Features of Global Photosynthesis in Large Systems their Use for Studing the Evolution of the Global Carbon Cycle | Chapter 9 | Emerging Challenges in Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

 It is demonstrated that the equation for photosynthesis in large systems can be transformed to the customary form employed in the analysis of a single photosynthesizing organism of type C-3, and that the equation describes the same photosynthesis traits that are inherent in these organisms. However, photosynthesis in big systems has two distinct characteristics as a result of its participation in such systems. There are two characteristics that distinguish global photosynthesis in the carbon cycle from traditional photosynthesis. The first is photosynthetic evolution's pulsation nature, which explains the recurrence of many phenomena in the biosphere, such periodic changes in "greenhouse" effects and glaciations, mass extinctions of life, climatic cycles, biotic turnover, and so on. The second feature is the global photosynthesis's spontaneous ascent to the ecological compensation point. It determines the global carbon cycle's shift to a stationary state. This trait enables researchers to comprehend how sedimentary organic matter accumulated in the earth's crust and oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere. When the ecological compensation point is reached, a stationary state of the carbon cycle emerges, the carbon balance in the system can be assessed.

Author(S) Details

A. A. Ivlev
Russian State Agrarian University of K.A. Timiryazev, Moscow, Russia.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/ECEES-V1/article/view/4707

Studies on Global Photosynthesis and Its Regulatory Role in Natural Carbon Cycle | Chapter 1 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 5

 Global photosynthesis in large systems is demonstrated to be a generalized photosynthesis of an ensemble of photosynthesizing organisms that comprise the system at a given time. Global photosynthesis possesses all of the characteristics of individual organism photosynthesis. They are as follows: 1) the presence of two reciprocal photosynthetic processes—CO2 assimilation and photorespiration; and 2) the ability to enhance or weaken the above processes depending on the CO2 concentration. /O2 concentration ratio in the environment; and 3) the ability to separate carbon isotopes during metabolic processes. At the same time, because global photosynthesis participates in global carbon turnover, it has three characteristics that distinguish it from individual organism photosynthesis. They are as follows: 1) a spontaneous strive to a stationary state in the ecological compensation point; 2) a stepwise nature of evolution; and 3) the inability to undergo ontogenetic changes. It is demonstrated that global photosynthesis can be described using an equation that is also suitable for describing photosynthesis in an individual organism. The elements that contribute to the carbon isotope composition of the on the CO2/O2 concentration ratio, which is determined by environmental and climatic factors in the location at the time. Thus, the analysis of facial isotopic differences in sedimentary organic matter takes into account the specific features of its carbon isotope composition caused by both the initial conditions of photosynthesis at the stage of existence of "living matter" and the conditions of its further transformation in sediments. Taking into account the known mechanism of “living matter” transformation in sediments, the observed isotopic differences between organic matter and genetically related petroleum, which are obviously the same age, can be elucidated. because the aforementioned differences are completely masked by the isotopic differences of lipid and carbohydrate - protein fractions Sedimentary organic matter of various ages is distinguished by temporal isotope differences (related to different orogenic cycles). They are caused by variations in oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere as a result of photosynthesis evolution. The regulatory role of global photosynthesis in driving the global carbon cycle to a stationary state at the ecological compensation point.

Author (S) Details

A. A. Ivlev
Russian State Agrarian University of K.A. Timiryazev, Moscow, Russia.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V5/article/view/1825