A Detailed and Comparative Study on Conventional Sintering with Microwave Sintering and Vacuum Sintering of Y2O3-Al2O3-ZrO2 Ceramics | Chapter 12 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

 This chapter focused on comparative studies on conventional, microwave and vacuum sintering of alumina-added stabilised zirconia yttria (YSZ). When energy and time savings are involved, microwave sintering has been found to be the most effective sintering technique. In contrast to the conventionally sintered ones, microwave and vacuum sintered specimens display improved densification at lower temperatures. In contrast to the traditional and vacuum sintered specimens, the microwave sintered specimen displayed the highest hardness. In addition, it was found that the size of the particle had a prominent role in regulating densification enhancement.

Author(s) Details

Mayur Shukla
Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, Kolkata, India and CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, India.

Sumana Ghosh
CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, India.

Nandadulal Dandapat
CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, India.

Ashis K. Mandal
CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, India.

Vamsi K. Balla
CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CSIR-CGCRI), Kolkata, India.

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Assessment of Soil Fertility Status for Sustainable Productivity: A Study in Some Tea Garden Belts of Assam, India | Chapter 11 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

Conventional farming has posed a significant challenge to the quality of food, the climate and the quality of water. The key cause of soil quality deterioration in irrigated areas is insufficient and unbalanced application of agrochemicals (fertilisers, pesticides, herbicides and insecticides) to the soil and intensive soil tillage practises, resulting in stagnating or even declining crop productivity and quality. As population growth rises, there is a rapid demand for rising food production to promote the use of high yielding varieties and the need to use inorganic chemicals to satisfy market demand. The development became plateau with the use of the inorganic fertiliser during the late 60s; at the same time it produced many adverse effects such as the degradation of soil quality and environmental quality; eventually the quality of food. The need for an hour is to achieve, on a sustainable basis, greater crop yield from our limited land resources. Organic farming for sustainable agriculture is now gaining traction around the world in order to provide customers with a healthier climate and a better quality of food. It is important to evaluate the status of soil quality for the traditional agricultural system as a sustainable agricultural system, because fertile soil is the fundamental resource for higher crop production, better food quality and the climate. A research was carried out in the paddy fields of tea garden belts viz. maintaining on this mind. Rungagora, Balijan, Banwaripur, Khomtai, Rungajaun, Lattakoojan, Borjan, Behora, Negheriting and Borsapori of Golaghat district of Assam for pH, electrical conductance (EC), soil organic matter (SOM), accessible nitrogen (AN), exchangeable potassium (EK), available phosphorous (AP) and bulk density (BD) soil fertility status investigations during 2008-2010. The study area was divided into six fertility groups (MMML, MMHL, MMMM, MHHL, MHHM and MMHM) based on the SOM, available N, available P and exchangeable K in the soil. No changes in the soil fertility group were found for the majority of soil samples observed under the MMML group and soils of the Rungagora, Negheriting, Borsapori, Behora and Khomtai TE belt. During the study, Borjan TE belts were found to shift from MMHL to MMML, Balijan TE belts from MMHL to MHHL, Rungajaun TE belts from MHHM to MMHM and Lattakoojan TE belts from MMMM to MMML.

Author(s) Details

Bhupen Kumar Baruah
Department of Chemistry, Jagannath Barooah College, Jorhat, Assam, India.

Dr. Bhanita Das
Department of Statistics, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India.

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Studies on Some Substituted-4-thiazolidinone with and without Inclusion Complex Formation with β-cyclodextrin | Chapter 10 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

 By taking 2-hydrazinobenzothizole as a staring substance, three compounds of 2-(benzothiazolyl-2')hyrazino-5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinone derivative are prepared. But, both less aqueous soluble and biologically accessible are shown by the prepared compounds. Its inclusion complex is therefore prepared with β-cyclodextrin with an acceptable ratio after phase solubility studies to eradicate the problem. The experiment's objectives are to make the compound more biologically available and to increase its solubility. In addition to their spectral properties, the synthesised compounds and their respective inclusion complexes are analysed in terms of their thermodynamic properties (UV, IR and NMR). By taking the bacteria E, the antibacterial activity of the compounds and inclusions was screened. Uh, coli, S. P. vulgaris and aureus. Studies have shown that the development of the inclusion complex results in greater antibacterial activity than the original compounds.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Simanchal Dash
Department of Chemistry, Roland Institute of Technology, Berhampur, Odisha, India.

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Advanced Analysis of Viscosity, Miscibility Studies and Mechanical Properties of Pullulan/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Blends at 30ºC and 40ºC | Chapter 9 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

Pullulan and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) miscibility studies blend through reduced viscosity measurements, refractometry, mechanical properties and SEM analysis. Viscometric measurements were performed at 30 and 40oC using the Ubbelohde viscometer. To test the ultrasonic velocities of different mix compositions, Ultrasonic Interferometric was used. The refractive indices of mixing solutions of different compositions were calculated directly using an Abbe thermostat refractometer containing water circulating at 30 and 40oC. Studies of mechanical properties, refractive index, ultrasonic velocity and density have shown that all of these with PVA content are increased in the blends. However, in the blend method, SEM studies have given an indication of immiscibility. On the basis of viscosity data, ultrasonic velocity and refractive index measurements, pullulan/PVA blends are found to be immiscible at 30 and 40oC over the entire composition range. The above conclusion also supports SEM studies. Overall, especially for the 90/10 composition, pullulan/PVA blends have shown good physical and mechanical properties.

Author(s) Details

Dr. M. S. Jayaprakash
Department of Chemistry, Sri Siddhartha First Grade College, Tumkur-572105, India.

Dr. Shashidhar
Department of Chemistry, S.D.M. College of Engineering and Technology, Dharwad-580002, India.

Smt. M. Annapurna
Department of Chemical Engineering, M. S Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India.

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Assessing the In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Withania somnifera Root | Chapter 8 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

 Due to their structural sophistication, chemical diversity, lack of significant toxic effects and a wide range of antimicrobial activity, conventional herbal medicines are new therapeutic candidates. It can be found in the Mediterranean, Africa, and India. Objective: To test and compare the in vitro antioxidant activity of the indigenous Withania somnifera methanol extract to that of the imported root extract. Methods: ABTS•+ radical cation de-colorization assay, DPPH• radical scavenging activity, radical scavenging activity of nitric oxide, Fe2+ chelating activity assay, radical scavenging activity of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide and power reduction of ferrous were examined. Results: Comparatively stronger antioxidant activity was observed for indigenous root extracts than for imported root extracts. Conclusion: The indigenous root data obtained from these studies were high compared to the imported root extracts which showed higher antioxidant activity in Withania somnifera indigenous root. Thus, the isolation of Withania somnifera bioactive compounds would certainly serve as a good phytotherapeutic agent. Compared to the imported root extract, the indigenous root extract showed high antioxidant capacity. The present study of the antioxidant activities of Withania somnifera root in Bangladesh is the first ever paper.

Author(s) Details

Ratan Kumar Paul
Department of Chemistry, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh and Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Dali Rani Sarker
Department of Chemistry, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh.

Md. Saifur Rahaman
Institute of Radiation and Polymer Technology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

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Study on Performance Evaluation of Fluorescence and Photostability of Coumarin Disperse Yellow 82 | Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

 In various fields of research, fluorescent dyes are used, such as in biochemical studies, medical diagnosis, photoelectric cell building, lasers and solar batteries. Some major fluorescent and photostability properties of Coumarin Disperse Yellow 82 are listed in this paper. The research aims to test the spectrophotometric fluorescence colour of Coumarin Diffuse Yellow 82. Spectral parameters such as relative strength percentage and reflectance on polyester and polyester/cotton substrates with different dye concentrations were evaluated. The property of light rapidity was also evaluated. Evaluation of the quantum dye photodegradation yield in methanol, ethanol and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was also investigated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. In contrast to the dyed polyester/cotton blend, the relative strength, reflectance and light fastness of dyed polyester for the various dye concentrations were shown to be higher. For the different concentrations of dye used, the photodegradation quantum yield of dye in methanol, ethanol and DMF solutions under anaerobic conditions showed higher quantum dye photodegradation in DMF. Irradiation under the nitrogen atmosphere achieved higher degradation under aerobic conditions, while the presence of air decreased degradation. It can be concluded that alcohol is marginally better than DMF as a model solvent for predicting the photostability of Coumarin Disperse Yellow 82 on polyester, in accordance with the approximate degradation quantum yields of the examined dye in methanol, ethanol and DMF.

Author(s) Details

Aba Akebi Atta-Eyison
Department of Industrial and Health Sciences, Takoradi Technical University, Box 256, Takoradi, Ghana.

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Study on Regioselective Three Component Domino Synthesis of Polyhydrospiro [indoline-3,3’-pyrrolizine]-2-one via [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction under Ultrasonic-Irradiation | Chapter 6 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

Due to its interesting structure and biological significance, Spiro compounds with attached indole moiety having an all-carbon quaternary stereogenic core have attracted synthetic organic chemists. In present work we have reported synthesis and characterisation of novel Hexahydrospiro [indoline-3,3'-pyrrolizine]-2-one derivatives in good to excellent yields through [3+2] cycloaddtion reaction in regioselective manner under ultrasonic irradiation. Via multicomponent reaction, these compounds were synthesised with substituted 3-cinnamoyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2-one, isatin, L-proline at room temperature. 1H and 13C NMR, IR spectra, mass spectra, and elemental analysis characterised all the synthesised hexahydrospiro molecules. Regioselectivity has also been clarified in synthesised molecules on the basis of secondary orbital interactions. In synthetic chemistry, we have established a very clear and easy approach that has great relevance. This approach provides easy access in a regioselective manner to the new five member heterocyclic frameworks, which are major building blocks of many natural products and could soon become a possible pharmacologically active nucleus.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Vishwa Deepak Tripathi
M. K. College Laheriasarai (A Constituent Unit of Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga Bihar), India.

Dr. Anand Mohan Jha
M. L. T. College, Saharsa, (A Constituent Unit of B. N. Mandal University, Madhepura, Bihar), India.

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Soil Phase: A Site Specific Management Unit for Crop Planning with Suitable Soil and Water Conservation Measures | Chapter 5 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

During summer 2017, a comprehensive land resource analysis of the Gadagi-2 micro watershed, Lingasusgur taluk, Raichur district, Karnataka state, India, was conducted using a cadastral map overlaid on IRS Cartosat-1 merged with LISS IV satellite imagery at a scale of 1:8000. A detailed survey was initially conducted to derive soil phase/management units based on characteristics of the land surface and soil profile. Five soil series have been recognised and mapped into five units of the soil phase. Soils have been shown to be non-saline with EC <4 dSm-1. Soil OC, available P2O5 and available K2O content were low to medium for the study region and soil N and S available status was low for all five soil phases. The soil step of HEGiC2 was graded as a Class III land capacity class with rooting and slope limitations. KALhC2g1S1R1, VKRhD2g2S2R3, CHRhC2g1S1R1 and BHGhE2g2S2R2 were graded as Class IV land potential with slope, texture, erosion, rooting status and organic carbon limitations in the rest of the soil phases. Based on soil phase site characteristics and climatic regimes, suitability for horticulture and field crops was derived. For all five soil phase units, the proposed crop plan for field crops and horticulture crops was planned. For fruit crops and forest trees, cultivation on raised beds with mulches and drip irrigation, graded bunds and strengthening of field bunds, adequate soil and water conservation and wider size pit and drip irrigation, crescent bunds were found suitable for vegetables, flowers and sole crops based on soil phase characteristics. The HEGiC2 soil phase was classified as III soil capacity and the remaining four soil phases were classified as IV soil capacity, with extreme erosion limitation of BHGhE2g2S2R2 soil phase among four mapping units. This land area can also be handled by adapting good practises for soil and water conservation, as illustrated in the results and discussion.

Author(s) Details

N. L. Rajesh
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS Raichur, India.

H. V. Rudramurthy
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS Raichur, India.

U. Satish Kumar
Department of Soil Water Engineering, UAS Raichur, India.

K. Basavaraj
Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, UAS Raichur, India.

B. K. Desai
Directorate of Research, UAS Raichur, India.

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Synthesis, Characterization and Application of CuO/ZnO Nanocomposites | Chapter 4 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

 Industry-based coloured organic dyes are often non-biodegradable, producing high toxicity to marine organisms and significantly disrupting the water environment. Due to their intrinsic properties, semiconductor photocatalysts have been employed to degrade textile dye contaminants. Using the simple and low-cost mechanochemical combustion process, CuO/ZnO nanocomposite photocatalysts were synthesised. In order to classify the prepared oxides, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) were used. XRD revealed that the prepared CuO/ZnO exhibits a crystal structure of wurtzite ZnO and that CuO and ZnO are made of as-synthesized composites. In the EDX spectrum, the high peaks of the Cu, Zn and O elements are exhibited. FTIR was able to observe the existence of various functional groups (-OH,-CH, Zn-O). In direct solar irradiation, the photocatalytic efficiency of CuO/ZnO nanocomposites has been investigated for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) aqueous solution. At 5 wt percent CuO/ZnO, MB degradation value was estimated to be 98 percent, after 150 minutes of solar irradiation. Therefore, the treatment of textile waste water with photodegradation using sunlight is a simple method, easy to manage and economical.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Md. Ashraful Islam Molla
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka–1000, Bangladesh.

Abrar Zadeed Ahmed
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka–1000, Bangladesh.

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A Detailed Computational Study of n-Acetylglutamate Hydrolysis under Acidic and Basic Conditions | Chapter 3 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

 Aims: In prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and lower plants, N-acetylglutamate (NAG) is the first intermediate in the arginine biosynthetic route. As a model for bond cleavage in living systems, the hydrolysis of amides is very significant in biochemistry and has been studied experimentally and theoretically to study N-acetylglutamate hydrolysis under acidic and basic conditions, using techniques of molecular modelling. Study Design: N-acetylglutamate hydrolysis was studied under acidic and basic conditions to determine variations in chemical properties and favourable conditions, using Mulliken charges and geometric parameters as descriptors, as well as proton affinity, free energy from Gibbs, and constants of equilibrium. Location and duration of the study: between February 2014 and March 2015, Grupo de Investigación Max Planck, Facultad de Química y Farmacia, Universidad del Atlántico. Methodology: Hydrolysis reaction structures under acidic and basic conditions were optimised using molecular mechanics until different molecular descriptors were determined. With the 3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, the Hartree-Fock (HF) approach was used. Proton affinity, Frontier Molecular Orbitals, Gibbs free energy, and equilibrium constants are some helpful parameters for studying the reactions. Results: In general, reaction profiles showed that the two reactions were favourable; however, a higher favorability for basic hydrolysis was shown in accordance with our preliminary equilibrium constant findings. Conclusion: By analysing the measured Gibbs free energy values, NAG hydrolysis was found to be more favourable under simple conditions. The equilibrium constants measured agree with the hydrolysis favourability under basic conditions, which is compatible with the biochemical process.

Author(s) Details

José Cotuá
Grupo de Investigación Max Planck, Universidad del Atlántico, Km 7 Antigua Vía a Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia.

Dr. Sandra Cotes
Departamento de Química y Biología, Universidad del Norte, Km 5 Antigua Vía a Puerto Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia.

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Experimental Investigation of Phase Equilibria in the R-Fe-Ge Ternary Systems (R= Gd, Er) at 1073K and Magetic Properties of R117Fe52Ge112 | Chapter 2 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

The interaction between the components was investigated using X-ray powder diraction and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) in the R-Fe-Ge (R= Gd, Er) systems at 1073K. There are 19 single-phase regions, 37 two-phase regions, 20 three-phase regions and 19 single-phase regions, 42 two-phase regions and 27 three-phase regions in the isothermal portions of the (Gd, Er) -Fe-Ge ternary phase diagram. Three intermediate solid solutions have been found or verified in the Gd-Fe-Ge diagram: one GdFexGe2 lacunaire (CeNiSi2-type structure space group P6/mmm) and two GdFe4-xGex substitutes (AlB4-type structure space group I4/mmm) and GdFe12-xGex (YCo6Ge6-type structure space group P6/mmm) and one Gd117Fe52Ge112-xGex ternary compound (YCo6Ge6-type structure space group P6/mmm) (Tb117Fe52Ge112-type of structure space group Fm-3m). In the Er-Fe-Ge isothermal section at 800 °C, three ternary compounds were finally confirmed: ErFe4Ge2, Er117Fe52Ge112 and Er0.05Fe0.95Ge and two solid solutions: one ErFexGe2 lacunaire (CeNiSi2-type structure space group P6/mmm) and one ErFe12-xGex (YCo6Ge6-type structure space group P6/mmm). The magnetic susceptibility temperature dependence indicates the magnetic phase transition below, 89 K for Gd117Fe52Ge112 compound and 25K for Er117Fe52Ge112 compound. A deviation from the curie-weiss law was found at lower temperatures and indicated the initiation of a ferro-magnetic magnetic order.

Author(s) Details

M. Jemmali
University of Sfax, Faculty of Science, LSME, BP1171-3018, Sfax, Tunisia and Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Ar-rass, Qassim University, PO Box 53, Buraydah Postcode, 51921, Saudi Arabia.

S. Walha
Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Ar-rass, Qassim University, PO Box 53, Buraydah Postcode, 51921, Saudi Arabia.

R. Ben Hassen
Unite de Recherche de Chimie des Matériaux, ISSBAT, Université de Tunis El Manar, 9, Avenue Dr. Zoheir Safi, 1006-Tunis, Tunisia.

H. Noël
Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Chimie du Solide et Matériaux, UMR CNRS 6226, Université Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bât. 10A, 263 av. Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.

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Elimination of the Prefactor and a New Equation in Classical Nucleation Theory | Chapter 1 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

 According to BLANDER/KATZ J=AexpK, Jennings found a way to take the nucleation rate for liquid gas to J=f(K) in a precise theory in 2020, and K was accurately assessed among the first two of the three papers in this chapter. By adding electrolyte due to a pattern, the third paper gives the new proposed equation for the limit of superheat. In the equations arising from the relation of CLAUSIUS-CLAPEYRON (thermodynamics-boiling point elevation) and PRIGOGINE/MARECHAL (statistical mechanics-superheat limit), we see the pattern.

Author(s) Details

John H. Jennings
Jennings Research and Editing, 2530 Hillegass Ave. #307 Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.

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An Advanced Study of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Surface Water Using Regression Analysis of Cauvery River and Its Tributaries in Tamilnadu, India | Chapter 12 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

 One of the main rivers in Peninsular India is the Cauvery River. It faces a lot of anthropogenic influences due to its prominence in culture and a dense population along its banks. In this analysis, surface water samples were collected from 50 river stations and their tributaries and analysed in February 2009 and October 2009 for their physicochemical characteristics in order to understand the causes of water contamination and the evolution of water quality. The findings show a considerable difference in the water quality parameters of the river, which was also affected by the water quality of its tributaries. In the flow, which was due to catchment characteristics and point or non-point sources of contamination, seasonal variations were observed. It was found that the Pearson correlation used to assess the correlation between the parameters of water quality was strongly correlated. In order to obtain better information about the quality of surface water, the regression equations built to estimate the parameters responsible for water quality variations are found to be useful for evaluating missing data.

Author(s) Details

Dr. S. Hema

Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore-641022, India.

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A Biomimetic Approach towards Chemoselective Reduction of Chalcones | Chapter 11 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

Chemists are now under pressure for a few days to establish eco-friendly ways for the key steps in organic synthesis due to strong environmental constraints. Chemists highly appreciate the biomimetic approach in the field of organic synthesis not only because it is close to the natural way of synthesis, but also offers an alternative to repetitive and risky multistep chemistry. By producing a high selectivity class, the use of organocatalyst in organic synthesis decorates the synthetic process. For synthetic chemists, its use in organic synthesis remains an appealing option. A biomimetic approach to chemoselective reduction of C=C double bonds in chalcones under metal and acid-free conditions, which relies on the activation of olefin by the formation of hydrogen bonds, is stated in the present chapter. The process requires only catalytic amount of ephedrine as hydrogen bond donor and utilises Hantzsch esters for transfer hydrogenation.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Vishwa Deepak Tripathi
M. K. College Laheriasarai (A Constituent Unit of Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga, Bihar), India.

Dr. Anand Mohan Jha

M. L. T. College, Saharsa, (A Constituent Unit of B. N. Mandal University, Madhepura, Bihar), India.

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Application of Olea europaea Subsp. Cuspidata Wood Tar Oil as Anticorrosion for Mild Steel in Acidic Media | Chapter 10 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

 Corrosion, especially acidic corrosion caused by acidic solutions that are commonly used in acid washing, acid pickling and acid descaling, is one of the serious problems in industry. In the industrial sector, mild steel (MS) is commonly used and is prone to acidic solution corrosion. Corrosion processes in the manufacturing media are responsible for the degradation of metals. Different strategies exist to minimise metal surface corrosion or damage. Due to its low cost and ease of implementation and practise, the use of inhibitors is one of the most potent methods for corrosion protection. Inhibition of corrosion is preferred to stop metal dissolution and ingestion of acid, owing to its low cost and ease of use. In the current trend of corrosion inhibition research, the use of organic plants as corrosion inhibitors is at the forefront as the concern focuses on the protection of any industrial process in health and the environment. The need for novel corrosion inhibitor compounds has become more and more stringent in recent decades. Or from aromatic herb species or medicinal plants, natural organic inhibitors could be either synthesised or removed. In the present analysis, the bark performance of Olea europaea subsp. Electrochemical measurements [potentiodynamic polarisation (PDP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)] were used to study Cuspidata as a corrosion inhibitor of mild steel in 1.0 M sulphuric acid. The findings have shown that Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidate wood tar oil serves as a potent inhibitor of corrosion and the inhibitor's output varied with mild steel concentrations of 1.0 M H2SO4 + 10% EtOH. The overall inhibition (percent) was 94.97 percent, with multiple methods used supporting the findings. According to electrochemical analysis, Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata wood oil tar extract functions primarily as a cathodic inhibitor in mixed form. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) surface analysis was also performed to determine the corrosion inhibition properties of Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata wood tar oil in solution of (1.0 M H2SO4 + 10 percent EtOH). The perks of Olea europaea subsp. Several are Cuspidata wood tar oil. The Langmuir isotherm was accompanied by adsorption of the wood tar extract on a mild steel surface.

Author(s) Details

Aisha M. Turkustani
Department of Chemistry Science, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Faculty of Science for Girl′s College, Jeddah University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Nehad M. Gumgumji
Faculty of Science for Girl′s College, Jeddah University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Abdulrahman S. Al Hajar

Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

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Assessment and Evaluation of DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity of 2-(Furan-2'-yl)-3-hydroxy-4Hchromen-4-one and Their Derivatives | Chapter 9 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

 The 2-(furan-2'-yl)-3-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one and their substituted derivatives have been synthesised with electron donating and electron withdrawing classes. The activity of free radical scavenging was studied using 22'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazine (DPPH). The effect of these groups on percentage scavenging behaviour is explained by kinetic studies and the co-relation of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) with the electron donating and electron withdrawing group. Experimental studies show that a number of factors depend on the percentage of scavenging activity. Time and replacement effects that modify the function of antioxidants have been studied in this piece of work. The 2- and 6-position replacement affects the molecule's electron density and dipole moment, due to which ESIPT interactions and antioxidant activity differ. Different parameters that influence both ESIPT and percent scavenging together need to be researched further.

Author(s) Details

Ranbir Kaur
Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, India.

Kulvir Kaur
Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, India.

Dr. Manisha Bansal

Department of Chemistry, Punjabi University, Patiala-147 002, India.

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Antimicrobial Activity of Poly(ester urea) Electrospun Fibers Loaded with Bacteriophages | Chapter 8 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

 The capacity of two representative biocompatible polymers to load bacteriophages into electrospun nanofibers was evaluated, paying particular attention to the possibility of retaining their antibacterial function. Specifically, the work involves the following steps: (a) evaluation of the impact of the electric field applied on the phage operation; (b) evaluation of the activity where the process of lyophilization may be prevented by the use of water-soluble polymers (e.g. poly(ethylene glycol); (c) evaluation of the activity when organic solvent is needed for the dissolution of the polymer and theoretical lyophilization is theoretical A poly(ester urea) (PEU) derived from the natural L-leucine amino acid was considered in this case. It has been shown that the adsorption of commercial bacteriophage preparations into calcium carbonate particles is a promising technique to prevent lyophilization and keep the initial operation of the bactericide to a limit. Due to their particular activity against Staphylococci (e.g., S. aureus) and Streptococci (e.g., S. pyogenes) bacteria, the Phagestaph and Fersis bacteriophage commercial preparations were selected for this analysis. The biocompatibility of both unloaded and bacteriophage-loaded PEU scaffolds was demonstrated by adhesion and proliferation assays using epithelial cells, although some minor variations were observed depending on the form of bacteriophage and the selected preparation methodology.

Author(s) Details

Angélica Díaz
Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici I.2, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.

Luis J. del Valle
Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici I.2, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.

Noel Rodrigo
Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici I.2, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.

María Teresa Casas
Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici I.2, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.

George Chumburidze
Center for Medical Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Georgian Technical University, 77 Kostava str., Tbilisi 0175, Georgia.

Ramaz Katsarava
Center for Medical Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Georgian Technical University, 77 Kostava str., Tbilisi 0175, Georgia and Institute of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Agricultural University of Georgia, # 240 David Aghmashenebeli Alley, Tblisi 0159, Georgia.

Jordi Puiggalí

Departament d’Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Edifici I.2, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain and Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Pd(II) Complex with Schiff Base Ligand: Suzuki-Miyaura Cross- Coupling Reaction | Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

It synthesises a new noble Pd(II) complex from . . Pd(Cod)Cl2 and a ligand for the Schiff base. FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR analyses characterise the complex. For the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupled reaction, the complex PdL measured the behaviour of aryl halides and boronic acids. At room temperature, the catalyst is found to be effective.

Author(s) Details

Rajjyoti Gogoi

Department of Chemistry, MDKG College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India.

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Study on Silica Catalyst Promoted One-Pot Synthesis of 4-[(Dialkylamino)methyl]-1,7- diphenylhepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione | Chapter 6 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

 Silica (SiO2) catalyses 4-[(dialkylamino)methyl]-1,7-diphenylhepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione single-pot synthesis. The expeditious synthesis of Mannich base derivatives under the microwave irradiation process for curcumin is known for its biological activity. Curcumin is naturally occurring, isolated from Curcuma longa, yellow pigments, structurally polyphenolic compounds consisting of spectacular biological activity. Curcumin, which is grown in most parts of India, is also called 'Indian Saffron.' In many Asian countries, such as 'India' and 'China', curcumin has historically been recognised for its medicinal property. However, due to its poor bioavailability, the therapeutic usefulness of curcumin is limited. Present technique provides one pot catalysed silica, a productive approach for obtaining Mannich base curcumin. Conventional and microwave irradiation techniques have also been shown to be productive. A non-toxic, non-hazardous, readily accessible eco-friendly catalyst used for the synthesis of curcumin analogue under traditional and microwave irradiation methods. An expeditious response with good to better performance performed under the microwave process. 1H NMR was used to classify the final items.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Mahesh G. Shioorkar
Department of Chemistry, Vivekanand Arts, S.D. Commerce and Science College, Aurangabad-431 001, India.

Professor Milind B. Ubale

Department of Chemistry, Vasantrao Naik College, Aurangabad-431 001, India.

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An Advanced Study of Quality Improvement of Natural Rubber Products by Drying Methods | Chapter 5 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

 The rubber industry relies heavily on a large number of inputs from the source of natural rubber (NR), which, due to its specific inherent properties, is one of the most used rubber materials. This experimental study was carried out to check the quality improvement of natural rubber products by drying methods and to determine to what degree the properties shown were affected by the different drying methods. During this analysis, natural rubber coagulum samples were collected and each sample was subjected to one of the following three drying methods: air, smoke and oven. The characteristics of the dried rubber samples from the three drying methods were then investigated. The quality parameter adopted in this analysis was the Plasticity Retention Index (PRI), which offered a measure of quality in terms of the oxidative resistance of natural rubber. By using the Wallace plastimeter, the plasticity retention index was tested. For the samples, the PRI values were determined. Results obtained from this analysis showed that, as shown in the PRI levels, the characteristics of natural rubber samples were actually affected to various observable levels depending on drying methods. The findings further provided the basis for our assumptions that smoke-dried rubber samples had the lowest qualities, with the lowest PRI values, followed by oven and air-dried samples, respectively, in terms of their PRI. The best features, as shown by the maximum PRI values. It would be recommended, on the basis of the results obtained from this experimental analysis, that the air drying of coagulated natural rubber samples should be carried out in preference to the other two alternatives and should be adopted as the drying method of choice wherever possible.

Author(s) Details

Felix Osarumhense Aguele
Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.

Justice Agbonayinma Idiaghe
Department of Polymer Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi, Nigeria.

Tochukwu Uzoma Apugo-Nwosu

Department of Chemical Engineering Technology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria.

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A Discussion on the Theory of Conjugate Reactions in the Context of Modern Ideas | Chapter 4 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

 The physiologically active compounds of Guanidine display a number of activities such as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory, etc. The composition of imide urea is similar to guanidine, so the chemistry and properties of guanidine are similar to imide urea. Guanidine is one of the most attractive pharmacophores because of its broad range of pharmacological and biological activities. The presence of the -CN3 group in guanidine compounds allows them to have an important affinity for a wide variety of biochemical activities for different substituents. Novel Sulfadiazine/Sulfisoxazole guanidine derivatives were synthesised in the present study and characterised by spectral tests of FT-IR, LCMS and NMR. The synthesised compounds were screened for anti-TB activity and an InhA protein molecular docking analysis was performed. GLIDE calculated the molecule docking trials of ligands and proteins. The operation was ranked on the basis of the docking score. Compounds with electron donation groups were found to have exhibited superior behaviour. Via the intermediary of general highly active substances, the ensemble of reactions is self-organized. With the help of catalysts close to processes involved in living systems, these processes can be accelerated and efficiently implemented. As the basis for the theory of organisation of several enzymatic ensembles, self-organization of an ensemble of reactions capable of being strengthened or weakened and thereby causing chemical interference may be suggested.

Author(s) Details

Tofik Nagiev

National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan, Baku, Azerbaijan.

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Design, Synthesis of Sulfadiazine and Sulfisoxazole Guanidine Derivatives as Promising Anti-TB agents: An in-silico and in-vitro Approach | Chapter 3 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

 The physiologically active compounds of Guanidine display a number of activities such as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory, etc. The composition of imide urea is similar to guanidine, so the chemistry and properties of guanidine are similar to imide urea. Guanidine is one of the most attractive pharmacophores because of its broad range of pharmacological and biological activities. The presence of the -CN3 group in guanidine compounds allows them to have an important affinity for a wide variety of biochemical activities for different substituents. Novel Sulfadiazine/Sulfisoxazole guanidine derivatives were synthesised in the present study and characterised by spectral tests of FT-IR, LCMS and NMR. The synthesised compounds were screened for anti-TB activity and an InhA protein molecular docking analysis was performed. GLIDE calculated the molecule docking trials of ligands and proteins. The operation was ranked on the basis of the docking score. Compounds with electron donation groups were found to have exhibited superior behaviour.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Mahesh Bhat
Department of PG Chemistry, JSS College for Women, Saraswathipuram, Mysore-570 009 Karnataka, India.

Dr. B. K. Sagar
Department of Chemistry, MDRPU Science College, VARAKODU, Mysore-570 010, Karnataka, India.

Dr. E. Vijaya Sekhar
Department of PG Chemistry, JSS College for Women, Saraswathipuram, Mysore-570 009 Karnataka, India.

Dr. M. Supreeth
Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-570 015,

Karnataka, India.

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Study of Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Their Antidiabetic Activity of Some Water Soluble Zn(II) Complexes with N,S-donor Ligands Derived from (E)-N-(Thiophen-2-ylmethylene)anilines | Chapter 2 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

 Five new [ZnX2L1-3] composition zinc (II) nitrate complexes (where X = Cl-, NO3-; Ln = (E)-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene) anilines (1-5)) were synthesised. Elemental analysis, UV-visible, fluorescence, IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy characterised the complexes. Efforts to produce a single crystal suitable for the structure of the X-ray crystal could not be accomplished. However, it was proposed that the complexes follow four coordinated tetrahedral and six coordinated octahedral geometry from spectroscopic data. All complexes were obtained at moderate to good yields and in acetonitrile solution, these compounds act as non-electrolytes. UV-Visible and fluorescence spectral analysis of ligand to ligand charge transfer transition suggested (intra-ligand) ligand complexes 1-5. The complexes were screened against the alpha-glucosidase enzyme for their anti-diabetic activity and contrasted with the regular drug acarbose. The enzyme activity inhibition concentration (IC50) was determined by a systematic enzyme assay. Appropriate controls were used for samples and triplicate analysis was done. The analysis of the complexes suggested a geometry of four and six coordinates around the atom of zinc. Complexes 1-3 were four coordinated tetrahedral structures, while 6 coordinated octahedral structures were complexes 4 and 5. Among the studied compounds, compound 1 was found to exhibit effective anti-diabetic activity.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Sajal Kundu

Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Agartala, Jirania-799 046, Tripura, India.

Dr. Keisham Surjit Singh
Department of Chemistry, Manipur University, Canchipur-795003, India.

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Descriptive Study: In silico and Physicochemical Assessment of the Effectiveness of Hydroxy / Amino Acids as Auxiliary Substances to Improve the Complexation Efficiency of β-cyclodextrin towards Bosentan | Chapter 1 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 5

 To improve its physicochemical performance, the effectiveness of certain hydroxy and amino acids as an auxiliary substance in improving the complexation efficiency (CE) of β -cyclodextrin ( β CD) against Bosentan (BOS), a poorly soluble endothelin receptor antagonist, has been evaluated. A better choice of L-Arginine (ARG) as an auxiliary substance to enhance CE and interaction constant (Ks) of β CD was demonstrated by phase solubility studies conducted in distilled water. As additional proof, the stability, potential interactions and geometry of BOS inside the CD cavity were predicted in silico calculations, optimising ARG as an auxiliary substance again. The solution state thermodynamic investigations subsequently revealed an entropy-driven mechanism of complexation. FTIR, DSC, XRPD and SEM were used to classify the lyophilized complexes. Thermodynamic research has shown that the process of inclusion is entropy-driven and random. Prepared lyophilized complexes provided a smooth, transparent water solution suggesting the complexes achieved by the inclusion phenomenon with lower sized particles of the drug. The inclusion phenomenon arising from the protein binding analysis was responsible for keeping the unbound drug in plasma, resulting in dose and dose frequency minimization. In the overall evaluation, the efficiency of the ternary complex was found to be appreciated, suggesting better efficacy of ARG as an auxiliary substance in improving the CE of CD towards BOS.

Author(s) Details

Yogesh V. Pore
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, Maharashtra, 415 124, India.

Priyanka H. Jadhav
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, Maharashtra, 415 124, India.

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Detection of Hepatic Cytochrome P450 as Biomarkers of Cypermethrin Toxicity in Fish, Channa punctatus (Bloch) | Chapter 14 | Recent Research Advances in Biology Vol. 3

 Because of its high efficacy against target pests, cypermethrin, being a synthetic pyrethroid, is one of the most commonly used pesticides in commercial agricultural applications. It is also extremely toxic to other non-target organisms, such as fish, bees and aquatic insects, in addition to its target toxicity. In this analysis, Channa punctatus was treated with sublethal cypermethrin concentrations (6.6 μg/L) over 5, 10 and 15 days and measured its effect on total CYP 450 and hepatic CYP450 isoform function. Total CYP450 content and CYP1A-mediated EROD activity were significantly induced (p<0.05; p<0.01) compared to control in all three treated groups, while significant induction was observed in CYP2B-mediated N,N-dimethylaniline demethylase activity (p<0.05) in the 15-day treated group only. Aniline hydroxylase activity mediated by CYP2E1 showed only a small increase, whereas erythromycin demethylase activity mediated by CYP3A4 was significantly inhibited (p<0.05; p<0.01). A marginal improvement in all the treated classes was also seen in the liver somatic index (LSI). Differential induction of CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2E1 and inhibition of CYP3A4 isoform due to C treatment with cypermethrin were seen in the results. From punctatus. Comparisons of control and hepatic microsomes exposed to cypermethrin showed increased enzymatic activity and increased strength of 53.5 kDa protein was observed after SDS-PAGE of microsomal protein. The molecular weight of this protein was comparable in size to that reached by TMPD (N,N,N'N '-tetramethyl-pphenylenediamine) heme staining of SDS-PAGE gels. The study clearly showed that the most sensitive and important biomarker for aquatic pollution monitoring was the CYP1A isoform.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Dawa Bhutia
Department of Zoology, Darjeeling Government College, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.

Dr. Joydeb Pal
Ecology and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri, West Bengal, India.

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