Soil pH Interference in the Behavior of Weak Acid Herbicides | Chapter 5 | Recent Progress in Plant and Soil Research Vol. 1

 Herbicides derived from weak acids can be affected in their sorptive capacity when they interact with soil pH. As a result, when their pH rises, they can reduce their sorption in the soil and increase their leaching. This increases the herbicide's bioavailability in the soil, resulting in a greater control effect on weeds and crop injuries. However, if there is rain, the herbicide may be transported by leaching in the soil profile to the deeper layers of the active seed bank, reducing weed control. Given the foregoing, it is critical to investigate the interactions with soil pH in risk assessment and agronomic procedures. The analysis of the herbicide's behavior in the soil, as well as the correct positioning of the product in chemical management. This chapter explains how the pH of the soil can affect the behavior of weak acidic herbicides in a chemically understandable way for agrarian scientists. The difference in electric charges of ionized herbicides and colloids was critical in understanding how these interactions occur, which are influenced by soil type and pH. Finally, it is expected that professionals who work with herbicides will be able to better understand some of the interactions of herbicide chemical molecules with soil and make appropriate recommendations.

Author (S) Details

Levi Andres Bonilla Rave
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

Kassio Ferreira Mendes
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

Daniela Margarita Echeverri Delgadillo
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

Dilma Francisca de Paula
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

Adalin Cezar Moraes de Aguiar
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

Antonio Alberto da Silva
Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa – MG, Brazil.

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Assessment of Total Factor Productivity and Environmental Efficiency of the Most Important Cereals Crops in Egypt | Chapter 2 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

Despite the circumstances of Egyptian agriculture, it remains significant, in particular because of its share in the gross domestic product and the direct and indirect employment opportunities it provides to other sectors and the provision of raw materials to that sector. The aim of this paper is to estimate changes in the sources and components of the overall productivity of the key cereal crop factors in Egypt in the presence and absence of emissions of carbon dioxide and to estimate the environmental impact assessment of changes in the productivity of such crops. In addition to (Malmquist, 1953), the study applied parameter analysis methods and non-parameterized estimation methods, which is one of the most significant metrics of measuring productivity changes and relies on a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess efficiency and changes in TFP productivity and classify the causes of productivity changes through changes in technical competencies.

Results: wheat crop: In estimating the shift in the different efficiencies of the wheat crop with CO2 emissions, it was evident that the decrease in technological change (TC) during the study period and, thus, the decrease in the average change in the total productivity factor (TFP), while without the impact of CO2 emissions, the average change in the total productivity factor (TFPc) is indicative of an increase in the average change in the total productivity factor (TFP).

Rice crop: In estimating the shift in the different efficiencies of the rice crop with CO2 emissions, it became evident that the decrease in the mean technological change (TC) resulted in an improvement in the average change in the overall overall productivity productivity factor (TFP) of the rice crop, while, without CO2 emissions, the mean change in the overall productivity factor (TFPc) of the study areas was higher.

Summer maize crops: it was apparent that the average technological change (TC) for summer maize crops with CO2 emissions decreased during the study period and thus decreased the average change in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) but without CO2, increased the annual average change in technical efficiency (TEC) and decreased the average change in technology (TCF) and decreased the annual average change in technological efficiency (TCF) (TFPc).

The importance of technical efficiency with CO2 emissions is lower than without CO2 emissions, which means that, due to the environmental effect of emissions, the real efficiency of wheat is lower, which means that the Egyptian agricultural policy should concentrate more on increasing the pace of technological progress or innovation in agriculture.

Author (s) Details

Ahmed A. El-Rasoul
Department of Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21545, Egypt.

Alaa M. Ramadan
Department of Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21545, Egypt.

E. El-Seify
Department of Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21545, Egypt.

Sameh M. Shehab
Department of Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21545, Egypt.

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