Comparative Analysis of Deforestation Using NDVI and SAVI | Chapter 5 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 6

 

Deforestation is seen as the conversion of forest land into farms, ranches, or urban use; described as an illegal way of cutting down forest trees for human utilisation. Developing alternatives to deforestation by adopting sustainable farming practices can restore the lost forest, through replanting trees in cleared areas or by simply allowing the ecosystem to regenerate forest over time. The major aim of forest restoration is to return it to its original state before it was cleared. The surface reflectance indicated by vegetation obtained through remote sensing is distinct compared to other surface bodies over a given scene. Utilising this distinct capability allows the detection of the presence of vegetation. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) compares the total amount of visible red light absorbed with the amount of reflected near-infrared light by a surface. Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) is somewhat similar to NDVI but adjusted by a factor ‘L’ to correct for soil noise effects, which impact the results. Therefore, this study aimed to compare deforestation using NDVI and SAVI. The study was conducted at Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria. Satellite imageries from Landsat data were used to determine the deforestation areas, and the results were compared to ascertain the discrepancies produced by the two methods. Spectral information contained in each of the bands defined by a band in the electromagnetic energy of interest was used for the energy level required in the combination. Forest changes show effectively that there exists similarity in their patterns of change measured with both techniques, but when the need to obtain actual areas of change arises, one has to select the most appropriate technique. The result of the comparison of forested area by the two methods shows similar pattern and behavior, the net vegetation difference ranges from +9.906% to +18.705%, and the forested area from +14.466% to 0.000% while the open land, built-up and bare soil index cover shows a decrease over the years ranging from -13.343% in 1990 to - 2.321% in 2013 respectively. However, NDVI shows a lower area covered by vegetation and forest compared to SAVI, meaning that the total area affected by forest changes by the two methods is not in any way the same. The study recommended that good policies, along with alternative energy sources to bio-fuel consumption, replacement of felled trees, and improved agricultural practices, can help in the recovery of lost forested areas.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ayuba Abubakar Fusami
Department of Surveying & Geo-informatics, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.

 

Olivia Chidimma Nweze
Department of Surveying & Geo-informatics, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.

 

Rekiya Hassan
Department of Surveying & Geo-informatics, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v6/6654

Environmental Impact on Amazon River Water Quality: Urbanisation, Deforestation, Cultivation, and Sedimentation | Chapter 6 | Current Research on Geography, Earth Science and Environment Vol. 2

 

The Amazon River of South America is made up of a network of tributaries from across different countries that drain into the main body of the river. The Amazon River has approximately 1,100 tributaries. The Amazon River, spanning two-fifths of an entire continent, is the lifeblood of the world's largest ecosystem. The primary objective is to mitigate the environmental impact of deforestation, urbanisation, cultivation, invasive species, soil erosion, and sedimentation on declining Amazon water quality. The Amazon River is fed by a series of tributaries that are categorised into three types depending on the terrain they pass through and the sediments they pick up along the way. First is the Whitewater Rivers, which are brown because of large amounts of soil-based sediments. The Blackwater Rivers, which are deep brown, are caused by decomposing plant materials. These materials make the waters highly acidic and inhospitable to parasites and bacteria. The Clearwater Rivers flow in highlands over ancient rocks whose sediments were washed off long ago. A Water Quality Index (WQI) was used based on nine variables analysed. The Internal Quality Assurance (IQA) was an important tool used to evaluate the water quality of the studied rivers. Water pollution in industrial and urban areas is intense. Water use for various urban purposes needs to be restricted.

 

Author(s) Details

Kenneth R. Olson
Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, USA.

 

David R. Speidel
USDA Resource Conservationist and Agricultural Consultant with Natural Resource Conservation Service and Foreign Agricultural Service, Benton, Missouri, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/crgese/v2/6007

Disaster Risk Reduction of Mangrove Forest Destruction in East Kalimantan Province | Chapter 1 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 9

The purpose of this study was to investigate the problems that occur in mangrove forest areas continuously. Such problems have been occurring for a long time, caused by the inaccuracy of previous policies and the overlapping authority and selfishness of stakeholders. A mangrove forest can be briefly defined as a type of forest that grows in tidal areas (especially on sheltered beaches, lagoons, river estuaries) that are inundated at high tide and free from inundation at low tide where the plant community is salt-tolerant. As a result of this research, the implementation of policies carried out by the East Kalimantan Provincial Government can now be said to be successful, although there are still indicators that need to be improved, such as in the resource variable. Furthermore, it was discovered that issues persisted with the previous government's administration of the Mangrove Forest region. The findings of this study suggest that the policy of private sector activity program be evaluated in conjunction with the Central Government, and that supervision be provided following planting. Provisions in sectoral laws related to natural resources, apart from those that specifically regulate environmental protection as in Law 32/2009, are regulated in various forms. The government's implementation of policy activity program does not only involve the government and the community, but also involves the private sector and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as a form of participation in realized forest sustainability and improving the economy of communities in mangrove forest areas.

 

Author (s) Details

Hairun Jariah
University of 17 Agustus 1945 Samarinda, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 80-Samarinda City, Province of East Kalimantan-75124, Indonesia.

 

Sukindar
University of 17 Agustus 1945 Samarinda, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 80-Samarinda City, Province of East Kalimantan-75124, Indonesia.

 

Lisa Astria Milasari
University of 17 Agustus 1945 Samarinda, Jalan Ir. H. Juanda 80-Samarinda City, Province of East Kalimantan-75124, Indonesia.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v9/1530

Land Use and Land Cover Transformations and their Implications for Conservation: A Study in Mukumbura (Ward 2), Mt Darwin, Zimbabwe, 2002-2022 | Chapter 1 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 7

Land use and land cover (LULC) change is a complex and dynamic process influenced by social, economic, and biophysical factors that can cause significant impacts on ecological processes and biodiversity conservation. Understanding trends of land use land cover (LULC) changes is important for biodiversity monitoring and conservation planning, identifying the areas affected by change and designing sustainable solutions to reduce the changes. The study aims to evaluate and quantify the historical changes in land use and land cover in Mukumbura (Ward 2), Mt Darwin, Zimbabwe, from 2002 to 2022. The objective of the study was to analyze the LULC changes in Ward 2 (Mukumbura), Mt Darwin, Northern Zimbabwe, for a period of 20 years using geospatial techniques. Landsat satellite images were processed using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and the supervised classification with maximum likelihood algorithm was employed to generate LULC maps between 2002 and 2022 with a five (5) year interval, investigating the following variables, forest cover, barren land, water cover and the fields. Findings revealed a substantial reduction in forest cover by 38.8%, water bodies (wetlands, ponds, and rivers) declined by 55.6%, whilst fields (crop/agricultural fields) increased by 93.3% and the barren land cover increased by 26.3% from 2002 to 2022. These findings point to substantial changes in LULC over the observed years. LULC changes have resulted in habitat fragmentation, reduced biodiversity, and the disruption of ecosystem functions. The study concludes that if these deforestation trends, cultivation, and settlement land expansion continue, the ward will have limited indigenous fruit trees. Therefore, the causes for LULC changes must be controlled, sustainable forest resources use practiced, hence the need to domesticate the Indigenous fruit trees in Arborloo toilets. Detailed research of the links between land-cover classes that increased in hectares and those that declined is recommended to establish the real drivers of LULC changes in the study area.

 

Author (s) Details

Musekiwa Innocent Maruza
Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe.

Edson Gandiwa
Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Harare, Zimbabwe.

 

Never Muboko
Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority, Harare, Zimbabwe.

 

Ishmael Sango
Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe.

 

Tawanda Tarakini
Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe.

 

Nobert Tafadzwa Mukomberanwa
Department of Geoinformatics and Environmental Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v7/4292

Environmental Impact and Awareness of COVID-19 Pandemic on Solid Waste Management in Windhoek Municipality between 2019 and 2020, Namibia | Chapter 8 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 3

 

This study was focused on the implications of COVID-19 pandemic on solid waste management in Windhoek, Namibia using Khomasdal, Katutura, Dorado Park, Otjomuse, Rocky Crest, Soweto and Hockland Park. There are records of several significant pandemics in human existence but the pandemic-related crises have caused enormous negative impacts on health, economies, and even national security globally. The cross-sectional survey design was employed while a simple random sampling model and well-structured questionnaire whose validity and reliability were tested and found suitable. The t-test analysis showed no significant relationship between waste generation and disposal practices (p < 0.05; t-start = 0.96). Tangible difference between the responses (p < 0.05 and t-start = 2.69) on the concept of awareness of COVID-19 pandemic but no significant difference between the responses on solid waste during the pandemic (p < 0.05; t-start = -0.31) and also for the influence of COVID-19 pandemic on solid waste management especially on the environment (p < 0.05; t-start = -1.792). Sixty (60%) of inhabitants complained of poor smell while 66% acknowledged the loss of jobs during the pandemic. Similarly, 64% of respondents agreed that the pandemic was not the cause of any disease outbreak. A very striking issue was the 82% who agreed to the fact that the contagious nature of the pandemic was due to sabotage. Waste management was not highly efficient (63%) as waste dumps were prevalently high within the period under review (60%). This study revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic really led to an increase in the volume of waste generated due to more food consumption, irregular disposal of waste, an increase in online shopping and a reduction in the number of waste management and workers for prevention of infection. There is an urgent need to further improve waste management practices during restrictions.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Victor Uzoma Nwagbara
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia.

 

William Azuka Iyama
Institute of Geosciences and Environmental Management, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. 

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v3/273

Experimental Research on Rural Dwellers’ Perception of Effect of Charcoal Production on the Environment in Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria | Chapter 13 | Recent Advances in Science and Technology Research Vol.5

 

Despite the law promulgated by the Federal Government of Nigeria prohibiting illicit felling of trees,
the number of charcoal producers is on the increase coupled with a sharp rise in the quantity of
charcoal produced with its attendants environmental consequences. Thus, this study investigated
rural dwellers’ perception of the effect of Charcoal Production (CP) on the environment in Guinea
Savannah Zone of Nigeria. Eighty five respondents were selected through multistage sampling
procedure. Data were collected through the use of structured interview schedule and were analysed,
using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings show that the mean age of charcoal
producers was 43 years. Majority (90.5%) was males, 90.6% of the charcoal producers were married
and 35.3% had no formal education. Majority (80.0%) of the respondents made use of earth mound
method of CP and 52.9% of them produced between 32 kg and 32000 kg of charcoal per annum.
Most of the respondents (62.7%) perceived that charcoal production could lead to erosion, while
62.4% of them perceived that charcoal production would not only reduce the available trees for future
use but also reduce the available air in the environment (54.1%). Regression result showed that
farming activities (β= 0.305), farming system (0.301), years of experience (β= 0.365) and sources of
trees (β= 0.280) were implicated in the level of perceived environmental effects of charcoal production
in the study area. Thus, high level of perceived environmental effects of charcoal production was
recorded. Therefore, charcoal producers should be educated on the effects of CP on the environment
and to participate actively in the replacement of trees

Author (s) Details

Dr. P. O. Eniola
Department of Agricultural Technology, The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, Saki, Nigeria.

S. O. Odebode
Department of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/241