Fabrication of Novel Guar Gum-g-poly (Methyl Methacrylate) Superabsorbent Nanocomposite, Its Characterisation, Swelling Properties and Investigation of Reaction Parameters | Chapter 7 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 6

 

Superabsorbent polymers are high-performance synthetic polymers having outstanding water-absorbing capacity. This chapter emphasises the fabrication of novel biopolymer-based superabsorbent nanocomposite using guar gum (GG) and methylmethacrylate (MMA) by free radical graft copolymerisation reaction with boric acid as a cross-linking agent and hydrogen peroxide as an initiator in a complete aqueous solution.  The fabricated superabsorbent nanocomposite has excellent water absorption capacity. Absorbency of the superabsorbent composite was measured by the free swelling method and calculated in terms of percentage swelling. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis was carried out to confirm the grafting of methyl methacrylate onto guar gum. The morphological study of the composite was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) confirms the stability of the nanocomposite. The composite was characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study its crystalline nature. The water absorption capacity of the superabsorbent was measured in distilled water by the free swelling method as a function of percentage swelling and found to be 3000%. The effect of reaction parameters such as guar gum concentration, monomer concentration, initiator concentration, cross-linker concentration and temperature was investigated. The percentage swelling of the superabsorbent composite was studied at various pH values between 2.0 and 13.0. The swelling behaviour of the composite was also examined in saline solutions. The swelling behaviour of the composite was also examined in saline solutions. The result shows that swelling capacity is decreased by increasing the ionic strength of the swelling medium. This behaviour is because of the charge screening effect for monovalent cations as well as ionic crosslinking for multivalent cations. The prepared superabsorbent composite can be used in various applications like agriculture, horticulture, removal of toxic dyes, oil spill cleaning, etc.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kartika Rathore
Applied and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur–342011, Rajasthan, India.

 

Sangeeta Loonker
Applied and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur–342011, Rajasthan, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v6/6852

Synthesis and Applications of Conductive Polyaniline Rice Husk Ash Silica Nanocomposites: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 9 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 4

Recently, the development of Nanotechnology, Nanoscience and Nanomaterial have received more attention following its optical, mechanical, electrical and chemical properties. Nanostructures have a prominent place in Nanotechnology since more space can be used in different applications. In the past decades, a class of conductive polymers became famous because of their mechanical and electrical properties. Polyaniline is a conductive polymer popularly known as an environmentally stable and highly adjustable polymer given in an application form of powder, membranes or loose fibres. Low-cost polyolefin and large-scale production are widely used in broad applications. Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is the by-product of the rice mill industry considered as waste material. Many types of research focused on RHA target the highly contained silicate to be converted to silica after Rice Husk (RH) pyrolysis undertaken in a furnace with a temperature of (800˚C). The sol-gel technique offered a simple route in producing silica from RHA, where 3- (chloropropyl) triethoxyscilane (CPTES) is used to convert the RHA into high-quality silica. Polyaniline/Rice Husk Ash Silica Nanocomposite (PANI/RHACCl (SiO2)NCs) are prepared via chemical oxidative polymerization and can be used in various applications such as supercapacitors, pseudocapacitors, coatings, metal absorption, chemicals, encapsulation of light-emitting organs, proton exchange membrane, diffusion membrane, devices Sensor, Nanoelectronic flexible devices, as well as drug delivery. Results have shown that PANI encapsulates SiO₂ Nanoparticles with a very powerful impact on Nanocomposite morphology.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Salim Oudah Mezan
Ministry of Education, Open Educational College, Studies Muthanna Centre, Republic of Iraq and Optical Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq.

 

Kasim Mohammed Hello
Al-Muthanna University, Ministry of Higher Education, Iraq.

 

Abdullah Hasan Jabbar
Optical Department, College of Health and Medical Technology, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq.

 

Anwar Khairi Abe
General Directorate of Education, Al-Muthanna Governorate, Ministry of Education, Iraq.

 

Maytham Qabel Hamzah
General Directorate of Education, Al-Muthanna Governorate, Ministry of Education, Iraq.

 

Alaa Nihad Tuama
Department of Physics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Babylon, Iraq.

 

M.S. Roslan
Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Pagoh 84600, Malaysia.

 

Mohd Arif Agam
Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Pagoh 84600, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v4/4169

Multifunctional Nanocomposites in the SiC-Al2O3-SIALON System for Armor Plates, Turbine Blades, High-Temperature and Wear-Resistant Nodes | Chapter 3 | Recent Developments in Chemistry and Biochemistry Research Vol. 9

The goal of the study is to  obtain the composite in the SiC-Al203-SiAlON system with the metal-thermal method in the nitrogen medium.

Methods: SiALON-s are solid metal oxide solutions in nitrides. The area of their presence is considered in a four-component system - Si₃N₄-ALN-AL₂O₃-SiO₂. In the present paper SiALON-containing composite was obtained through an alum-thermal process in the nitrogen medium on the base of Geopolymer (kaolin and pology cley – Ukraine), SiC, aluminum nano-powder and Si powder with additives of perlit (Aragatz, Armenia) by the reactive baking method. The advantage of this method is that compounds, which are newly formed thanks to interaction going on at thermal treatment: Si₃N₄, Si, AlN are active, which contributes to SiALON formation at relatively low temperature, at 1250-1300°C. It is evident that inculcation of ALN in the crystal skeleton of ß-Si3N4 is easier since at this temperature interval crystal skeleton of Si₃N₄ is still in the process of formation.

Results: ß-SiAlON was formed at the sintering of SiC-aluminum and silicium powder, geopolymer at 1450°C. The porosity of carbide SiAlON composite obtained by reactive sintering, according to water absorption, equals 13-15%. The samples were fragmented in a jaw-crusher and were powdered in an attrition mill till micro-powder dispersion was obtained. Then samples were hot-pressed at 1620°C under 30 MPa pressure. Hold-time at the final temperature was 8 min. Sample water absorption, according to porosity, was less than 0.5%. Further studies were continued on these samples. It should also be stated that the strength and wear resistance of SiALONs increase in their presence in silicium carbamide-containing composites.

Conclusion: The paper offers processes of formation of SiC-SiAlON and Al₂O₃-SiAlON composites and their physical and technical properties. The phase composition of the composites was studied by X-ray diffraction method, while the structure was studied by the use of optic and electron microscopes. Obtained materials are used in protecting jackets of thermocouples used for melted metal temperature measuring (18-20 measuring), for armor plates, turbine blades and blades, high-temperature and wear-resistant for nodes and for constructions used for placing objects in factory furnaces. The mechanical modulus of materials was calculated according to the formula of Z. Kovziridze.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Z. Kovziridze
Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Materials Science Center, Institute of Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 69, Kostava Str., Tbilisi 0175, Georgia.

 

N. Nijaradze
Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Materials Science Center, Institute of Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 69, Kostava Str., Tbilisi 0175, Georgia.

 

G. Tabatadze
Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Materials Science Center, Institute of Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 69, Kostava Str., Tbilisi 0175, Georgia.

 

M. Mshvildadze
Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Materials Science Center, Institute of Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 69, Kostava Str., Tbilisi 0175, Georgia.

 

N. Daraxvelidze
Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Materials Science Center, Institute of Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 69, Kostava Str., Tbilisi 0175, Georgia.

 

Z. Mestvirisvili
Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Materials Science Center, Institute of Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 69, Kostava Str., Tbilisi 0175, Georgia.

 

V. Kinkladze
Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Materials Science Center, Institute of Bio nanoceramic and Nanocomposite Technology, Georgian Technical University, 69, Kostava Str., Tbilisi 0175, Georgia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rdcbr/v9/2952

Optical Dispersion: Variation of Refractive Index of Polypyrrole and SnO2 Nanocomposite Thin Film with Incident Wavelength | Chapter 4 | Fundamental Research and Application of Physical Science Vol. 7

 In this study, we examined the dielectric properties of nanocomposite thin films utilizing surface plasmon resonance. The aim search out understand how the excitement wavelength influences the refractive index dispersion curve and to decide the suitability of these films for differing applications. Our findings desire that these nanocomposite thin films exhibit promising dielectric features and could be valuable in optical and photoelectric devices. The alternative in wavelength shows dispersion of the dielectric characteristics of the prepared thin films. The science of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has happened mostly used in angular interrogation way using monochrome laser light at a established incident awareness. This in turn produce information about the complex dielectric constant and refractive index of the dielectric material painted above the metal surface. In the communication, we present the refractive index dispersal of the prepared composite thin film. A crimson laser light of intuitiveness approximately 633 nm and TM polarisation is exploited to educate the sample surface, and the corresponding reflectivity ranges are recorded for one spectrometer. A complete SPR reflectance curve can be noticed by varying the angular plasmonic pairing conditions, and a complete reflectivity surface R(θ, λ) maybe measured. After weighing the experimental SPR dossier, the complex dielectric constant and refractive index are determined by fitting them with the hypothetical Fresnel equations. In order to do this, a sample of polypyrrole (PPy) and container oxide (SnO2) nanocomposite thin films is groomed by sol-coagulate and spin coating techniques over a golden-coated crystal. The dielectric properties were checked by varying the excitement wavelength of the beginning in the visible range. The refractive index dispersion curve was planned and fitted accompanying the Sellmeier equation to resolve.

Author(s) Details:

Ajay Pratap Singh Gahlot,
Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/FRAPS-V7/article/view/11119

Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles and Alq3 for Fabrication of Alq3/ZnO Nanocomposites| Chapter 10 | Recent Trends in Chemical and Material Sciences Vol.6

 The fluorescent matrix of Tris-(8-Hydroxyquinoline) Aluminium and the optical and electrical properties of semiconducting Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle systems were investigated (Alq3). To better understand these features, we used an aqueous sol-gel approach to make ZnO nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from 23 nm to 110 nm, annealed them at high temperatures, and made an Alq3 compound of planar shaped microparticles. At room temperature, we evaluated the dielectric characteristics of Alq3/ZnO nanocomposites made by mixing and grinding in a specified volume fraction ratio. To evaluate the optical and chemical properties of ZnO and Alq3 components, measurement techniques such as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet (UV) Spectroscopy, and Fourier Transformation Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used. In addition, structural characteristics, particle morphology, and elemental phase analysis of ZnO nanoparticles and Alq3 powder are studied using Field Effect Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS/XDS). An impedance analyzer with a frequency range of 20 Hz to 25 kHz was used to estimate the dielectric constant of various mixes of Alq3 and ZnO in Alq3/ZnO nanocomposite systems. In general, the purpose of this article is to describe the synthesis, fabrication processes, and characterisation of composite materials made of ZnO and Alq3. We also discuss some interesting organic electronics applications, such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic photovoltaic cells (OPVC), and so on.

Author(s) Details:

Chisomo Daka,
Department of Applied Studies, Physics Section, Malawi Institute of Technology (MIT), Malawi University of Science & Technology (MUST), Along Thyolo-Goliati Road, Malawi.

Rupam Mukherjee,
Department of Physics, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Along Delhi-GT Road, Phagwara, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RTCAMS-V6/article/view/5792

Preparation and Electrical Properties of Polyaniline-MWCNT-CdS Nanocomposites | Chapter 11 | Advanced Aspects of Engineering Research Vol. 10

 The chemical oxidative polymerization reaction was used to create a polyaniline-CNT-CdS nanocomposite. Nanocomposites have particle sizes ranging from 2.5 to 4.9 nanometers. Within the temperature range of 77T300K, the dc electrical transport property of Polyaniline-CNT-CdS nanocomposites was investigated. The 3D variable range hopping (VRH) model is used to calculate the dc conductivity. The nanocomposite's I-V characteristics display a nonlinear pattern.

Author (s) Details

Mrinmoy Goswami
Department of Physics, Sanaka Educational Trust’s Group of Institutions, Durgapur, Durgapur-713212, West Bengal, India

Ranajit Ghosh
CSIR, Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute, Durgapur-09, West Bengal, India

Ajit Kumar Meikap
Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, Durgapur –71309, West Bengal, India

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/AAER-V10/article/view/760

Investigation and Assessment of Addition Titanium Dioxide on General Properties of Polycarbonate | Chapter 10 | New Ideas Concerning Science and Technology Vol. 3

Polycarbonate is a transparent commercial engineering polymer used for its good properties in many applications, in particular in smartphone protector screens. The nano composite material consisting of polycarbonate sheet and nano titanium dioxide particles has been prepared in the present paper. Using a press technique, three ratios of TiO2 (0.01-0.03-0.05 g) were used with polycarbonate. Hardness, impact, FTIR, UV, XRD, DSC, tensile strength, contact angle and smoothness tests were defined as different mechanical, chemical, thermal, scratch and morphology tests. The results showed that hardness decreased by about 15% and impact resistance improved by about 10%. The TiO2 level is rising. FTIR showed that no new peaks existed and that physical interactions between the nano filler and the polycarbonate matrix were seen to decrease transparency by about 5% as well. After TiO2 was applied, UV showed the absorption of polycarbonate by radiation. The DSC showed a decrease in the level of Tg and an increase in material crystallinity after processing. The contact angle test showed that at first, wettability increased but started to decrease with the addition of more TiO2 to the surface. With the addition of TiO2 to polycarbonate sheets, the surface roughness test and the AFM test indicate a decrease in smoothness.

Author (S) Details

Prof. Najim A. Saad
Polymer and Petrochemical Industries Department, College of Materials Engineering, Babylon University, Babylon, Iraq.

Esraa Rzaq Jwad
Polymer and Petrochemical Industries Department, College of Materials Engineering, Babylon University, Babylon, Iraq.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/349

Synthesis, Characterization and Application of CuO/ZnO Nanocomposites | Chapter 4 | Current Perspectives on Chemical Sciences Vol. 6

 Industry-based coloured organic dyes are often non-biodegradable, producing high toxicity to marine organisms and significantly disrupting the water environment. Due to their intrinsic properties, semiconductor photocatalysts have been employed to degrade textile dye contaminants. Using the simple and low-cost mechanochemical combustion process, CuO/ZnO nanocomposite photocatalysts were synthesised. In order to classify the prepared oxides, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) were used. XRD revealed that the prepared CuO/ZnO exhibits a crystal structure of wurtzite ZnO and that CuO and ZnO are made of as-synthesized composites. In the EDX spectrum, the high peaks of the Cu, Zn and O elements are exhibited. FTIR was able to observe the existence of various functional groups (-OH,-CH, Zn-O). In direct solar irradiation, the photocatalytic efficiency of CuO/ZnO nanocomposites has been investigated for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) aqueous solution. At 5 wt percent CuO/ZnO, MB degradation value was estimated to be 98 percent, after 150 minutes of solar irradiation. Therefore, the treatment of textile waste water with photodegradation using sunlight is a simple method, easy to manage and economical.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Md. Ashraful Islam Molla
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka–1000, Bangladesh.

Abrar Zadeed Ahmed
Department of Applied Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka–1000, Bangladesh.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/355