. A lack of zinc results not only in a decrease in product yield, but also in a decrease in quality. Fertilizer application is an important agricultural approach to improving quality. In a two-year study under rainfed field conditions, as well as farmer cultivation, we hypothesized that different chickpea varieties would be fertilized with zinc and compared to controls. A randomized complete block experimental design with three replications in split plot arrangements was used. Ten chickpea varieties were chosen as main plots, with zinc treatments as split plots. There were significant differences between its varieties, according to the results. For example, the best result in 2012 was obtained from zinc application of Uzunlu-99 variety with 51.00 mg kg-1, and the best result in 2013 was obtained from zinc application of 64.33 mg kg-1 ILC-195. Furthermore, our findings indicated that zinc fertilizing crops such as chickpeas for better biofortification in zinc-deficient soils. When the average values are considered, our experiment concludes that zinc fertilizer application increased the concentration of zinc in grain.

Author (S) Details

Meral A. Koca
Kayseri Directorate of Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, Kayseri, Turkey.

Prof. Dr. M. Sait Adak
Field Crops Department, Faculty of Agricultural, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.

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Studies of Mistletoe Presence on Five Tree Species of Samaru Area, Nigeria | Chapter 7 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 1

 Mistletoe infestations on trees require immediate attention because they reduce the vigor of tree growth and reproduction. There are few or no records on the type of mistletoe species found parasitic on tree species in Samaru. The study aimed to determine the different species of mistletoe parasitic on Albizzia lebbeck, Citrus grandis, Khaya senegalensis, Terminalia mantaly, and Terminalia catappa within Samaru, Nigeria, in order to document and know the species richness of mistletoe within this region. Based on the presence of the studied species and mistletoe infection of the trees, the study site was divided into four sampling areas. The study found that A. lebbeck was infected by six different species of mistletoe from all sampling areas: Tapinanthus dodoneifolius, Tapinanthus globiferus, Globimetula braunii, Globimetula oreophila, Englerina lecardii, and Tapinanthus belvisii; C. grandis, T. catappa, and T. mantaly each had four different species found parasit A. lebbeck had the most mistletoe species found parasitic on it, while K. senegalensis had the fewest. The most common were G. braunii and T. globiferus. In the study area, common mistletoe species were found parasitic on all of the targeted host trees, whereas T. dodoneifolius was found parasitic only on A. lebbeck and T. catappa, and E. lecardii was found parasitic only on A. lebbeck and C. grandis. In conclusion, A. lebbeck was the most vulnerable to mistletoe attack in the study area, while G. braunii and T. globiferus were less host specific.

Author (S) Details

Tizhe Tari Dlama
Department of Botany, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria.

Prof. Alonge Samson Oluwagbemileke
Department of Botany, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria.

Aliyu Ramatu Enehezeyi
Department of Botany, Adamawa State University, Mubi, Nigeria.

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Soil Management Investment on Cassava Production in Oyo State, Nigeria | Chapter 6 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 1

 Using cross-sectional data, this study examines soil management investment in cassava production in Ido Local Government Area of Oyo State (Nigeria). Agriculture is a major economic sector in Nigeria, employing the vast majority of the population. Commercialization at the small, medium, and large scale enterprise levels is transforming the sector. Data were collected from 88 respondents using a structured questionnaire; four villages were chosen at random for the study. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive, mean, and multiple regression techniques. According to the findings, 84.1 percent of farmers were male, while 15.9 percent were female. 45.4 percent were between the ages of 21 and 30 years, 60.2 percent had 1-10 years of farming experience, and 33.0 percent had tertiary education. The most common soil management practices used by respondents were fertilizer and manure applications; 44.3 percent of farmers spent between N11,000 and N20,000 on soil management during the farming season. The regression analyses revealed that farm size and cassava output were both positively significant (= 0.203, p0.10) and (= 0.262, p0.01)1, respectively, whereas labor used was negatively significant (= -0.163, p0.01).  p0.10) to the level of soil management investment It was suggested, however, that farmers be better educated on appropriate soil management coping strategies. As a result, farmers should be encouraged by the government to improve their soil management system in order to increase productivity in the study area by providing formal credit facilities with no or low interest rates. It is suggested that policymakers assist farmers by providing agricultural credit and farm machinery at a subsidised rate, which could solve the problem of labor intensity and increase farmer productivity.

Author(s) Details

Isaac. O. Oyewo,
Federal College of Forestry (FRIN), P.M.B. 5087, Jericho Hill, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Dr. Adejare. A. Adesope
Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5054, Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Esther. O. O. Ladipupo-Alade
Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria, P.M.B. 5054, Jericho, Ibadan, Nigeria.

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Soil pH Interference in the Behavior of Weak Acid Herbicides | Chapter 5 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 1

 Herbicides derived from weak acids can be affected in their sorptive capacity when they interact with soil pH. As a result, when their pH rises, they can reduce their sorption in the soil and increase their leaching. This increases the herbicide's bioavailability in the soil, resulting in a greater control effect on weeds and crop injuries. However, if there is rain, the herbicide may be transported by leaching in the soil profile to the deeper layers of the active seed bank, reducing weed control. Given the foregoing, it is critical to investigate the interactions with soil pH in risk assessment and agronomic procedures. The analysis of the herbicide's behavior in the soil, as well as the correct positioning of the product in chemical management. This chapter explains how the pH of the soil can affect the behavior of weak acidic herbicides in a chemically understandable way for agrarian scientists. The difference in electric charges of ionized herbicides and colloids was critical in understanding how these interactions occur, which are influenced by soil type and pH. Finally, it is expected that professionals who work with herbicides will be able to better understand some of the interactions of herbicide chemical molecules with soil and make appropriate recommendations.

Author (S) Details

Levi Andres Bonilla Rave
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

Kassio Ferreira Mendes
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

Daniela Margarita Echeverri Delgadillo
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

Dilma Francisca de Paula
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

Adalin Cezar Moraes de Aguiar
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

Antonio Alberto da Silva
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

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Cartographic Approach in Studying Landscape Morphology and Dynamics in Northwestern Part of Western Siberia | Chapter 4 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 1

 The structure and dynamics of geosystems: plants of forest and bogs in the northwestern part of Western Siberia are studied using the Kazym-Lyamin interfluve, which is based on a landscape assessment map for the middle part of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous District. The landscape structural-dynamical approach and methods for studying the spatio-temporal dynamics of taiga geosystems were used in this study. The development of a landscape assessment map for Asian Russia is high on the cartographic agenda of the V. B. Sochava Institute of Geography SB RAS. Landsat-5 TM and the Hansen mosaic will be used in GIS MultiS-pec and Qgis for the methodical research. A topographic, geomorphologic, and forest analysis is also performed. 1:200,000 maps, profiles characterizing lithology, field data of geobotanical and soil descriptions, and experimental permanent station operations The technique and results of studying the landscape structure of the north-west of Western Siberia on the basis of the Hansen mosaic dataset, which contains elements covering the entire Earth's surface, are presented. The map legend depicts the landscape structure of this area and its hierarchical subordination in terms of groups of facies that are combined into regional-typological classification units: groups of geoms, classes, and types of natural environment. Landscape mapping and planning will aid in the timely prevention and forecasting of the magnitudes of disturbances to the natural environment, and will serve as the foundation for a package of optimal nature-conservation measures as well as target-oriented technogenic and anthropogenic impacts.

Author (S) Details

Ekaterina Kuzmenko
Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, Irkutsk, Russia.

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Techniques for Amelioration of Trace Metal Contaminated Soils | Chapter 3 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 1

 Trace metals are present in small amounts in the environment and are ubiquitous. The geological substrate is typically the primary reservoir of trace elements, followed by the oceans, soil, biota, and atmosphere. Trace metal contamination refers to their anthropogenic accumulation, which may or may not cause harm to the system or organism. Soil is an essential component of natural ecosystems because environmental sustainability is heavily reliant on a healthy ecosystem. Pollutants, unlike other environmental components, have a long residence time in soil. As a result, soil acts as a sink or filter, accumulating pollutants quickly but depleting them slowly. Effective heavy metal accumulation monitoring necessitates knowledge of the toxicity threshold limits of these metals in soils, plants, and animals, including humans. By planning metal loading rates in such a way that phyto-/zoo-toxic limits of the metals are not exceeded, these toxicity limits serve a dual purpose of maintaining both soil and crop productivity. Soil remediation is the process of returning soil to a state of ecological stability. It supports or is supported to condition prior to disturbance, along with the establishment of plant communities. Phytoremediation, which refers to the use of green plants and their associated microbiota for the in-situ treatment of contaminated soil, is a term used to describe plant-based bioremediation technologies. Plants have three basic strategies for growing in metal-contaminated soil, and they are classified as metal excluders, metal indicators, and metal hyperaccumulators based on this. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria increase the capacity of plants to sequester heavy metals by recycling nutrients, maintaining soil structure, detoxifying chemicals, and controlling pests. while reducing heavy metal toxicity by altering their bioavailability Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are soil microorganisms that form mutual symbiotic relationships with the majority of higher plants, establishing a direct physical link between soil and plant roots. The fungi can hasten the regeneration of severely degraded lands, such as coal mines or waste sites with high levels of heavy metals. Traditionally, contaminated soils have been improved with amendments such as lime, phosphate, and organic matter. In general, the addition of lime reduces the bioavailability of heavy metals.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Amrit Kumar Jha
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Birsa Agricultural University), Sahibganj-816109 (Jharkhand), India.

Mr. Kaushik Chatterjee
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Birsa Agricultural University), Sahibganj-816109 (Jharkhand), India.

Dr. Birendra Kumar Mehta
Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Birsa Agricultural University), Sahibganj-816109 (Jharkhand), India.

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Greenhouse Evaporation Measuring Methods for Estimation of Reference Evapotranspiration | Chapter 2 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 1

 Various methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) within greenhouses are used due to the large area occupied by a Class A pan. The depth of evapotranspiration is influenced by spatial changes. The findings of the research on what pan coefficient (Kp) should be used inside the greenhouse are inconclusive. As a result, the primary goal of the study was to compare ETo calculated by different methods inside and outside of a greenhouse. A Class A pan (CAPi), a reduced pan (RPi60cm), and a reduced pan (RPi20cm) were installed inside a greenhouse, and another Class A pan (CAPi) was installed outside. Outside, a pan (CAPo) was installed. ETo estimates obtained by CAPi, RPi60cm, and RPi20cm were 54%, 57%, and 59% of those estimated by CAPo, respectively. A simple linear regression revealed R = 0.76 for the CAPo x CAPi, R = 0.96 for the CAPi and the RPi60cm, and R = 0.98 for the CAPi and the RPi 20cm. For the specific conditions in this study, it is recommended that a reduced pan be used as a replacement for the class A pan to estimate ETo inside the greenhouse, as long as the equations adjusted in this experiment are used. The study discovered that reduced pans can be used to estimate ETo inside the greenhouse, and that replacing reduced pans increases the amount of greenhouse area available for cultivation.

Author (S) Details

E. Sujitha
Institute of Agriculture, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kulmulur, Trichy, India.

K. Shanmugasundaram
Department of Basic Engineering & Applied Sciences, Agriculture Engineering College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Kumulur, Trichy, India.

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Determination of the Critical Level and Development of Phosphorus Fertilizer According to the Soil Test in the Rape Dry Farming of Canola (Brassica napus L) | Chapter 1 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 1

 For determining the critical level and development of phosphorus fertilizer required for canola “Brassica napus L” Hayola 401 figure based on the soil test in the dry framing 16 tests in four places and in each place four tests in four groups of phosphorus usable in the soil (less than 3 ppm, 3-6 ppm, 6- 10 ppm, and more than 10 ppm)p in the form of Randomized complete blocks design with four For two agricultural years, phosphorus fertilizer treatments (0, 25, 50, 75 kilograms of P2O5 per acre) from triple super phosphate sources were used in four repetitions (2008-2010). According to the findings, the critical level of soil phosphorus for Kate - Nelson, the economic outlook, and the Mitcherlich equation is 7, 6, 9 / 4 ppm. The fertility index degrees in soil phosphorous groups were determined to be (less than 3 ppm, 3-5 ppm, 5-7 ppm, and more than 7 ppm) respectively (60, 44, 25, 0 kgs P2O5 in acres).

Author (S) Details

Dr. Ebrahim. Fatahi Nejad
Department of Soil Sciences, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Behbahan, Iran.

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Drinking Water Quality Assessment Using Water Quality Index in Ado-Ekiti and Environs, Nigeria | Chapter 10 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 Water quality is a description of water's chemical, physical, and biological properties in relation to its intended use(s) and a set of standards. Water quality has deteriorated as a result of pollution from both point and non-point sources. As a result, any specific source's water quality can be investigated using physical, chemical, and/or microbiological parameters. The term water quality index (WQI), which is a rating reflecting the composite influence of different water quality parameters, is one of the most effective tools for communicating information on water quality. The Water Quality Index (WQI) provides a single number that expresses the overall water quality at a specific location. Nigeria employs the Water Quality Index (WQI). Between January and August 2014, researchers at the Department of Microbiology at Ekiti State University in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria, used an experimental study design. Among several developed water quality indices, the study used the Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI) method, which categorizes water quality based on purity. The WAWQI was calculated using physicochemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids, turbidity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sulphate, chloride, and nitrate. Standard methods were used to determine the parameters. The calculated WAWQI values for borehole, stream, pipe-borne, well, spring, and packaged water samples were 54.16, 65.12, 67.46, 56.29, 46.08, and 49.59, respectively. This result indicates that the analyzed water samples from various sources had poor water quality, with the exception of spring and packaged water samples, which have good physico-chemical qualities and are thus safe for human consumption.

Author (S) Details

Busayo Mutiat Olowe
Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Jacob O. Oluyege
Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Oladiran Famurewa
Department of Microbiology, Ekiti State University, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

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Characteristics of Bovine and Ovine Whey Protein Concentrates Obtained by Ultrafiltration and Diafiltration Using Different Configuration Processes | Chapter 9 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 The purpose of this study was to produce liquid and dry whey protein concentrates from bovine and ovine cheese whey from small and medium cheese manufacturing plants (LWPC and WPC). Because of the flexibility provided by batch ultrafiltration (UF) and diafiltration (DF), liquid bovine WPC with protein contents ranging from 43 to 66 percent (dry basis) and ovine WPC with protein contents ranging from 61 to 87 percent (dry basis) were produced (dry basis). Diafiltration in sequential dilution mode (DFsdm) did not significantly improve the composition of WPC liquid products when compared to conventional UF results. Using DF in volume reduction mode is superior to traditional UF (DFvrm) increased protein content by more than 20% Because ovine products have a higher protein content (62-84 percent on a dry basis), they are more appealing for manufacturing. Protein profiles differed depending on the origin of the whey and the concentration process. In comparison to the DFsdm mode, batch DFvrm produced richer protein products free of low molecular weight compounds. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the use of membrane technology enables the recovery and direct valorization of whey components in medium and small cheese companies, thereby resolving environmental issues and contributing to the circular economy.

Author(s) Details

Marta Helena Fernandes Henriques
Department of Food Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Coimbra, Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3040-601 Coimbra, Portugal and Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima – Pólo II, 3040-316 Coimbra, Portugal.

Carlos José Dias Pereira
Department of Food Science and Technology, Polytechnic of Coimbra, Agriculture School, Bencanta, 3040-601 Coimbra, Portugal.

Maria Helena Mendes Gil
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rua Sílvio Lima – Pólo II, 3040-316 Coimbra, Portugal.


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Study on Internal Structure Characterization of Nanoholes and Densely Branched Morphology Thin Films | Chapter 8 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 The internal structures of thin films prepared from a long chain polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) diblock copolymer with nanoholes and densely branched morphologies were studied. The thickness of the lamellar mesophase repeat unit and the orientation of the PEO crystalline chain stems within the thin film were determined using grazing-incidence small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS & GIWAXS). The surface morphologies measured by atomic force microscopy were linked to the dimensions and orientations of the internal structures. The film thicknesses for the nanoholes morphology were discovered to deviate from an integer multiple of the diblock copolymer lamellar units (70 nm), promoting the hole textures. Dewetted architectures were obtained by annealing freshly prepared films at an elevated temperature in a toluene/water vapour environment. Following this, some PEO chains crystallized within the dewetted large holes, resulting in a densely branched morphology (DBM). The crystalline chain stems of the crystalline lamellar were found to be roughly perpendicular to the film substrate with thicknesses of about 10 nm within the dewetted large holes. This corresponds to the diffusion-limited aggregated model.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Charles Darko
Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, M13 9PL, Manchester, United Kingdom.

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Chemical Engineering Processes Stability Theory | Chapter 7 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 It is presented a theoretical analysis of the stability of non-equilibrium chemical engineering processes. A unified approach is proposed for the development of mathematical models of systems that allow for the determination of the velocities at which the systems move to their thermodynamic equilibriums and their application to mathematical analysis of system velocities stability. Mathematical stability theory, evolution (autonomous) equations, bifurcation theory (stable focuses, stable cycles), parameter eigenvalues, and eigenfunctions are used for this purpose.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Christo Boyadjiev
Institute of Chemical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria, Balkans.

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Study on Simultaneous Determination of Halogen Compounds and Sulfur Oxides in Flue Gas by Using Ion Chromatography | Chapter 6 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 Ion chromatography (IC) is an appropriate analytical method for determining anions. JIS includes analytical procedures for halogen compounds in flue gas for bromine, fluorine, chlorine (Cl2), and hydrogen chloride (HCl). JIS has not adopted IC, with the exception of HCl and Cl2. Because carbon dioxide in flue gas is absorbed as an absorber in a 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution, it interferes with the measurement of F- and Cl- ions. This study describes the development of IC's pretreatment equipment for flue gas analysis, as well as its applications to real-world flue gas analysis. The F-, Cl-, Br-, and SO42- in the absorbing solution can be clearly separated by IC using the pretreatment apparatus. In real-world flue gas, IC can detect halogen chemicals and sulphur oxides at the same time. The Japanese Industrial Standard has adopted this method (JIS K 0105, JIS K 0085)

Author(s) Details

Nonomura Makoto
Evaluation Research Institute for Environmental Technology, 2954-1-107, Togasaki, Misato-shi, Saitama341-0044, Japan.

Kurita Keiko
Department of Resource and Environmental Group, Tokyo Metropolitan Industrial Technology Research Institute, 3-13-10, Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-8586, Japan.

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Optimization and Fuel Properties of Water Degummed Linseed Biodiesel from Transesterification Process | Chapter 5 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 Because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources such as vegetable oil and animal fats by reacting them with short chain alcohols, biodiesel has grown in popularity as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The current study focuses on the optimization of water degummed Linseed biodiesel from the transesterification process, which involves the exchange of an ester's organic group R" with the organic group of alcohol R', which is often catalyzed by the addition of an acid or base catalyst. The maximum recovery of biodiesel yield was observed at the optimum operating conditions (0.8 percent catalyst amount NaOH, reaction time 1 hour, and reaction temperature 60°C). In comparison to conventional diesel fuel properties, particularly kinematic viscosity and carbon residue, oil must be purified through the degumming process before use in biodiesel production. This paper discusses the effect of degumming on the fuel properties of water degummed Linseed methyl ester and their various diesel blends.

Author (S) Details

Sankalp Dixit
DBI Construction Consultants LLC, New York, U.S.A.

Dr. Savita Dixit
Chemistry Department, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Chitosan-silica- polyethylene Glycol (Ch/Si/P) Solid Membrane for Removal of Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions | Chapter 4 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 Chitosan is thought to be an interesting raw material for membrane production because it has functional groups of –NH2 and –OH that are easily modified. The chitosan membrane has flaws such as low mechanical properties. To compensate for these flaws, silica is added during the chitosan membrane synthesis process to improve chitosan membrane stability. Plasticizer is used in the membrane synthesis process to improve mechanical properties, maintain integrality, and avoid holes and cracks. The addition of a polyethylene glycol plasticizer is expected to significantly increase the physical and mechanical properties, as well as the hydrophilic properties, of the membrane surface, allowing metal ion remedy to easily diffuse through the chitosan-silica-PEG membrane. In this study, chitosan-silica-PEG (Ch/Si/P) membrane synthesis is performed using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a silica source, and the membrane is then used as an adsorbent for the ions Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) by batch method. According to research, batch adsorption to all membranes has an optimum pH for metal ions Cu(II) and Zn(II) = 6, Cd(II) = 5.5. The adsorption of the ions Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) in membranes follows the Langmuir isotherm model. In general, the ability of the Ch membrane to adsorb all adsorption metal ions increases with the addition of silica or PEG. In order, the adsorption capacity values for the ions Cu(II), Zn(II), and Cd(II) for the Ch/Si/P membrane are 262, 183, and 107 mol/g. In general, in adsorption kinetic data, the coefficient score of R2 linearity is higher in the second order of the pseudo kinetic model.

Author (S) Details

F. W. Mahatmanti
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, 50229, Indonesia.

E. Kusumastuti
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Semarang, 50229, Indonesia.

W. D. P. Rengga
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, 50229, Indonesia.

Nuryono
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 55281, Indonesia.

D. Siswanta
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada, 55281, Indonesia.

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Exploration of Newer Possibilities to the Synthesis of Diazepine and Quinoline Carboxylic Acid Substituted Analogues of Benzothiazolo Condensed Oxocarbazoles and Oxoazacarbazoles of Medicinal Interest | Chapter 3 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 Chemists have been drawn to heterocyclic systems containing benzothiazoles, carbazole (and azacarbazole) moieties because these nuclei have been identified in the literature as the most promising pharmacophores in drug design and synthesis. Based on these findings, it is reasonable to expect that incorporating the bioactive azepine and quinoline moiety into the molecular framework of benzothiazoles fused to carbazole (and azacarbazoles) would result in an intriguing series of compounds 9-12 with enhanced biological activities, the structure of which was unequivocally established by micro analyses and spectral data.

Author (S) Details

Vatsala Soni
Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India.

Dr. Meenakshi Sharma
Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Banasthali, 304022, Rajasthan, India.

Vaishali Soni
SKRAU, Bikaner, Raj, 334001, India.

Shiv Lal Soni
PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160012, India.

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Time Dependent Aspects of Adsorption: Evaluating the Lifetimes within the Hysteresis Loop | Chapter 2 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 When fluids adsorb in mesoporous material in contact with a vapour reservoir, the phenomenon of hysteresis occurs frequently. It piques my interest because it appears to contradict thermodynamics, which states that a system's response to a set of boundary conditions is unique, regardless of the system's history. It is, on the other hand, reproducible in experiments and through all computer simulation methods. Many authors have proposed that either or both branches of a double valued adsorption isotherm must be metastable in order to solve this problem. A metastable condition is distinguished by a finite lifetime against decay into the ground state. However, there is no experimental evidence that the adsorption isotherm within the hysteresis loop is time dependent, and we are unaware of any attempt in the literature to estimate the lifetime of either of the adsorption isotherm branches using computer simulation. We present a reliable estimate for the lifetime of the states within the hysteresis loop in this contribution. We discover that even the shortest lived states have lifetimes that are several times the age of the universe and, as a result, are practically stable states. As a result, the concept of bistability (or, in some cases, multistability) appears appropriate for describing the adsorptio hysteresis loop. Certain thermodynamic laws clearly do not apply to confined systems. For the first time, the current work attempts to formulate a time dependent theory for confined thermodynamics, allowing access to the lifetime of states within the hysteresis loop. Certain thermodynamic laws clearly do not apply to confined systems. For the first time, the current work attempts to formulate a time dependent theory for confined thermodynamics, allowing access to the lifetime of states within the hysteresis loop.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Harald Morgner
Wilhelm Ostwald Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University Leipzig, Linnéstreet 2, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.

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A New Theory and Its Applications: Fluids in Mesopores | Chapter 1 | Challenges and Advances in Chemical Science Vol. 1

 Despite the fact that hysteresis in fluid adsorption in porous material has been known for over a century, the thermodynamic treatment of this phenomenon is still unknown. We propose that we recognize that thermodynamics is not designed to deal with constrained systems and develop a new set of rules to explain their behavior. This suggestion is based on a large number of simulation calculations. In this field, the simulation method has been shown to describe both static and dynamic processes [1]. The newly proposed theory accounts for the occurrence of hysteresis while avoiding inconsistencies. It will also be demonstrated that the theory allows for the simulation of diffusional and convective processes. Convectional transport (nanofluidics) by a unified ansatz without the need for phenomenological parameters to introduce capillary forces (surface or interface tensions). The possibility of practical application is discussed in the study's second section. The new ideas, it turns out, pave the way for better applications by allowing the use of unique states of matter observed in porous systems. We'll focus on the possibility of driving a fluid in a pore into negative-pressure states under static conditions. as well as dynamic settings It turns out that states with negative pressure can be controlled in a reproducible manner. Since Torricelli's time, negative pressure states have been understood in principle, and they have been investigated as experimentally accessible conditions in the literature. Despite this, they have yet to be translated into functional utility, most likely due to the concept of their metastability in macroscopic systems. The topic of metastability has received a lot of attention in the literature. Controlling chemical reactions as well as new routes to efficient separation processes that are difficult to handle using conventional techniques are examples of possible applications.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Harald Morgner
Wilhelm-Ostwald Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.

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A Descriptive Study on Nesting Patterns of Raptors; White Backed Vulture (Gyps africanus) and African Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), in Lochinvar National Park on the Kafue Flats, Zambia | Chapter 9 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 5

 This study looked at the nesting habits of raptors, specifically the White-backed vulture (Gyps africanus) and the African fish eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), in Lochinvar National Park in Zambia. The study's main goal was to see if tree species, height, girth size, and habitat influenced raptor nest placement within Lochinvar National Park. Two species were chosen to serve as ecological indicators for all raptors. Habitat types and tree species were identified, and tree species with nests were measured. The minimum height for nest placement was discovered to be 10 meters above ground, and Acacia woodland was discovered to be the most preferred habitat for nest placement. Raptors stayed away from human disturbance, such as roads, by locating their nests at least 100 meters away from human disturbance and from the National Park boundary inwards, or by abandoning the nest if human encroachment gets too close. The construction of new roads and buildings, as well as an increase in human activity in such habitats, may cause raptors to abandon their nests. New infrastructure in the National Park should avoid areas with a high density of raptor nests because raptors have been known to return to the same nest to lay eggs. More research is needed to evaluate the nesting materials used, as well as to determine whether raptors can swap nets or return to abandoned nests when human disturbance ceases.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Chansa Chomba
School of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Mulungushi University, P.O. Box 80415, Kabwe, Zambia.

Eneya M’Simuko
School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University, Kitwe, Zambia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V5/article/view/1833

Environmental Nexus: And You’ll Recognize Us by Our Places | Chapter 8 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 5

 This study looks at the locations of an urban zone within a Biosphere Reserve in southern Brazil, as well as the potential for synergy between their biological and social systems. It assumes: I that people's perceptions of their regional rootedness benefit sustainability; and (ii) that current progress in the conceptualization of "place" contributes to the pursuit of sustainability, because the concept's core factors deal specifically with the relationship between people and environment. This article investigates how people perceive real and imagined environments, as well as the various types of perception they elicit. Real places are thought to be socially constructed. and administration (public or private). In the field of Architecture-Urbanism, place is a built environmental form that has symbolic meaning for its users. The discipline is evolving toward a more thorough concern with the philosophical implications of places on phenomenological grounds as the paradigm shift from modernism to postmodernism occurs. Furthermore, because of the economic progress associated with place creation, the construction and marketing of new places are becoming widely recognized as powerful tools for fostering wealth and well-being. The combined private and public management of the region's places, as well as the restrained design they currently employ, are laying the groundwork for prosperous development, demonstrating wise use of regional resources. Overall, it appears that residents have learned to live in harmony with their surroundings. This suggests a clear manifestation of sustainable development that merits further investigation. Presumably, because it sits at the intersection of physical, social, economic, and behavioral sciences, the concept of place appears to be a promising approach to addressing long-term regional development planning issues.

Author (S) Details

Lineu Castello
School of Architecture, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite 320, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Marcos Petroli
School of Art, Design, and Architecture, Judson University, Harm A. Weber Acad. Center #408, Elgin, IL, USA.

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Advanced Study on a Contribution to the Epipelic Algal Ecology in Lotic Ecosystem of Iraq | Chapter 7 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 5

 The current project is concerned with the effects of epipelic algae on lotic ecosystems in Iraq. The current study focused on benthic diatoms in the AlShamiyah River. The river is adrift from industrial activities in Raq's southern reagion. During the period March 2013 to January 2014, four sites along the river were chosen for sampling. A total of 173 epipelic diatom species were identified. Pennate diatoms predominated and accounted for approximately 92.49 percent of the total diatoms. The total number of diatoms per cm2 ranged from 185.1 to 422.34 Cell x104/cm2. Achnanthes affinis Grunow, Achnanthes mintussima Küetzing, Cocconeis placentula var. euglypta (Ehr) Cleve, Cymbella affinis Küetzing, Diatoma vulgare Bory, Fragilaria capucina Desmazieres, Gomphonema angustatum var. productu Grun., Gomphonema angustatum Nitzschia palea [Kutz], Navicula lanceolata (Ag.) Kuetzing, Navicula radiosa Küetzing, Navicula viridula Küetzing, Nitzschia lanceolata (Ag.) Kuetzing Grunow, Nitzschia romana, W. Smith The physicochemical conditions and epipelic algal community indicated that the river's water was clean to moderate in quality.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Fikrat M. Hassan
Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10070, Iraq.

Bahram K. Maulood
Scientific Consultant Presidency of Kurdistan Regional Government, Erbil, Iraq.

Ali Obaid Shaawiat
Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq

Abbas M. Ismail
Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10070, Iraq.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V5/article/view/1831

Impact of Innovated Per Adult Human Unit Method (PAHUM) vs. Error Bound Per Capita (PC): Recalibration of EU and Developing Countries (India), Family/ Households’ Population, Food Security and Environmental Sustainability | Chapter 6 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 5

 The UNSDGs (United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG2) agenda and Communication of the Lisbon Strategy of the EU set out an integrated package of measures to deliver more sustainable consumption (including food), better environmental protection, and correct population, production/consumption evaluations (e.g., cereal) by using appropriate and more meaningful methods, UNITS that are required. Observations and findings indicate a lack of harmonization of definitions and regulations pertaining to how data are obtained, and the method/criteria/UNIT (i.e., PC, AE) presented further complicates matters. combining and comparing data from various countries and regions, including family/household evaluations Failure to recognize and address the issues inherent in error bound PC (19.4 percentage unit error), “one-size-fits-all accept or reject” approach in food (organic/conventional) & other goods consumption calculations & projections of the target populations (which are simple to use) may result in erroneous production & consumption projections, as well as CO2 emission projections. To meet the aforementioned challenges, a radical shift in global organic/conventional food system evaluation methods is required. PAHUM, or Age and Gender Corrected Per Capita, is the state of the art in innovative PAHUM. The purpose of the (PCagc) (Copyright1989-USA) is to assess the demographic structure, consumer, and present/future food (Cereal) consumption potential of the EU28 and developing countries. PAHUM focuses on research with a systems approach, contributing to the development of tomorrow's food systems, including CO2 emissions-biodiversity relationships, as well as the unanticipated consequences of PC cereal (grain) consumption/production evaluations and comparisons of families, households from developed and developing countries. PAHUM analysis revealed that we are overestimating major food (cereal) consumption/production projections on a per capita basis. We must think about and ask questions about continuous use error bound PC – metric evaluation.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Sumer Hasimoglu
Retired Academician and Independent Researcher, Schwerin 19053, MV, Germany.

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An Opinion Poll for the Establishment of a Bioethanol Plant Utilizing Local Resources and a Fuzzy Inference System: An Advance Study | Chapter 5 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 5

 Sorghum bicolor (sweet sorghum) cultivation is currently one of the most promising energy crops for bioethanol production. A public opinion poll was conducted to determine whether or not a bioethanol plant should be built using local resources such as sweet sorghum cultivation and zeolite deposits. The heads of selected Trigono Municipality households gathered data (Evros, Greece). Face-to-face interviews and questionnaire filling were conducted using simple random sampling. It was estimated that 44,778-55,971 acres of sweet sorghum should be planted in order to produce enough bioethanol in a bioethanol plant capable of producing 120,000-150,000 tonnes of bioethanol per year. Furthermore, an optimal solution was estimated in this paper using Matlab's Fuzzy Logic Toolbox (Intelligent system), which is formulated as follows: "the bioethanol plant absorbing the sweet sorghum output of a cultivating area of 46,600 acres and operating 12 hours/day will generate 125,000 tonnes of bioethanol annually."

Author (S) Details

Dr. M. N. Tsatiris
Department of Forestry and Management of the Environment and Natural Resources, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada 68200, Greece.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V5/article/view/1829

Understanding Land–Atmosphere–Climate Coupling Using Data from the Canadian Prairies | Chapter 4 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 5

 For the past 60 years, analysis of the unique hourly Canadian Prairie data has transformed our quantitative understanding of land–atmosphere–cloud coupling at northern latitudes. The Canadian Prairie data is exceptional because observers at most major airports were trained to estimate the opaque cloud fraction in tenths, by cloud level, and in total on an hourly basis. Following the same protocol for 60 years at all stations, these trained observers made hourly estimates of the opaque cloud fraction that obscured the sun, moon, or stars. These 24 daily estimates of opaque cloud data are good enough to be calibrated against the Baseline Surface Radiation Network. data to produce daily short-wave, long-wave, and total cloud forcing climatology (SWCF, LWCF and CF, respectively). This critical cloud radiative forcing was previously unavailable for surface climate datasets. When reflective snow reduces the negative SWCF below the positive LWCF, the sign of net cloud radiative forcing changes from negative to positive in the warm season. As a result, there is a significant climate discontinuity with snow cover, with a systematic cooling of 10°C or more with snow cover. Furthermore, snow cover modifies the relationship between cloud cover and the diurnal temperature range. The diurnal temperature, relative humidity, equivalent potential temperature, and pressure height of the lifting condensation level are all tightly coupled to the opaque cloud cover during the warm season. With over 600 station-years of hourly data, we are able to extract, possibly for the first time, the coupling between cloud forcing and the diurnal cycle's warm season imbalance, which changes monotonically from a warming and drying under clear skies to a cooling and moistening under cloudy skies with precipitation. Because we have a large daily cloud radiative forcing, we can demonstrate that the memory of water storage anomalies, The memory of snowfall in spring extends back through the entire winter, and the memory of snowmelt in summer extends back to the months of snowmelt. Lagged precipitation anomalies change the thermodynamic coupling of the diurnal cycle to cloud forcing and shift the mixing ratio's diurnal cycle, which has a double peak. The seasonal extraction of surface total water storage dampens the interannual variability of precipitation anomalies in the growing season significantly. The large shift from summer fallow to intensive cropping, which peaked in the early 1990s, has resulted in a coupled climate response that has cooled and moistened the growing season while decreasing cloud-base. increasing the equivalent potential temperature and precipitation We depict a simplified energy balance of the Prairies during the growing season, as well as its reliance on reflective cloud.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Alan K. Betts
Atmospheric Research, Pittsford, VT 05763, USA.

Raymond L. Desjardins
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A0C6, Canada.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V5/article/view/1828

A Modelling Approaches for Vortex Theory and Earth Dynamics | Chapter 3 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 5

 Morphological evidence from active tectonic areas with subcircular geometries suggests that these geometries are the result of mechanisms other than those described by translational dynamics of complex faults. Endogenic forces, particularly convection currents, have yet to be fully explained. Under certain conditions and due to Coriolis Force, magma upwelling from the mantle, which differs in density from upward flows developing in the atmosphere and in water, can trigger endogenic vortexes. At their onset and ascent phases, vortexes apply lateral forces as a result of rotation, opening their way toward the surface and eventually stabilizing the channel. as opposed to a Vortex flows unload materials from the outside and compact them on the channel's lateral surface, making it more regular and stable. Rising linear flow compacts overlaying materials, inhibiting surge; vortex flows unload materials from the outside and compact them on the channel's lateral surface, making it more regular and stable. Torsional movements on the surface can be seen associated with volcanites, lateral ramps, and subcircular elevations. Another phenomenon that could be caused by vortex dynamics is volcanic cones with pseudo-rotations in the morphologies surrounding the crater. In this paper, we propose a model for a vortex theory that could explain Earth dynamics in terms of spiraling movement and magma upwelling stabilizing over time.

Author (S) Details

Valentino Straser
UPKL Department of Science, Environment and Energy, 4 Brussels, Belgium.

Alessandro Ferrari
Sant’Ilario d’Enza, Italy.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V5/article/view/1827

Determining the Pancreatic Arginase Activity and α- Amylase Levels in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Alcoholic Pancreatitis | Chapter 2 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 5

 Arginase, a regenerative enzyme found in the endocrine pancreas, participates in insulin metabolism as well as regenerative processes during polyamine formation. High levels of -amylase have been linked to pancreatic damage. The purpose of this study was to see how arginase and -amylase functioned in the pancreas of people with type 2 diabetes and those who had alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis. Arginase and -amylase activities in pancreatic tissue were measured in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus or acute pancreatitis without pancreatic diabetes. The results were compared to those of a control group. Our findings show that diabetic pancreas has higher arginase activity than controls, whereas pancreatitis tissues have lower arginase activity (P 0.05). The activity of a-amylase was higher in the pancreas of type 2 diabetes patients than in the pancreas of acute pancreatitis patients. Rather than being a source of damage mediators, increased arginase activity in type 2 diabetes patients may be associated with an effort to reclaim endocrine pancreatic function. Because pancreatitis causes acinar damage, resulting in the release of a-amylase, this enzyme was found to be higher in diabetic pancreatic tissue than in nondiabetic pancreatic tissue.

Author (S) Details

José D. Méndez
Medical Research Unit in Metabolic Diseases, Cardiology Hospital, National Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, México.

Roberto De Haro
Medicine Section, Iztacala Faculty, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, State of Mexico, 54090, Mexico.

Verna Méndez-Valenzuela
General Hospital 49, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Los Moch, México.

Jorge L. Ble-Castillo
Research Station in DACS. Juárez Autonomous University of Tabasco, Avenida Gregorio Méndez 2890 Colonia Tamulte. 86100. Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico.

Hector O. Rubio
Faculty of Zootechnology and Ecology, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Periferico Francisco R. Almada, Km 1, CP: 31453. Chihuahua, México.

View  Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V5/article/view/1826

Studies on Global Photosynthesis and Its Regulatory Role in Natural Carbon Cycle | Chapter 1 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 5

 Global photosynthesis in large systems is demonstrated to be a generalized photosynthesis of an ensemble of photosynthesizing organisms that comprise the system at a given time. Global photosynthesis possesses all of the characteristics of individual organism photosynthesis. They are as follows: 1) the presence of two reciprocal photosynthetic processes—CO2 assimilation and photorespiration; and 2) the ability to enhance or weaken the above processes depending on the CO2 concentration. /O2 concentration ratio in the environment; and 3) the ability to separate carbon isotopes during metabolic processes. At the same time, because global photosynthesis participates in global carbon turnover, it has three characteristics that distinguish it from individual organism photosynthesis. They are as follows: 1) a spontaneous strive to a stationary state in the ecological compensation point; 2) a stepwise nature of evolution; and 3) the inability to undergo ontogenetic changes. It is demonstrated that global photosynthesis can be described using an equation that is also suitable for describing photosynthesis in an individual organism. The elements that contribute to the carbon isotope composition of the on the CO2/O2 concentration ratio, which is determined by environmental and climatic factors in the location at the time. Thus, the analysis of facial isotopic differences in sedimentary organic matter takes into account the specific features of its carbon isotope composition caused by both the initial conditions of photosynthesis at the stage of existence of "living matter" and the conditions of its further transformation in sediments. Taking into account the known mechanism of “living matter” transformation in sediments, the observed isotopic differences between organic matter and genetically related petroleum, which are obviously the same age, can be elucidated. because the aforementioned differences are completely masked by the isotopic differences of lipid and carbohydrate - protein fractions Sedimentary organic matter of various ages is distinguished by temporal isotope differences (related to different orogenic cycles). They are caused by variations in oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere as a result of photosynthesis evolution. The regulatory role of global photosynthesis in driving the global carbon cycle to a stationary state at the ecological compensation point.

Author (S) Details

A. A. Ivlev
Russian State Agrarian University of K.A. Timiryazev, Moscow, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V5/article/view/1825

Evaluation of Social Sustainability and QoL in Residential Neighborhoods of Baku City | Chapter 11 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 2

 Within the city, the actual processing of neighborhood transformation is segregation based on economic status. Since 2017, new rich-people districts in Baku have emerged, with the territory generally physically limited by high fences. Following that, there is clearly a growing process of dissatisfaction among the middle and creative classes of people. Most people agree that cities are places where a large number of people live and work; they are administrative, commercial, and residential centers. The subset of sustainability impacts that directly affect people in a community, such as economic development, affordability, public health, social equity, and pollution exposure, is referred to as livability. The study of the social environment (SE) and sustainability in Baku City's residential neighborhoods (RN) was undertaken as expertise for the Baku Masterplan 2020-2040, which was developed in response to a request from the Azerbaijan State Committee of Architecture and Urban Planning. The study's goal was to review the current stage of master plan development and its strategy to support or direct toward the aspiration of being sustainable residential neighborhoods by improving QoL. Another goal was to investigate the impact of the social environment, culture, and energy conservation on the QoL happiness of Baku residents. Despite the obvious diversity of residential areas, the research presented here attempted to compile The information gathered during the Baku Strategic Planning Process aids in determining existing urban development trends and the exploration of re-generable solutions. The information gathered during the Baku Strategic Planning Process aids in determining existing urban development trends and exploring re-generable solutions.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Emir Fikret Huseynov
Azerbaijan University of Architectural and Construction, Azerbaijan.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/STHSS-V2/article/view/1810

Student Reflective Practices | Chapter 10 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 2

 Scholars have long advocated for reflective practices for professionals and students. However, it is unclear whether significant attention has been paid to determining whether students have an inherent proclivity for the practice of reflection. A study was conducted to determine whether students have a proclivity for reflection and, if so, how that proclivity manifests itself. Furthermore, using Seagal and Horne's Human Dynamics model, an attempt is made to determine whether specific dynamics employ different reflective strategies.

Author (S) Details

Herbert Rau
Department of Business and Economics, Utica College, P.O. Box 1904, Bethel, Maine 04217-1904, Utica, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/STHSS-V2/article/view/1809

Capacity Building of ASHA at the Monthly Meeting Platforms IN PHC and CHC in Uttar Pradesh, India | Chapter 9 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 2

 Introduction: Women community health workers have been identified as a key strategy for addressing the emerging shortage of health workers in developing countries. The ASHAs are established by the state as part of the Government of India's National Rural Health Mission to provide health care at the grassroots level. Capacity-building initiatives and the empowerment of local women are critical for the effective delivery of health care to a large portion of the rural population. The current study investigates some of the critical variables of capacity building initiatives at monthly meeting platforms at CHC/PHC in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Research methodology: A total of four districts in Uttar Pradesh were purposefully chosen for the study, and data collection was carried out in the villages of the respective districts using a pre-tested structured interview schedule that included both closed-ended and open-ended questions. In addition, in-depth interviews with ASHAs were conducted, and a total of 250 respondents took part in the study. The monthly meetings at various PHCs in their respective districts were attended and benefited by a large majority (90 percent) of the ASHAs. The total duration of these meetings varied from 2-3 hours in each district, with the main agenda items being a review of daily work, training, and problem solving. Various other topics, such as cord care and new-born care, were also covered in the meetings; however, certain topics, such as interpersonal skills, gender, and equity, were not adequately addressed. Due to inaccessibility, Banda District in the Bundelkhand region reported difficulty and low attendance at meetings. Travel difficulties and frequent rescheduling of meetings The Health Education Officers were primarily in charge of facilitating these meetings in the four districts. The ASHAs cited the benefits of these meetings as increasing their confidence while working in the community, and the inputs also increased the required level of knowledge on various health issues. Simultaneously, they reported that their counseling skills and the quality of their home visits had improved. Conclusions: The process of ASHA capacity building in monthly meeting platforms could be viewed as an important strategy in developing the community health workforce. These meetings and training platforms are used to maximize their motivation, confidence, work skills, and the quality and quantity of their home visits. Meetings are more effective when topics such as regular guidance, work-related problem solving, record keeping, and activity documentation are discussed frequently.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Tridibesh Tripathy
Lucknow University, Lucknow, UP, India

Prof. Shankar Das
School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, India.

Anjali Tripathy
Water Aid, UP Office, Lucknow, India.

Dr. Rakesh Dwivedi
Centre for Advanced Studies in Social Work, Lucknow University, India.

Dr. Mohini Gautam
Centre for Advanced Studies in Social Work, Lucknow University, India.
View Book :-  https://stm.bookpi.org/STHSS-V2/article/view/1808

Assessment Techniques for Prospective Early Childhood Education Teachers: A Comparative Investigational Study in Greece and Cyprus | Chapter 8 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 2

 Assessment in preschool education is a multi-dimensional, intricate, ongoing, and dynamic process that necessitates the use of appropriate, innovative, effective, and alternative techniques because it benefits all entities involved in the educational process by providing a clear and visible picture of all the true dimensions of learning, functioning, and development. The current investigational approach's goal is to scrutinize the assessment. Techniques used by prospective educators in preschool education during their internships not only in Greece, but also in Cyprus. More specifically, a comparative study between the two groups was sought in order to establish not only their perspectives on the issue under discussion, but also the types of techniques chosen, as well as the frequency with which they are implemented. The structured self-report questionnaire, which included both closed-ended and explanatory open-ended questions, was used as a research tool. The research data emphasize the importance of assessment in preschool education and favor screening of children's development as the basic actualization of assessment. Furthermore, future instructors demonstrated a positive attitude and awareness of alternative assessment techniques, as well as recognition of their effectiveness in Kindergarten, despite their final limited actual implementation. Despite the limitations of the study, the findings serve as a springboard for further research on the subject, allowing for proposals and hypotheses pertaining to University Curricula in Early Childhood Education faculties on the enhancement of To be posed is the practical implementation of alternative assessment techniques into preschool education.

Author (S) Details

Maria Sakellariou
Department of Pre-School Education, University of Ioannina, Greece.

Polyxeni Mitsi
Department of Pre-School Education, University of Ioannina, Greece.

Panagiota Strati
Department of Pre-School Education, University of Ioannina, Greece.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/STHSS-V2/article/view/1807

An Exploratory Discourse on Labour Unrest and Industrial Peace | Chapter 7 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 2

 This exploratory conversation is about labor unrest and industrial peace. It was necessitated by the economic damage caused by industrial unrest and the urgent need to address the phenomenon. The country is dealing with the consequences of poor governance and financial illiteracy in the public sector. The inability to pay salaries and fund institutions is a frequent source of contention between the government and its employees. A situation in which those who teach future generations are denied a living wage, while political office holders and employers earn millions, both officially and unofficially, and teachers earn pennies, should be addressed. Employers and employees must work together to maintain a peaceful and harmonious relationship in order to improve productivity and sustain the nation's economic growth.

Author (s) Details

T. F. I. Nwanne
Department of Accounting/Finance, Godfrey Okoye Univesity, Nigeria.

V. E. Mogboh
Department of Educational Foundations, Godfrey Okoye University, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/STHSS-V2/article/view/1806

The Reflection on Architectural Discourse of 1920’s: Musical Urbanism between Radicalism and Tradition | Chapter 6 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 2

 Following World War I, a number of compositions emerged that addressed the phenomenon of the modern city by translating the clamorous sounds of urban surroundings and artistically expressing them through the medium of music. Because the rendering of poetic and esoteric moods unrelated to practical life was widely regarded as outmoded, musical preoccupation with modern architecture was primarily concerned with social aspects. such as people's circumstances, their emotional attachment to bygone conditions, and the search for orientation in a technologically dominated environment There are clear parallels with contemporary architectural debates in which the tension between modernism and traditionalism is also prominent. This article compares various country-specific concepts of musical urbanism, which manifests itself in compositional reflections on various aspects of modern urban architecture and urban life.

Author (S) Details

Prof. Dr. Florian Edler
University of the Arts Bremen, Faculty of Music, Bremen D-28195, Germany.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/STHSS-V2/article/view/1805

Morale and Job Satisfaction Levels among Teachers in Tanzania: A Case of Selected Public Secondary Schools in the Northern Zone | Chapter 5 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 2

 A case study was conducted on the role of extrinsic factors (hygiene factors) and socio-demographic factors in determining morale and job satisfaction among teachers in Tanzanian public secondary schools. Biographical variables such as teachers' age, gender, marital status, and work experience were investigated to see if they had any effect on their level of morale and job satisfaction. Different human resource and management researchers have interpreted morale and job satisfaction differently. The study used a variety of data collection methods, including an interview guide, questionnaires, and a documentary review checklist. The study discovered that job satisfaction among teachers in public secondary schools in northern Tanzania was not uniform; socioeconomic and demographic factors played a significant role in varying morale and job satisfaction levels. As an example, Female teachers' job satisfaction was statistically significant (t(84) =2.62, p = 0.04), as was young teachers' (below 40 years) job satisfaction (t(84) = -2.22, p = 0.01). However, age and work experience had a significant impact on teachers' job satisfaction and dissatisfaction. The study concludes that socioeconomic and demographic factors have potential strength in designing and maintaining a job satisfaction model that accounts for morale and job satisfaction challenges among teachers in Tanzanian public secondary schools. The motivators and hygiene factors were found to have a significant impact on job satisfaction among teachers in Tanzania.

Author (S) Details

Dr. Ombeni W. Msuya
Leadership, Human Resource and Administration, College of Education, University of Dodoma, Tanzania.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/STHSS-V2/article/view/1804

Job Attribute Preferences of Generation Y Professionals | Chapter 4 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 2

 This study investigates the job attribute preferences of Bangladeshi Generation Y professionals. Unlike most previous studies, which used isolated estimation methods, this study used conjoint analysis, a marketing research tool, to calculate the relative utilities and trade-off matrices of various job attributes. A questionnaire presenting a variety of hypothetical job offers was used to collect data from 140 executive MBA students at a premier business school in Dhaka (HJO). Salary and benefits, as well as person-job match, are discovered to be the top two most preferred job attributes. The work environment and the company's reputation are ranked as the two least important job characteristics. A simulation was run to demonstrate the trade-offs people make when deciding on a job. In terms of the order of importance of job attributes, case-wise conjoint results show no significant difference between different demographic groups (e.g., married-single, have-don't have dependents, and others). However, the relative importance value was discovered to be slightly different for different demographic groups. This study is significant for academics because it demonstrates a new technique for analyzing job attribute preferences. Managers can use the findings of this study to create jobs that will attract and retain the best talent in the market. They can use the simulation process shown here to optimize their overall preference for job offers.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Shakila Yasmin
Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka, Banglades

Mr. Khaled Mahmud
Institute of Business Administration, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Farzana Afrin
Boston College, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/STHSS-V2/article/view/1803

The Extension of Wittgenstein’s Language Games: Schema Games | Chapter 3 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 2

 Wittgenstein's concept of "language games" is generalized to "schema games," and can thus be applied to a universal epistemological approach, according to the author's methodological scheme interpretationism. This will also incorporate existing natural science and neuroscience results and hypotheses while meta-theoretically transcending the terminologically all too narrow “lingualistic” interpretations of representation, cognition, and action.

Author (S) Details

Hans Lenk
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hon. Pres. International Institute of Philosophy, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/STHSS-V2/article/view/1802

Are You doing the Right Things? Initial Stages of Individuals Change Management: Identify, Acknowledge and Make a Courageous Move Framework | Chapter 2 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 2

 In sports, too little attention has been paid concerning why changes are important for personal development and who exactly should notice when a change in personal activities would be needed. People themselves do not necessarily recognize that their efforts and goals are not in good sync. When this happens, they make changes to their routines, when things go badly wrong, but at the same time they can be blind for their inefficient ways of working. Authors have created a framework to ease the issue to identify a need for change to achieve sports goals. The study concentrated on the forefront of change management: identifying and acknowledging the need(s) for change, particularly in the early stages of an individual's change needs detection phase. As a result, we propose the Identify, Recognize, and Make a Bold Move framework. These stages can be used to elicit appropriate changes. The study's value lies in its comprehensive and in-depth examination of the early stages of sport training-related change management.

Author(s) Details

Erno Salmela
Industrial Engineering and Management, School of Engineering Science, LUT University, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.

Ari Happonen
Software Engineering, School of Engineering Science, LUT University, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland

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A Missing Link between Musicology and Music? New Insights from the Philosophy of Complexity and the Musical Heuristics | Chapter 1 | Selected Topics in Humanities and Social Sciences Vol. 2

 The purpose of this chapter is to argue for the inclusion of Edgar Morin's philosophical principles of complexity as supplements to the musical panoply of analyses and interpretations derived from musical semiology and musicology. In this way, such analyses can be given a new critical approach, adopting a polysemic attitude that is better suited than the current one to convey the full richness of the musical phenomenon, particularly in terms of its fluidity and dynamics. The first section of the article attempts to define the boundaries of Jean-Jacques Nattiez's musical semiology, as well as the analyses. as a result of it We will investigate the concept of musical work in depth, examining the components of its complexity that prevent a reductive operation between the score and the work. The second section of the chapter is concerned with the reconstruction of musical works, which is proposed on the basis of Musical Heuristics, allowing for "embodied" knowledge of the reference pieces and thus supplementing the analyses derived from musical semiology. In conclusion, my paper attempts a musical application of the three underlying principles of complexity philosophy.

Author (S) Details

Mandolini Ricardo
University to Lille “Sciences Humaines Et Sociales”, France.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/STHSS-V2/article/view/1800