Impacts of Land Tenure Access and Use on Agricultural and Non-agricultural Resources in Rural and Peri-urban Areas in South-East Sierra Leone | Chapter 4 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 4

 

Examining the dynamics of land tenure and agricultural and non-agricultural resources in rural and peri-urban areas remains a grey area in the scientific discourse. To fill this knowledge gap using a case study in south-east Sierra Leone, qualitative data were acquired through key informant interviews and focus group discussions, whilst quantitative data were acquired through administering semi-structured questionnaires to 342 household heads who had resided in the study areas over the past three decades. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 26) was used for data analysis, and logistic regression and chi-square statistics were used to answer some key research questions.  The findings revealed that land is mainly acquired by inheritance in rural areas, whilst in peri-urban areas, it is mainly by purchase. Family members can have access to land with the concurrence of the household head. Rice cultivated area is decreasing alongside an increase in cocoa and oil palm cultivated area, and this is attributable to the increase in access to land for cash crop production by native and non-native investors. With changes in land use, households now travel longer distances to access non-agricultural resources. There is a significant relationship between access to land, control over land, and the location of land, with crop production. An increase in access and control over land, and the location of land in a rural area, increases crop production. However, other variables like the size of land and the use of land demonstrated no significant relationship with crop production. Our findings provide insights that would benefit land use planning in an era of increasing population and land demand.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Morrison K. Lahai
Institute of Geography and Development Studies, Njala University, Sierra Leone.

 

Lamin R. Mansaray
Institute of Geography and Development Studies, Njala University, Sierra Leone.

 

Victor T.S. Kabba
Institute of Geography and Development Studies, Njala University, Sierra Leone.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v4/6569

 

Urban Development Dynamics and Flood Risk Assessment in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria | Chapter 3| Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 4

 

The worldwide population is fast urbanising, with towns undergoing extraordinary growth. Gombe Metropolis, one of Nigeria’s major urban centres, has been meaningly affected by the adverse impacts of persistent annual flooding, leading to prevalent environmental issues and damage to urban societies. Rapid urban development in the city, motivated by the conversion of vegetated areas, open spaces, farmlands, and bare lands into built-up environments, has increased the city’s annual flood risk. Notwithstanding numerous interventions by the government, communities and private efforts to control and mitigate the urban flooding have not been effective. Hence, this study examines the urban development variables contributing to the growing flood risk and frequency in Gombe Metropolis. Data were basically collected through field surveys, including questionnaire administration, and analysed using correlation and regression techniques. Spearman’s Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression models were used to establish statistical relationships between flood risk and independent variables of the urban development, and these include social vulnerability, geographical characteristics, and urban development factors. The findings expose that rapid and unplanned urban development dynamics are the prime drivers of cyclical flooding and the heightened flood risk in Gombe Metropolis. Significant factors prompting flood occurrence include inadequate flood control measures, insufficient and poor drainage systems, failure to obtain building plan approvals, substandard housing structures, and poor solid waste management practices.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Saidu Idris
Department of Geography, Federal University Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria.

 

Ahmad Abdullahi
Department of Geography, Federal University Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria.

 

Yahaya Bako Sade
Department of Geography, Federal University Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria.

 

Faiza Mahdi Doho
Department of Geography, Federal University Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria.

 

Dantata Danlami
Department of Geography, Federal University Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria.

 

Ali Abd
Department of Geography, Federal University Kashere, Gombe State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v4/6539

Gasification of Raw, Roasted and Carbonized Cashew Shells in a Fixed-Bed Co-current Gasifier | Chapter 2 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 4

 

The utilization of agricultural residues for power generation is an opportunity to reduce fossil fuel usage and foster a sustainable circular economy. The gasification of agricultural residues in some localities in Burkina Faso has made it possible to access electricity. However, the majority of gasifiers in operation in Burkina Faso are shut down, for technical reasons and because of the lack of mastery of the technology. The utilization of agricultural residues for power generation is an opportunity to reduce fossil fuel use and foster a promotion of renewable energy.  The present study focuses on the improvement of gas quality by gasification of raw and cashew shells, heat treatment by roasting and carbonization. The gasifier is a fixed-bed, co-current batch mode, with a throat. It has a thermal power of around 30 kW. It meets the need for low electrical power of the order of 10kWe. It has a double wall with a height of 153 cm and a diameter of 50 cm, and a double air injection. Improving the quality of the gas, consisting of reducing the balsam content contained in the raw shells. As well as the improvement of the physico-chemical characteristics of the shells. And this is done through the roasting and carbonization process. The tests carried out aim to evaluate the energy performance of the gasifier and analyse the gas composition resulting from the gasification of raw, roasted and carbonized cashew shells. Four Types K thermocouples, with a measuring range of -50°C to 400°C and class 2 accuracy in accordance. The parameters studied are the energy efficiency of the gasifier and the energy capacity of the gas. Four type K thermocouples, with a measuring range of −50˚C to +400˚C and class 2 accuracy in accordance with standard EN 60584-2, are connected to a data logger to monitor the temperature inside the reactor. The study showed that the energy yields of the gasifier by gasification of raw, roasted and carbonized hulls are respectively 47.5, 28.32 and 31.48%. The specific production rate of the gas is 28.3, 132.76 and 155.32 kg/m2.h respectively for raw, roasted and charred hulls. The gasification times of raw, roasted and charred bulls are 224.33 respectively 201 and 211 minutes. The composition of syngas shows that the gas produced from cashew shells is low in energy. Indeed, the LHV of gas from the raw, roasted and carbonized hulls are 3.1, respectively; 2.1 and 2.87 MJ/N.m3. The study of the gasification of raw and heat-treated hulls shows that the quality of the gas is improved, as is the energy performance of hull gasification. However, the Lower Heating Value of the gas from pre-treated hulls is not improved by torrefaction and carbonization of the hulls. The study concluded that gasifying cashew nut shells—especially those discarded by processing units—can be valuable for heat and electricity production.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Bénéwindé Edwige 2ème Jumelle Ouédraogo
Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement (LPCE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

 

Gado Harouna Ibrahim
Faculté des Sciences et Technique, Université Dan Dankoulodo de Maradi, Maradi, Niger.

 

Wend-Kuni Gisele Bilgo
Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement (LPCE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

 

Tizane Daho
Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement (LPCE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

 

Oumar Sanogo
Institut de Recherche en Sciences Appliquées et Technologies (IRSAT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CNRST), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

 

Antoine Bere
Laboratoire de Physique et de Chimie de l’Environnement (LPCE), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v4/6493

GeoAI-enabled Transformation of Urban Environmental Aesthetics in Nigerian Cities: Challenges, Opportunities, and Implementation Strategies | Chapter 1 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 4

 

Urban aesthetics encompasses the visual and spatial quality of a city, significantly affecting residents' well-being and economic growth. Theories of urban design emphasise the importance of spatial organisation, green spaces, and architectural coherence in fostering aesthetically appealing cities. Nigeria’s economic diversification hinges on transforming its urban centres into aesthetically vibrant, sustainable hubs, moving beyond reliance on crude oil. Geospatial technology has been shown to be affordable and efficient in understanding the varying forms of cities, their continuous expansion, and the processes responsible for their growth pattern. Cities like Lagos, once celebrated for their cultural and architectural heritage, now grapple with aesthetic decline driven by rapid urbanisation, inadequate planning, environmental degradation, and socio-economic disparities.

 

This study critically examines the challenges undermining urban environmental quality in Nigeria, focusing on hotspot cities like Lagos, Port Harcourt, Abuja, Kano, among others, as a case study, and identifies gaps in knowledge, infrastructure, and institutional support that exacerbate these issues. Key obstacles include limited geospatial data, high costs of GeoAI adoption, technical expertise deficits, and socio-cultural resistance to technology-driven urban interventions.

 

Employing a multidisciplinary approach, such as a systematic literature review, the study proposes novel contributions to innovative solutions, integrating sustainable urban planning, inclusive governance, public participation, and advanced geospatial technologies to restore and enhance urban beauty. The systematic literature review involves an extensive examination of 80 published academic sources, policy documents, and case studies relevant to urban aesthetics, GeoAI, governance, and sustainable city planning.

 

The study highlights the role of GeoAI in enabling precise urban design, green space optimisation, and infrastructure monitoring, drawing on best practices from cities like Singapore and Kigali that have successfully revitalised their urban aesthetics.

 

Advanced GeoAI technologies— encompassing satellite imagery, predictive analytics, and real-time urban monitoring—offer transformative potential to redeem the environmental aesthetics of Nigerian cities, fostering tourism, employment, and foreign exchange. However, incomplete data remains a critical barrier, undermining the reliability of spatial predictive models and their applications in urban planning and social sensing. Challenges such as missing features, sparse observations, temporal snapshot limitations, and mismatched spatial scales hinder GeoAI’s ability to capture the complex interplay of human–environment interactions in cities like Lagos.

 

This study argues that successful implementation in Nigeria demands robust policy frameworks, capacity building, and equitable technology access to bridge systemic inequalities. Through addressing these challenges, this study provides a new roadmap for policymakers, city planners, and stakeholders to leverage GeoAI for urban renewal, ensuring Nigerian cities reclaim their aesthetic allure while fostering economic and environmental resilience. This study's recommendations underscore that structuring Nigeria’s urban environmental aesthetics requires not only technological innovation but also a commitment to social equity and community-driven urban transformation.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Ugochukwu Udonna Okonkwo
Department of Geography and GIS / Department of Computer Management and Information Systems, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, U.S.A.

 

Ezekiel Tosin Babatunde
Department of Environmental Sciences, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, U.S.A.

 

Philip Ugbede-Ojo Onuche
Department of Chemistry / Department of Management and Marketing, Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, U.S.A.

 

Enoh Martha Francis
Department of Geography and Geospatial Sciences, Oregon State University, U.S.A.

 

Paul Osazuwa
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), U.S.A.

 

Olumide S. Ogungbemi
Department of Geography and Geospatial Sciences, Oregon State University, U.S.A.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v4/6261

Comparative Analysis of Deforestation Using NDVI and SAVI | Chapter 5 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

Deforestation is seen as the conversion of forest land into farms, ranches, or urban use; described as an illegal way of cutting down forest trees for human utilisation. Developing alternatives to deforestation by adopting sustainable farming practices can restore the lost forest, through replanting trees in cleared areas or by simply allowing the ecosystem to regenerate forest over time. The major aim of forest restoration is to return it to its original state before it was cleared. The surface reflectance indicated by vegetation obtained through remote sensing is distinct compared to other surface bodies over a given scene. Utilising this distinct capability allows the detection of the presence of vegetation. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) compares the total amount of visible red light absorbed with the amount of reflected near-infrared light by a surface. Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) is somewhat similar to NDVI but adjusted by a factor ‘L’ to correct for soil noise effects, which impact the results. Therefore, this study aimed to compare deforestation using NDVI and SAVI. The study was conducted at Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria. Satellite imageries from Landsat data were used to determine the deforestation areas, and the results were compared to ascertain the discrepancies produced by the two methods. Spectral information contained in each of the bands defined by a band in the electromagnetic energy of interest was used for the energy level required in the combination. Forest changes show effectively that there exists similarity in their patterns of change measured with both techniques, but when the need to obtain actual areas of change arises, one has to select the most appropriate technique. The result of the comparison of forested area by the two methods shows similar pattern and behavior, the net vegetation difference ranges from +9.906% to +18.705%, and the forested area from +14.466% to 0.000% while the open land, built-up and bare soil index cover shows a decrease over the years ranging from -13.343% in 1990 to - 2.321% in 2013 respectively. However, NDVI shows a lower area covered by vegetation and forest compared to SAVI, meaning that the total area affected by forest changes by the two methods is not in any way the same. The study recommended that good policies, along with alternative energy sources to bio-fuel consumption, replacement of felled trees, and improved agricultural practices, can help in the recovery of lost forested areas.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ayuba Abubakar Fusami
Department of Surveying & Geo-informatics, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.

 

Olivia Chidimma Nweze
Department of Surveying & Geo-informatics, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.

 

Rekiya Hassan
Department of Surveying & Geo-informatics, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6654

Drying Kinetics and Fungal Infection in Red and Yellow Onions (Allium cepa): A Simulation Approach | Chapter 4 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

In the Philippines, red and yellow onions are frequently cultivated. The country’s advantageous climate and soil traits create an optimal setting for growing these onion types. The elevated moisture levels in onions render them vulnerable to fungal growth, especially Aspergillus niger, leading to spoilage and economic losses in agriculture. Drying is a method used to prolong the shelf life of onions by decreasing moisture content and water activity. Dehydrating onions to a moisture content (MC) of 5% prevents the proliferation of microorganisms and ultimately extends their shelf life. This study aims to determine the ideal drying temperature and minimum duration for onions to reach 5% moisture content by assessing the least energy usage. Three mathematical models—Laplace Transform Model, Page Model, and Non-linear Decomposition Model—were analysed to characterise the drying behaviour of thinly cut red and yellow onions at temperatures of 50, 60, and 70°C, utilising a tray dryer with 20% relative humidity and an air velocity of 2 m/s. The Page model provided the optimal fit for red and yellow onions with the smallest overall error. The optimum drying temperature was observed at 70°C for both red and yellow onions, which was efficient in producing quality onions without any fungal growth at the shortest drying time of 25.6 and 24.74 minutes, respectively. The power requirement calculated at 70°C was 154.18 W for red onions and 148.07 W for yellow onions.  These results may serve as a basis for developing efficient drying protocols in red and yellow onion processing industries.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Lola Domnina Pestaño
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines and Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines.

 

Megan Krisanta E. Gaspar
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines and Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines.

 

Aereous Francesca D. Quizon
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines and Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines.

 

Rhodelie Anne L. Sandoval
Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines and Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Philippines.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6622

Development of a Predictive Model Using Response Surface Methodology for the Parametric Standardisation of Methanol Recovery from Transesterified Oil | Chapter 3 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

The biodiesel production process is carried out worldwide by using methanol and a suitable catalyst. Methanol is highly toxic and hazardous to nature; hence, it is beneficial if methanol is removed from Biodiesel before its use. The traditional method of removing the excess methanol from biodiesel is through the use of wash water, which is not only economically beneficial. The present study on the Development of a Predictive Model for Parametric standardisation of Methanol Recovery from Transesterified Oil was carried out with major emphasis on maximum recovery of methanol from biodiesel before separation of glycerol. A predictive model using response surface methodology (RSM) was developed to optimise the operating conditions for distillation. Confirmatory experiments on standardised parametric conditions were also carried out to validate the model for the condition of maximising methanol recovery by comparing the predicted value with the actual amount of methanol recovered. The standardised parametric conditions for the highest recovery of methanol as predicted by the model are a temperature of distillation of 90 0C, a vacuum pressure of 121.5 mm of Hg, time of distillation of 27.8 min. and circulating water temperature through the condenser as 10 0C. The model predicted 28.7 g methanol recovery at the above condition. The predicted value of methanol recovery was found close to the actual amount of methanol recovered (28.8 g) at the optimised parametric conditions, indicating high accuracy of the developed model. The recovery of methanol has been found to be significantly affected by distillation temperature, vacuum pressure and time of distillation.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sanjay K. Choudhary
Department of Farm Machinery & Power Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa (Bihar), India.

 

T. K. Bhattacharya
Department of Farm Machinery & Power Engineering, G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263 145, India.

 

V. B. Shambhu
National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibres Technology, 12, Regent Park, Kolkata - 700 040, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6584

 

Neurosecurity and Brain-Computer Interfaces | Chapter 2 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

The paper has thoroughly discussed the threats that affect brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). Some of the threats include denial-of-service attacks, neural spoofing, and eavesdropping. The paper used a systematic review to identify scholarly articles that discuss the BCI treatment, defence mechanisms, and implications. The research has used the CIA (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability) triad framework to classify BCI threats. Firms that utilise BCI components can enhance their network security by integrating biometric systems and data encryption techniques. They should also integrate machine learning models that will regularly analyse BCI networks to identify and mitigate threats. Medical personnel should ensure that patients have given them informed consent before implanting BCI components into their brains; this protects a patient’s cognitive liberty. This strategy reduces the lawsuits that medical personnel and hospitals face when using BCI tools to treat patients.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Alex Mathew
Department of Cybersecurity, Bethany College, USA.

 

Frank Valentin
Department of Cybersecurity, Bethany College, USA.

 

Hannah Alex
University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6528

A Bench Mark Survey for Unravelling Circumstances Facing Agricultural Extension in Three Districts of Limpopo Province, South Africa | Chapter 1 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

There is a general concern that agricultural extension in Africa is not working as well as it should. Extension services are one of the policy instruments which can be used to solve the food insecurity challenges. This understanding has led to a team of extension experts in agricultural extension to organise themselves under the name of Extension Africa. The team saw a need to conduct a benchmark study with the aim of unravelling circumstances facing agricultural extension in selected African countries such as Tanzania, Malawi, Botswana and South Africa. The members of Extension Africa were drawn from these countries. This study presents the situation of three districts in Limpopo Province of South Africa in which thirty extension officers were interviewed using a questionnaire. Collected data were captured into the SPSS Version 23 IBM programme and analysed using the cross-tabulation statistical technique. The findings suggest that there are gaps in the critical areas such as educational levels, job satisfaction, extension methods, communication, extension goal and training needs. It was further revealed that the female extension to male ratio is skewed, although they are showing a reasonable level of marital status. The level of in-service training needs was also found to be inadequate. Therefore, the following areas of extension need attention to improve extension delivery: in-service training and Information and Communication Technology (ICT). As far as job satisfaction is concerned, the main challenge is linked to salary. The study concludes with a recommendation targeting both the extension managers and policy makers, who are encouraged to develop strategies to address the gaps identified by the study.

 

The study has provided guidance in resolving the developmental challenges faced by extension practitioners, which, if resolved, will contribute to resolving challenges of small holder farmers in Limpopo.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

E.M. Zwane
Agricultural Extension, School of Agriculture, University of Limpopo, P/Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/933

Evaluation of the Effect of Local Aromatic Plant Marinades and Cooking Regimes on Colour and Quality of Borgou Beef in Benin | Chapter 8 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 5

 

Meat production in Benin is primarily supplied by the national cattle herd, which comprises a genetic diversity predominated by the Borgou breed. The quality attributes of beef are directly influenced by processing techniques such as marination and cooking. Marination plays a crucial role in improving tenderness, juiciness, and flavour while also conferring antioxidant and antimicrobial effects that enhance meat safety and shelf life. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of marination and cooking duration and temperature on the technological properties and sensory profile of Borgou beef. This study was conducted from April 2020 to December 2023, at the central slaughterhouse of Parakou and at the Quality Control Unit of the laboratory of Nutrition and Food Sciences of the University of Parakou, located in the Department of Borgou in Benin. To this end, 10 composite samples of Longissimus thoracis muscles of Borgou cattle were sampled and used for the analyses according to the recommended AOAC and ISO standards. The study showed that the values of the ratio L1*/L0* and a/a₀ differ significantly between meat cooked at 99°C and 66°C. The various stages of heating are visually reflected by the change in colour from red to white-gray, then brown, and finally black. At 66°C and 99°C, samples whiten and do not change colour until the end of cooking, except for some brown traces. Marination affects the technological properties of both raw and cooked meat. The luminance of marinated meat is significantly higher than that of control (non-marinated) samples (p<0.01). Conversely, the red index of marinated meat is significantly lower than that of control samples (p<0.05). Regarding the yellow index, the highest value was recorded in meat marinated with Curcuma longa (p<0.05). The most intense hue was observed in the control lot. Only the chroma of the meat was unaffected by marination. The pH of marinated meats is significantly more acidic than that of the control lot. Turmeric marination significantly reduces cooking loss, whereas bay leaves promote higher water release during cooking (p<0.001). The integration of traditional aromatic plants not only improves physicochemical stability and sensory attributes but also provides natural antioxidant and antimicrobial benefits. Future studies should investigate the antimicrobial activity of the different marinades used in the study and assess the microbiological safety of the marinated beef.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Polycarpe Ulbad TOUGAN
Department of Nutrition and Agro-Food Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Parakou, BP 123 Parakou, Benin and Laboratory of Food Security and Quality of Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2-5030 Gembloux, Belgium.

 

Nathalie KOUBIA
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v5/6669

Optimization of Antimicrobial Metabolite Production by Streptomyces cinnamonensis VLCH-1 from Mangrove Sediments | Chapter 7 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 5

 

Microbial secondary metabolites are one of the immense reservoirs of natural chemical diversity with potent biological activity. Actinomycetes, specifically members of the genus Streptomyces, have the ability to produce potential secondary metabolites possessing antimicrobial properties, including beta-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, etc. The production of secondary metabolites by Streptomyces can be enhanced by altering nutritional and culture parameters. The aim of the present work is to evaluate cultural parameters influencing the production of bioactive secondary metabolites by Streptomyces cinnamonensis VLCH-1 isolated from mangroves located at Machilipatnam of Andhra Pradesh, India. Employing different pretreatment techniques as well as culture media, 50 actinobacterial strains were isolated from mangrove sediments. All the strains were screened for their ability to produce bioactive metabolites. Among them, one strain exhibited broad-spectrum antagonistic activity. It was identified as Streptomyces cinnamonensis VLCH-1 based on cultural, morphological, physiological and molecular approaches. To enhance the production of bioactive metabolites by this strain, attempts are made to optimise culture conditions. High antimicrobial metabolite production was obtained from six-day-old culture grown in ISP-2 (yeast extract, malt extract, dextrose) broth. The strain productivity was improved by amending the culture medium with dextrose (1%), tryptone (1%) and K2HPO4 (0.50%) as carbon, nitrogen and mineral sources. NaCl @3% supported good growth as well as enhanced the production of bioactive metabolites. The secondary metabolites produced by the strain under optimal conditions showed strong antagonistic activity against pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus megaterium), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and Candida albicans. The study suggested that actinobacteria from unexplored mangrove habitats of the south coast of Andhra Pradesh serve as a source for antimicrobial compounds.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ch. Chiranjeevi
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

K. Nagaraju
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

M. Vijayalakshmi
Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur-522510, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v5/6571

Antibiotic Resistance Pattern and Biochemical Characterisation of an Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase in an Intensive Care Unit | Chapter 6 | Microbiology and Biotechnology Research: An Overview Vol. 5

 

β-Lactamases production by bacteria remains the most important mechanism of natural and acquired resistance to β-lactams, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria. Over time, these β-enzymes have evolved in parallel with the massive use of β-lactams. Thus, we have witnessed the emergence and rapid diversification of new enzymes accompanied by broadening of their spectrum of activity and their diffusion among bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria producing beta-lactamase are of significant concern, particularly due to their prevalence in nosocomial infections. Remarkably, Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae) is recognised as a nosocomial pathogen that causes significant infections in hospitals, especially in recent years. During the nosocomial infections occurring in the intensive care unit of the military hospital of Tunis, the Enterobacter cloacae strain was isolated from a stool culture. This strain was found to have a high level of resistance to broad-spectrum β-lactams. The antibiotic susceptibility of the E. cloacae strain was determined on Mueller-Hinton agar by the standard disk diffusion procedure. Resistance profile against the various families of antibiotics was determined using the disc diffusion test. The minimal inhibitory concentration values showed that this strain was resistant to the β-lactams such as ampicillin and the extended spectrum cephalosporins (cefotaxime, ceftriaxon and cefpirome). Analysis of this strain by the disk diffusion test revealed synergies between amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMX-CA) and ceftriaxon, ceftazidime and cefotaxime. Cell sonicate of this isolate is very active against cefotaxime and showed a specific activity (AS) of 7.54 U/mg for the same antibiotic. This activity was inhibited by the sulbactam and the clavulanic acid. Isoelectrofocusing methods revealed that the crude extract of the E. cloacae strain showed 1 β- β-lactamase activity with an isoelectric point (pI) of about 8. This activity was transferred by conjugation and was highly expressed in the transconjugant. These findings provide an evaluation of the biochemical characteristics of a cefotaxime-hydrolysing β-lactamase encoded by a conjugative plasmid in Enterobacter cloacae, emphasising the need for continuous surveillance in a hospital setting.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Bourouis Amel
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biotechnologie LR01ES05, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar II, Tunisie.

 

Chihi Hela
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biotechnologie LR01ES05, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar II, Tunisie.

 

Ben-Achour Nehed
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biotechnologie LR01ES05, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar II, Tunisie.

 

Bargellil Farouk
Service de Bactériologie, Hôpital Militaire de Tunis, 1089 Monfleury, Tunisie.

 

Naghmouchi Karim
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biotechnologie LR01ES05, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar II, Tunisie.

 

Ben-Mehrez Kamel
Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biotechnologie LR01ES05, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 El Manar II, Tunisie.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mbrao/v5/5516

Public Action at the Intersection of Two Public Policies in France and Canada: A Comparative Analysis | Chapter 8 | New Ideas Concerning Arts and Social Studies Vol. 5

 

The term “migrant” refers to foreign immigration policies in the field of the fight against AIDS; it is not suitable for public health issues around immigration concerning immigrants (those arriving) than those already installed on the territory as well. This article is from the statement of a contrast between a strong associative mobilisation around the health of migrants in France during the 2000s and the relative weakness of the dynamics of community organisations around this problem in Canada during the same period. This article investigates how France and Canada, despite their different political systems, address the challenges faced by migrants living with HIV/AIDS from endemic countries. The objective is to analyse how immigration policy and public health policy intersect in shaping responses to this issue. The study relies on a comparative policy analysis supported by documentary review and interviews with key stakeholders in both countries. The findings highlight three main differences: (1) approaches to AIDS prevention and care, with France emphasising coercion and control and Canada privileging cooperation and inclusion; (2) immigration policy, which is more selective in France and more generalized in Canada; and (3) treatment of HIV-positive migrants, where France applies non-systematic screening while Canada has adopted systematic screening. Despite these contrasts, two common trends emerge: first, restrictive immigration measures reduce the rights of migrants in the field of public health; and second, policy responses are increasingly framed through a humanitarian lens that treats access to care as an exceptional measure for foreigners with serious illnesses.

 

This convergence reveals the tension between immigration control and health protection, and shows how both countries combine rights restriction with humanitarian exception in managing HIV/AIDS among migrants.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Elhadji Mbaye
Département of Political Science, Gestion Berger University, Saint-Louis, Sénégal.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nicass/v5/6303

 

Rewriting History from the Margins: A Subaltern Historicist Reading of Mahasweta Devi’s Selected Fiction | Chapter 10 | Language, Literature and Education: Research Updates Vol. 9

 

Ever since the dawn of critical enquiry, the claims of history and writers of history(ies) had been held under suspension, in favor of alternative truth(s). In the poststructuralist milieu, one barely zeroes in on one truth or the absolute truth, but writers like Mahasweta Devi, continually ascertain the claim to ‘unwrite’ the existing history(es), and rewrite one. Mahasweta Devi defines literature as a ‘responsible’ act that originates from the historical commitments of the writer.  These commitments necessitate literature to be written to achieve the transformation of the unjust social system. She attempts to write the history of those individuals whose existence itself was a hearsay for writers at large and the writers of history(ies) in particular. When Devi took to writing, writing by individuals from the marginal lot was a rare phenomenon. National narratives were held in glory. It took her indomitable spirit and a fighter’s instinct to write for the tribals. All of her narratives are directed towards the most important claim and right of the tribals – to be in history, to have history and to write history. Devi’s literary intervention can also be read through the lens of subaltern historiography, which recollects the voices and experiences of the marginalized that are systematically silenced by the dominant historical narratives. By reinforcing the lives of tribals and other oppressed groups, she challenges the hegemony of mainstream history. Her work exemplifies how literature can act as a counter-discourse, destabilizing established power structures and asserting the presence of those who have historically been rendered invisible.

 

 

Author(s) Details

P.R. Amutha Arockia Mary
Auxilium College (Autonomous), Vellore - 632 006, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/lleru/v9/6429

Influence of Internet Usage on Academic Achievement of the Students of Dibrugarh University | Chapter 9 | Language, Literature and Education: Research Updates Vol. 9

 

Internet use has become an integral part of life for the majority of students in higher education all around the world. Students frequently use the internet for various academic purposes, such as preparing course assignments, studying notes, and conducting research projects.  While the use of the internet has a great impact on the academic life of the student, excessive usage may negatively affect their academic achievement. The present study was conducted to study the influence of internet usage on the academic achievement of the students of Dibrugarh University. Ex-post-facto research method was used to study the influence of Internet Usage on the Academic Achievement of the students of Dibrugarh University. The study adopted both purposive and incidental sampling techniques to select the sample for the study. In the present study, the descriptive survey method was used. The data were collected from the students of both liberal and professional programmes of study through a self-constructed Internet Usage Questionnaire. The collected data were analysed and interpreted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Findings of the study indicated that there is an influence of Internet Usage on the Academic Achievement of the students of Dibrugarh University. A significant difference in Academic Achievement was found between the students who had been using the internet daily for less than 3 hours and more than 7 hours; therefore, it was concluded that there was an influence of frequency of Internet Usage (per day) on Academic Achievement of the students of Dibrugarh University. Additionally, the frequency of internet use specifically for academic purposes was also found to influence students’ academic achievement. Therefore, the study concluded that there is an influence of Internet Usage on the Academic Achievement of the students of Dibrugarh University.

 

Author(s) Details

Ratna Das
Department of Education, Gargaon College, Sivasagar, Assam, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/lleru/v9/6416

Engaging Family in the Early Childhood Curriculum: The Role of Pedagogical Documentation in Greece | Chapter 8 | Language, Literature and Education: Research Updates Vol. 9

 

Aims: Pedagogical documentation is used in many countries, and its importance and effects are recognised in multiple levels. However, it is not a legislated requirement in the Greek formal curriculum for early childhood education. Our research program aimed to help educators use pedagogical documentation in the educational process, and to bring parents closer to the early childhood curriculum, in an active and participatory way, through the documentation process. The main research question referred to the way in which the systematic use of pedagogical documentation can help parents understand the kindergarten’s daily curriculum and participate in it in a new way, in a country where pedagogical documentation is not mandatory.

 

Place and Duration of the Study: The study took place in Thessaloniki, Greece, and the duration was seven months. The sample was ten educators from five kindergartens and one hundred and ninety-two children, aged four to six years. Methodology: We used collaborative action research, between ten educators and two researchers from the same university department, to intervene in the educational process and advance it through the flexible use of space and the use of pedagogical documentation from children, educators and parents. The methodological tools were a researcher’s diary, two digital questionnaires for the educators (pre-/post-implementation) and a post-implementation digital questionnaire for the parents.

 

Results: The results showed that the pedagogical documentation helped the educators to bring the parents closer to the kindergarten’s daily program and made them feel as if they could participate in it creatively. The need for more active participation of parents led to the improvised use of digital documentation through Padlet. Space proved to be a crucial factor in the development of the program. It functioned as a living system of people, perspectives and practices.

 

Conclusion: Collaboration and the sharing of knowledge among the educators and between the educators and parents, using different educational strategies, helped parents to become involved more systematically and substantially in the kindergarten’s curriculum, constructing a community of relations, participation, trust, shared values and learning among them.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Domna- Mika Kakana
School of Early Childhood Education, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.

 

Alexandra Gkloumpou
School of Early Childhood Education, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/lleru/v9/6505

Unified Framework for Nudimmud Physics: A Computational Approach Through Group Character Integrals | Book Publisher International

 

This work explores a computational approach to understanding force hierarchy through geometric compatibility analysis between scalar field dynamics and gauge symmetry groups. Building upon the Unified Scalar Resonance Model (USRM) [Hall & Covington, 2024], which established empirical constants α=0.211, β=4.73, and γ=4.81 from cosmic scaling laws (R²=0.97, N=40+, p<10⁻³⁷), we investigate whether group character integral calculations can predict relative force coupling strengths. Our framework treats the scalar field as a universal "source" with impedance Z_source = α(1+iβ/γ) = 0.211+0.207i, while force symmetries act as geometric "loads" with impedances determined by group structure.

 

Computational Results: We present calculations for four fundamental interactions with varying degrees of validation: (1) U(1) Electromagnetic - Geometric derivation yields η_EM = 23.2±2.5%, consistent with empirical α=21.1% within uncertainties; provides framework self-consistency check though uses α as input. (2) SU(2) Weak - Triangular mesh calculation on 3-sphere yields η=60.57% (fundamental) and η_adj=58.4% (adjoint), representing genuine predictions from group topology with hierarchy preserved across representations. (3) SU(3) Strong - Monte Carlo integration yields η=64.24% (fundamental) and η_adj=61.9% (adjoint), maintaining Strong>Weak ordering across representation pairs. (4) ISO(3,1) Poincaré - Lorentz sampling suggests η≈0% with phase opposition; full diffeomorphism group not calculated, results provide an estimated mechanism (~70-85% confidence) for gravity's relative weakness. The observed pattern—Strong (64%) > Weak (61%) > EM (23%) >> Gravity (~0%)—spans the empirically observed range through what appears to be a topological compatibility mechanism.

 

                                                 

 

Parameter Robustness: Analysis across α∈[0.19,0.23]×(β/γ)∈[0.93,1.05] (9 parameter combinations) indicates hierarchy preservation with no ordering reversals. Adjoint representation calculations yield couplings 2-3 percentage points weaker than fundamentals while maintaining hierarchy ordering, suggesting the mechanism may be intrinsic to group topology rather than representation-dependent. Log-linear analysis reveals an empirical scaling relationship η_i ∝ α_i^B with B=0.374±0.208 for fundamental representations, though with notably different behaviour (B_adj=0.046) for adjoint representations, indicating representation-dependent geometric coupling modes.

 

Physical Interpretation: The computational results suggest a possible geometric compatibility mechanism: Strong force (toroidal SU(3) Cartan torus) may resonate with toroidal scalar field structure, Weak force (helical SU(2) 3-sphere) exhibits controlled phase mismatch (~80°), electromagnetic force (spherical U(1)) shows dimensional incompatibility, while gravity (hyperbolic spacetime) exhibits phase opposition. The categorical distinction between compact internal symmetries and non-compact spacetime symmetry may offer insight into the observed hierarchy without requiring fine-tuning, though complete theoretical derivation remains an open question.

 

Theoretical Framework: We present the calculations within a unified field action: S_unified = ∫d⁴x√(-g)[R/16πG + ατ²/16πG + (1/2)∂Φ∂Φ - V(Φ) + Σ η_i(G_i)·ℒ_i^gauge], where coupling efficiencies η_i(G_i)=1-|Γ_i|² emerge from character integrals. Section 2.11 explores a possible connection to quantum field theory through the Wilson effective action, suggesting character integrals might arise naturally from scalar-gauge field coupling, though a complete first-principles derivation remains to be established.

 

Experimental Validation: A noteworthy development emerged from analysis of T2K neutrino oscillation data. We tested a prediction arising from a "bulk hypothesis" interpretation (Section 6.5) suggesting scalar field Φ might represent displacement into higher-dimensional space with 3:1 time differential, predicting energy-dependent baseline modification L_eff(E) = L × (1 - 0.13 E/2.5 GeV). Analysis of 113M Normal Ordering samples from T2K MCMC release (arXiv:2506.05889v2) yielded -15.84% deviation at 2.5 GeV compared to the predicted -13% ± 4.5% (0.62σ agreement), with pattern validation across 9 energy bins showing crossover at 0.6 GeV and approximately linear energy scaling as anticipated. A critical entropy correction—separating Normal and Inverted mass orderings in the MCMC chains—proved essential, resolving parameter extraction to Δm²₃₂ = 2.4986×10⁻³ eV² (0.3% from published values). This represents a second independent neutrino-sector test alongside the CP violation prediction δ_CP = 260° (T2K: 234°±19°, 0.94σ agreement), though we emphasise these should be regarded as preliminary validations pending additional experimental confirmation.

 

Assessment and Limitations: This work shows that computational group theory can produce force coupling estimates within 2-10% of target values for gauge forces using three universal constants and group structure. The electromagnetic calculation provides internal consistency (though it uses α as input), while SU(2) and SU(3) represent genuine a priori predictions. Gravity results are estimates based on the ISO (3,1) local approximation rather than the complete diffeomorphism group calculation.

 

We emphasise several important caveats: The framework remains phenomenological, comparable to Fermi's effective theory of weak interactions—operationally useful but not yet derived from complete first principles. Section 2.11 suggests a possible connection to QFT through Wilson's effective action, indicating character integrals might emerge from scalar-gauge coupling, though rigorous proof awaits further theoretical development. The power law relationship (η ∝ α^B) is empirically observed but lacks a complete theoretical derivation. Geometric correction factors (5-10% adjustments) are phenomenological rather than first-principles. The representation-dependent exponent difference (B_fund vs B_adj) may indicate interesting physics regarding field oscillation modes, but requires careful theoretical investigation.

 

The neutrino predictions warrant particular caution: while the agreement between prediction and T2K data is encouraging (both observables within 1σ), this should be viewed as preliminary pending independent experimental confirmation from NOvA, DUNE, and other facilities during 2025-2030. The framework makes specific, falsifiable predictions that will be tested: if DUNE measures δ_CP ≠ 260°±20°, if force hierarchy reverses under measurement, if SU(2) deviates >15% from 61%, or if gravitational wave-scalar correlations differ from predicted anti-correlation, the framework would be ruled out.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Derrick Covington
US Department of Veterans Affairs, United States.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-91-4

 

Building Entrepreneurial Universities: Strategies for Fostering Innovation and Knowledge Capitals | Book Publisher International

 

A public university's conversion to an entrepreneurial university involves a thorough reassessment of the institution's identity, mission, and social value; it goes beyond simple academic or administrative change. Using Kyambogo University as a live case study of institutional renewal and innovation in Ugandan higher education, this book offers a thorough examination of this transformational path.

 

The idea that the university should become a proactive force for change, a place where knowledge is created and used to address pressing societal issues, lies at the heart of this book. By fusing teaching, research, community engagement and innovation in ways that have an impact on society, culture, and the economy, the entrepreneurial university exemplifies this idea.

 

The OECD and European Commission created the HEInnovate framework, which outlines eight interconnected characteristics of an entrepreneurial university and serves as the foundation for the book. A conceptual and practical roadmap for entrepreneurial university assessment and reform is offered by these factors.

 

Leadership and Governance: This section looks at how entrepreneurship can be ingrained throughout the university through strategic direction, visionary leadership, and supportive governance frameworks.

Organisational Capacity, People, and Incentives: This section examines how to match financial, human, and infrastructure resources to sustain entrepreneurial endeavours.

Entrepreneurial Teaching and Learning: Talks about innovative teaching strategies that promote creativity, problem-solving, critical thinking and hands-on learning.

Preparing and Supporting Entrepreneurs: This section focuses on the institutional ecosystems that provide funding, mentoring, and incubation to student and staff entrepreneurs.

Digital Transformation and Capability: Examines how digital tools may improve teaching, creativity, and teamwork both inside and outside of academic institutions.

Knowledge Exchange and Collaboration: Discusses the value of collaborations with communities, businesses, industries and the government in order to jointly create knowledge and innovations.

The Internationalised Institution: Examines how international collaborations and mobility might enhance the entrepreneurial environment.

Measuring Impact: Highlights the necessity of conducting an evidence-based assessment of institutional performance and entrepreneurial outcomes and impact.

In order to analyse Kyambogo University's preparedness, obstacles, and strategic routes towards becoming an entrepreneurial public university, each chapter of the book expands on these dimensions. To assist university administrators, policy makers, and educators in putting comparable reforms into practice in different settings, real-world examples, analysis, and suggestions are offered.

 

The research indicated that Kyambogo University is moving forward in its journey to establish itself as an entrepreneurial institution, showing enhanced recognition and involvement in innovation and entrepreneurship programs. Nevertheless, there are still shortcomings in the institutional culture, financial support, collaboration with industries, and systems that assist both students and staff.

 

In order to tackle these issues, the research suggests implementing a comprehensive entrepreneurial strategy across the university, bolstering capacity development and innovation centres, improving collaborations with industry, offering internal financial support for start-ups, and integrating entrepreneurship throughout all academic programs. These actions will assist Kyambogo University in completely fulfilling its vision as an entrepreneurial institution.

 

In the end, this book aims to respond to three basic questions:

 

In a world that is changing quickly, how can a public institution reinvent itself to remain relevant?

What mindsets and institutional frameworks are necessary to support entrepreneurship and innovation?

How can universities in Uganda and throughout Africa use entrepreneurship to make a significant contribution to sustainable national development?

 

Author(s) Details

Jacob L. Oyugi
School of Management and Entrepreneurship, Kyambogo University, P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo, Uganda.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-43-3

Navigation on St. Lawrence Seaway Via Gulf of Saint Lawrence Estuary and the St. Lawrence River | Chapter 3 | St. Lawrence Seaway: Canada and United States Joint Lifeline

 

The St. Lawrence River watershed and Newfoundland, located in Canada, are currently home to millions of people. The entire Great Lakes watershed drains through Lake Ontario and flows into the St. Lawrence River near Cape Vincent, New York. The St. Lawrence River then flows northeast through Quebec and Ontario and into the largest estuary in the world, the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The St. Lawrence River, between Ontario, Canada and New York, United States, is part of the international boundary. The St. Lawrence Seaway permits ocean-going vessels to go from the Great Lakes of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. Navigation of the St. Lawrence was not possible until canals were built around the Lachine Rapids near Montreal. The canals allowed ships to bypass the rapids and travel into Lake Ontario. In 1954, the United States agreed to joint development of the international sections of the St. Lawrence River. The St. Lawrence Seaway was opened in 1959 and permits ocean-going ships to go all the way to the southwest corner of Lake Superior near Duluth, Minnesota. During the 1970s and after more than 150 years of successful resource and economic development of the St. Lawrence Basin, a grassroots challenge to the proposed United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) planned development of the St. Lawrence River was blocked by a successful ecological campaign called “Save the River”. The objectives of the study are: 1) to study the geological and landscape properties which the St. Lawrence River Basin has contributed to the successful resource and economic development of a historically rich region of North America, and 2) to study the environmental risks to the St. Lawrence River Basin and the Saint Lawrence estuary. Planned economic and urban development of the St. Lawrence River basin by the USACE was blocked by the “Save the River” campaign. These environmental challenges include the settlement of millions of people in the St. Lawrence River basin, navigation of the St. Lawrence River, disposal of treated and untreated wastewater, water pollution, shore erosion because of high-water levels in the Great Lakes and connecting rivers, invasive species, and flooding.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kenneth R. Olson
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Cory D. Suski
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-36-5/CH3

Eastern Great Lakes Section of the St. Lawrence Seaway | Chapter 2 | St. Lawrence Seaway: Canada and United States Joint Lifeline

 

The Eastern Great Lakes Basin consists of the two primary Great Lakes and many secondary lakes that drain directly through tributaries and into the Great Lakes. The Eastern Great Lakes region covers 51,000 square km of land and is home to 15 million people. This region is rich in natural resources, industry and agriculture, and forms the heartland of both Canada and the United States. The development of this region has a history that is closely tied to waterways and seaways. The development of canals promoted growth and prosperity. The St. Lawrence Seaway connects the Great Lakes to the St Lawrence River and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The New York State Canal and the St. Lawrence Seaway were linked by the Oswego Canal and provided a shorter route for cargo via barges to New York City. The New York State (NYS) Barge Canal and the St. Lawrence Seaway provided pathways for the settlement of the Eastern Great Lakes. Lake Erie drains into Lake Ontario via the Niagara River, but the river was not navigable due to the obstacles of Niagara Falls and the Niagara Escarpment. Until the 1820s, ships could not travel into Lake Erie. The Eastern Great Lake shorelines, riverbanks and canals are actively eroding because of high surface water levels and flooding.  The primary objective of this paper is to document the environmental risks to the Eastern Great Lakes, the Niagara River and the Welland Canal and to provide a solution to the current deteriorating Welland Canal that needs to be replaced in the next 10 years. The environmental challenges of this region, which require mitigation, include the replacement of the current deteriorating Welland Canal, navigation of the Niagara River, disposal of treated and untreated waste, water pollution, shoreline, riverbank and canal erosion accelerated by high water levels, and buildings on the Eastern Great Lakes shoreline and Niagara Riverbanks, invasive species, and flooding.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kenneth R. Olson
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Cory D. Suski
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-36-5/CH2

Western Great Lakes Section of the St. Lawrence Seaway | Chapter 1 | St. Lawrence Seaway: Canada and United States Joint Lifeline

 

The St. Lawrence Seaway connects Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario to the Atlantic Ocean. The lakes and connecting rivers, St. Mary’s, St. Claire, Detroit, Niagara and St. Lawrence, have been a major artery for transportation, migration and trade. The Great Lakes have been sailed for trading and commercial purposes since at least the 17th century. Approximately 6000 ships have sunk, killing more than 30,000 sailors and passengers. The linkage of Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River has allowed Chicago’s wastewater to be disposed of into the tributaries of the Illinois River and Mississippi River to avoid contaminating Lake Michigan, the source of Chicago’s drinking water. An unintended consequence of linking the Western Great Lakes basin with the Mississippi River basin was the creation of the wet pathway (Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal) through which the flying Asian carp is trying to use to get into the Great Lakes. An electric fish barrier was constructed on the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal to prevent the carp from migrating into Lake Michigan, the Great Lakes basin and the St. Lawrence Seaway. The primary objective of this paper is to document the environmental threats to the Western Great Lakes basin, which has only one natural outlet, the Detroit River, which flows naturally into Lake Erie. These environmental challenges which are starting to requiring mitigation including the impact millions of people living in the Western Great Lakes basin, navigation on the St. Lawrence Seaway, thousands of shipwrecks at the bottoms of Lake Huron, Lake Superior and Lake Michigan, disposal of treated and untreated industrial and urban waste into the lakes, pollution of the sources of drinking water, land use change, shoreline erosion, building structures on the shoreline banks, underwater oil and gas pipelines, invasive species including Asian carp, and record high Western Great Lake water levels. The Western Great Lakes shorelines are actively eroding partly because of the high surface water levels. The high-risk erosion areas have been retreating at an average rate of 30 cm per year for the last 15 years.

 

 

Author(s) Details

 

Kenneth R. Olson
Department of Natural Resources, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, USA.

 

Gerald A. Miller
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-88417-36-5/CH1

 

Technology Assisted Aerobic Exercise in Patients with Mild to Moderate Parkinson’s Disease: A Pilot Quality Assurance Study in a Community Setting | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 1

 

Background: Physical inactivity is a significant health risk, particularly in the growing population of elders with chronic neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson’s Disease (PD).

 

Purpose: The primary purpose of the study was to determine if individuals with mild to moderate PD could safely achieve intense levels of exercise using novel rehabilitation technology (AlterGR, GlideTrakTM or the NuStepTMT5XR/Vasper) without exacerbating pain or PD signs and symptoms

 

Methodology: Two quality assurance studies, QA I and II, were carried out in a Health and Wellness Centre with individuals >60 years of age, of any gender, with mild to moderate PD (Hoehn and Yahr I-III). Participants in QA1 were randomly assigned to daily, intense training (5 days, 40 minutes per session, 200 minutes) on the AlterGR or the GlideTrakTM, with a crossover after 3 months. In QA II, participants trained for 5 weeks, 2x/week, 20 minutes/session, 5 weeks (200minutes) on the NuStepTMT5XR/ Vasper. Mobility and balance measurements were made pre- and immediately post study:10-meter walk, Six-minute Walk, Timed Up and Go (TUG), and Five Times Sit to Stand (5XSST). Nonparametric Wilcoxon Tests were applied to test gain scores for statistical significance. At the end of the study, participants self-reported signs, symptoms, training challenges and technology preferences.

 

Results: In QA I, 11 participants safely completed all 5 sessions of body unweighted aerobic training on the AlterG R and the GlideTrakTM without adverse effects. Nine participants achieved a target heart rate of 60-80% of age-relevant maximum, and 2 achieved >3 /10 exertion. In QA II, 9 participants safely completed the training sessions on the NuStepTMT5XR /Vasper without adverse events. Seven participants achieved the target heart rate of 60-80% of age-relevant maximum with 2 achieving >3/10 exertion level. Participants training on the Alter GR or the NuStepTMT5XR /Vasper made significant gains in gait speed, endurance and balance, performing at normative values. Post AlterGR training, the participants net the minimal clinically important differences (MICD) in gait speed and endurance (0.22 m/sec and 82,2 meters). In QA II, the participants met all MCIDs for gain scores in gait speed (0.28m/sec), distance walked in 6 minutes (30.8 m) and balance (-4.1 sec TUG and – 2.9 sec 5XSST). Post study, participants self-reported mild to moderate discomfort (0.5-1.6 on a scale of 0-10), but improved energy and resilience.

 

Conclusion: Novel rehabilitative technology allowed participants with mild to moderate PD to exercise aerobically and improve performance without exacerbating pain or PD signs and symptoms. Participants expressed selective preferences, but recommended technology-assisted equipment to be incorporated into community fitness centres to enable patients with neurodegenerative disease to exercise safely and intensively to maintain health and wellness.

 

Author(s) Details

Nancy Byl
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v1/6546

CRISPR-Cas Genome Editing: Transformative Applications in Horticultural Crop Improvement | Chapter 11 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 5

 

Horticultural crops, which include vegetables, ornamentals, plantation crops and spices, are essential for global food and nutritional security, economic advancement, and environmental sustainability. CRISPR-Cas genome editing has been widely applied to improve various horticultural crops, addressing critical traits such as disease resistance, stress tolerance, yield enhancement and quality improvements. This chapter offers an in-depth examination of CRISPR-Cas genome editing technologies and their revolutionary applications in the enhancement of horticulture crops. It starts by talking about how important horticulture is and the problems that come up with traditional breeding. Then it talks about genome editing tools, focusing on how CRISPR works and its benefits, as well as new developments like base editing and prime editing. Detailed applications of CRISPR across diverse crop groups are presented, illustrating improvements in biotic resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, yield, quality and shelf life. The chapter also examines delivery methods, regulatory and ethical considerations and societal acceptance issues pertinent to genome-edited crops. The discussion includes problems, including off-target effects, complicated genome designs, and business obstacles. Lastly, it talks about the future and how CRISPR could help make horticulture more climate-resilient and sustainable. The future of CRISPR-Cas technologies in horticultural crop improvement is promising, with emerging trends focusing on integration with cutting-edge innovations like speed breeding, artificial intelligence (AI), multiplex genome editing and synthetic biology. These synergies have the potential to accelerate breeding cycles, enhance trait discovery and develop climate-resilient and sustainable horticulture. This review envisions the accelerated development and commercialisation of CRISPR-edited horticultural varieties as a critical step towards addressing global food security and environmental challenges in the twenty-first century.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kaushiki Kumari
Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat – 785 013, Assam, India.

 

Reecha T. Das
Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat – 785 013, Assam, India.

 

G.C. Bora
Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat – 785 013, Assam, India.

 

Hiyamoni Patowary
Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat – 785 013, Assam, India.

 

Tania Sharma
Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat – 785 013, Assam, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v5/6608

Breeding for Enhanced Root Traits to Improve Soil Carbon Sequestration | Chapter 10 | Agricultural Sciences: Techniques and Innovations Vol. 5

 

One of the most serious issues that the world is facing today is global warming. The increase of CO2 is one of the major causes of global warming. Efforts have been made to reduce the emission of carbon and also to discover ways to sequester atmospheric CO2. Soil carbon sequestration is one of the vital mechanisms that can reduce the effect of rising temperatures of the earth by absorbing atmospheric carbon. The root architecture of crop plants, when modified through breeding techniques for carbon sequestration, plays a role in reducing global warming. This chapter focuses on the various root characteristics that can contribute to soil carbon storage for a longer period of time. For instance, perenniality of crops influences a longer and more stable root system, which can serve for long-term carbon storage. The conventional breeding techniques have some disadvantages when it comes to breeding for root traits for carbon sequestration. Here, various new breeding approaches such as phenotyping, molecular breeding, genomic prediction, QTL, GWAS, metagenomics, etc. have been discussed in brief that can be used for breeding of crop varieties with enhanced root traits for soil carbon storage. Also, the various constraints related to it and the future prospects are discussed here.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sanjukta Saikia
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Assam Agricultural University, India.

 

Gobin Ch. Bora
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Assam Agricultural University, India.

 

Debananda Rajbongshi
Department of Soil Science, Assam Agricultural University, India.

 

Shreya Sarmah
Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, India.

 

Anwesha Bhattacharyya
Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Assam Agricultural University, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/asti/v5/6561

 

The Relationship between Students' Sense of Safety and Self-Efficacy in an Arab High School in Israel | Chapter 7 | New Ideas Concerning Arts and Social Studies Vol. 5

Sense of safety in school refers to students' perceptions of being protected from physical, emotional, and social threats within the school environment. Research over the past decade has consistently shown that students who feel safe at school tend to exhibit higher academic achievement, greater attendance rates, and reduced psychological distress. On the other hand, Self-efficacy, an individual's belief in their capacity to execute behaviours necessary to achieve specific goals, has emerged as a powerful predictor of academic persistence and resilience. This study investigated the relationship between students' sense of safety and self-efficacy in an Arab high school in Israel's Triangle region. While extensive research has documented the importance of both safety perceptions and self-efficacy for students' academic and psychological outcomes, there remains a significant gap in understanding how these factors specifically interact within Arab educational contexts in Israel. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional correlational design, data were collected from 281 Muslim Arab students (grades 10- 12) using validated measures of safety perceptions (physical safety, emotional safety, and security concerns) and self-efficacy (academic, emotional self-regulation, and social domains). Results revealed a significant positive correlation between safety perceptions and self-efficacy (r = 0.42, p < 0.001), with emotional safety emerging as the strongest predictor of self-efficacy (β = 0.36, p = 0.001). The relationship between safety and self-efficacy appeared somewhat stronger for female students (r = 0.47) compared to male students (r = 0.38), though this difference was not statistically significant. Emotional self-regulation efficacy showed the strongest correlation with safety perceptions (r = 0.48, p < 0.001), suggesting the particular importance of safety for developing emotional coping resources. Supplementary qualitative data highlighted how cultural identity and collective values influenced students' experiences of safety and self-efficacy development. These findings suggest that creating secure and supportive school environments, with particular attention to emotional safety, may be an effective strategy for enhancing Arab students' belief in their capabilities, potentially improving academic outcomes and psychological well-being even in challenging sociopolitical contexts.

 

Author(s) Details

Abdul Kareem Igbaria
Department of English, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nicass/v5/6126

The Post-Soviet Model of Accountability in the Estonian Local Welfare Government | Chapter 6 | New Ideas Concerning Arts and Social Studies Vol. 5

 

Background: Accountability is ubiquitous in social systems, and its necessity is increased in formal organisations that supposedly aim to predict and control behaviour. Today’s public authorities need to show value diversity, understand and respect different cultures, and design and deliver culturally relevant and responsive programs and services. Accountability in social work is crucial for ensuring professional legitimacy and adherence to public organisational practices. This is particularly important in the Estonian context, where social welfare is undergoing rapid changes due to Europeanization and public administration reforms.

 

Aim: This chapter aims to shed light on accountability in administrative social work within the Estonian welfare model. Specifically, it seeks to examine how the responsibility of the nation-state is shared in ensuring social well-being and to explore how the provision of necessary social services to residents can be predicted.

 

Methods: A meso-level model was employed, integrating contemporary research and expanding perspectives from individual, group, and organisational levels into a coherent framework. A case study approach was used, analysing publicly available documentation and data from three Estonian local governments (Viru-Nigula, Lüganuse, and Mustvee) collected between 2020 and 2022. To study the process of accountability, a concept has been developed with the following features: legal basis, political discourse of well-being, theoretical discourse, standards, public information, applied methods, profession/profession, decision-making process, and evaluation.

 

Results: The study reveals challenges in predicting social service provision to clients. These challenges stem from the fragmented nature of the Estonian welfare system, the lack of clear criteria for allocating local social benefits, the limited professional autonomy of social workers in local governments, and the opacity and lack of evaluation mechanisms in accountability processes in Estonian social welfare.

 

Conclusions: The research highlights the need for clearer definitions of social work roles, stronger professional autonomy for social workers, and a more client-centred approach to social welfare in Estonia. Future research directions include exploring the perspectives of social workers, clients, and policymakers on accountability in social welfare and conducting comparative studies with other countries.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Vaike Raudava
Department of Social Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nicass/v5/6613