The Role of Erythroferrone Hormone as Erythroid and Iron Regulator in Several Hematological Disorders | Chapter 10 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

Erythroferrone (ERFE) is a hormone released in the bone marrow by erythroblasts in response to erythropoietin, which regulates the release of iron accumulation by its action on hepcidin, acting on hepatocytes to suppress hepcidin hormone expression. Erythroferrone is one of the possible therapeutic biomarkers for determining the activity of erythropoiesis in patients with blood disorders with respect to iron imbalance. Since Dr. Leon Kautz and colleagues were discovered in 2014 and until now there have been inadequate studies of Erythroferrone among humans, most studies are performed in animals. The role of Erythroferrone hormone as the erythroid hepcidin and iron metabolism regulator during thalassemia, inflammatory anaemia, and iron deficiency anaemia is briefly discussed in this chapter. Through a search using the following electronic databases, studies were found in this review: PubMed, Academia, Scopus, Google Scholar, and another open source database. Conclusion: Several studies have concluded that erythroferrone levels in the blood are higher in people with inflammatory thalassemia and iron deficiency anaemia than in people without thalassemia and iron deficiency anaemia. Awareness of the mechanisms of erythroferrone as an erythroid hepcidin and iron metabolism regulator during thalassemia and in iron deficiency anaemia is essential for both conditions in diagnosis and treatment. In cases of iron deficiency anaemia and thalassemia disease, erythroferrone hormone can act as a potential factor in the physiological suppression of hepcidin and play a key role in the treatment process among those patients with iron deficiency or iron overload status. However, there are few studies on the role of ERFE in humans so far since it has recently been discovered and continues to be studied, and most animal studies are carried out.

Author (s) Details

Asaad Ma. Babker
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.

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Availability and Affordability of Sanitation and Health Promoting Amenities: Driving the Impact of Knowledge of Childhood Diarrhea on Health-Seeking Practices of Under-five Children- Caregivers in Calabar-South, Calabar, Nigeria | Chapter 9 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

Context: Diarrhea takes the lives of more children than the combination of malaria, HIV and measles. Corrective steps are suggested for the prompt detection of signs of diarrhoea by caregivers and the timely initiation of oral rehydration therapy using oral rehydration solution (ORS) or sufficient home-accessible fluids. Diarrhea is the world's second largest cause of mortality for children under five. The goal of this study was to determine the fundamental awareness of childhood diarrhoea and health-seeking practises among caregivers of children under five in Calabar-South, Calabar, Nigeria within the limits of sanitation and public health facilities available. Materials and Methods: Of the 12 wards in the study area by casting lot, six wards were selected. From each of the 6 wards, ten streets were randomly chosen. To give a total of 660 compounds, eleven compounds were picked randomly per lane. A household with a child or children under five was randomly selected per compound, and 660 caregivers were therefore enrolled for consent. To gather data from respondents, semi-structured questionnaires were used. Results: In this sample, 638 (98.2%) of respondents in children under five had excellent basic knowledge of childhood diarrhoea, 12 (1.8%) had average basic knowledge, and no category was classified as having weak basic knowledge. The incidence of childhood diarrhoea among respondents with strong diarrhoea awareness (50.3 percent) was slightly higher than among respondents with reasonable basic knowledge (50 percent ). Some caregivers preferred to pursue health treatment from conventional healers in operation during the emergence of childhood diarrhoea 6.1 percent (19), churches 1.9 percent (6), pharmacies 16.9 percent (53), patent drug stores 18.8 percent (59), hospital, 14.3 percent (45), or self-medication at home 42 percent (132). Conclusion: While most caregivers had strong basic knowledge of childhood diarrhoea, due to insufficient involvement, there were restrictions on translating this knowledge through intervention activities. The research area's social amenity system. Provision of social services such as hospitals, pipe carried water, waste treatment facilities, power supply, water drainage etc. should be given priority by government and non-governmental authorities. These results may be due to the insufficient availability of the social facilities network comprising primary health centres and community pharmacy, pipe-borne water system, water-closet toilet system, planned water drainage system for public waste disposal dumps, etc., thus restricting the translation of awareness to activities of diarrhoea intervention.

Author (s) Details

G. I. Ogban
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

E. M. Ndueso
Department of Public Health, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

A. A. Iwuafor
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

U. E. Emanghe
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

S. N. Ushie
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

R. I. Ejemot-Nwadiaro
Department of Public Health, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.

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Recent Study on Vitreomacular Interphase Disorders in Eyes with Proliferative Sickle Cell Retinopathy | Chapter 8 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

Purpose: A set of characteristic retina complications that occur in patients with sickle cell haemoglobinopathy is sickle cell retinopathy (SCR). Based on optical coherence tomography results, to identify the type of vitreomacula interface disorders (VID) seen in eyes with proliferative sickle cell retinopathy and to assess their effect on visual acuity. Methods and Patients: It was a retrospective case study for observation. To classify all PSR cases with Fourier-domain OCT imaging showing VIDs at a single academic private-practice office location from January 1, 2015 to July 30, 2018, clinical records and imaging records were checked. Vitreomacula Adhesions, Vitreomacula Traction, Lamellar Macula Hole, Full Thickness Macula Hole, Epiretina membranes and Macula Pseudohole were categorised as defined VIDs. Results: Out of a total of 98 eyes out of 78 examined PSR patients, only 12 eyes had VIDs, representing 12.2% of PSR patients. There were 3 (25 percent) males and 9 (75 percent) females aged between 32 and 64 years, with a mean age of 45.42 years [SD 10.27], affected by 9 (75 percent) right eyes. Their genotype was SC in 9(75 per cent) patients and 3(25 per cent) with genotype SS. In 6(50 percent) eyes, PSR was at stage 3, while the remaining 6(eyes) were at step 4. Epiretine membranes (ERM) were the most prevalent VID seen in 7(58.3 percent) eyes, Lamella Macula Holes were associated with 2(16.6 percent) ERM eyes, and a pseudohole was associated with ERM in 1(8.3 percent). In 3(25 percent) eyes, VMAs were seen and FTMHs were seen in 2 (16.6 percent) eyes. ERMs were therefore seen in 7.1 percent of the 98 PSR eyes that were considered (7 eyes). Conclusion: The most prominent vitreomacular interphase disorders seen in our eye series with proliferative sickle cell retinopathy are epiretina membranes with or without macular holes. They have been linked to mild to moderate visual acuity deficiency.

Author (s) Details

Olufemi Oderinlo
Eye Foundation Hospital, 27 Isaac John Street, GRA Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.

Adekunle Hassan
Eye Foundation Hospital, 27 Isaac John Street, GRA Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.

Ogugua Okonkwo
Eye Foundation Hospital, 27 Isaac John Street, GRA Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria.

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General Overview of the History of Modern Ophthalmology in Nigeria: A Synopsis of Institutions, Events and Personalities | Chapter 7 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

With contributions from many personalities, ophthalmology in Nigeria has grown over the decades. The emergence of good care has been influenced by many events and institutions, from the creation of the ECWA Eye Hospital in 1943 as one of the first indigenous dedicated Eye Hospitals, to the establishment of the National Eye Centre and the Ophthalmology Department of the University College Hospital, the specialty of ophthalmology has developed to enviable heights. The hospital has been approved for the Diploma in Ophthalmology training by the West African Postgraduate Medical College (WACS). As milestone events in history, the formation of the Ophthalmological Society of Nigeria in 1969 and the establishment of the National Postgraduate College and the West African College of Surgeons stand out. The Nigerian National Blindness and Visual Disability Survey (2005 to 2007) was the largest survey ever undertaken in Africa, and there were no national level figures in Nigeria prior to the survey. Including 30 months of intensive fieldwork, this gigantic undertaking took more than three years to complete and was only possible because of the special efforts of key individuals. The Eyeris Program of the MTN EYE FOUNDATION (2013 - 2017) also stands out as a landmark surgical intervention programme involving 12 states in Nigeria in all geopolitical zones. A total of 18,438 free cataract surgeries were performed, 23,528 eyeglasses and 23,226 ocular prescriptions were also provided to beneficiaries free of charge for ocular allergies, glaucoma and ocular infections. The earliest records available date from the establishment by the Sudan Interior Mission on 20 January 1943 of ECWA Eye Hospital Kano as one of the earliest indigenous dedicated eye hospitals in Nigeria.

Author (s) Details

Olufemi Oderinlo
Eye Foundation Hospital, Ikeja GRA, Lagos, Nigeria.

Adekunle Olubola Hassan
Eye Foundation Hospital, Ikeja GRA, Lagos, Nigeria.

Tayo Bogunjoko
Eye Foundation Hospital, Ikeja GRA, Lagos, Nigeria.

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IR Spectroscopy and Non-invasive Blood Spectroscopy are the Leading Methods for Determining the Superiority of Physiotherapy in Conservative Medicine | Chapter 6 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

The research is dedicated to disclosing the evidentiary criterion of superiority of physiotherapy over drug therapy using criteria and treatment approaches in accordance with the therapeutic stage of the progress of the disorder, the effects of labour skill and quality of life improvement.

'Underwater horizontal spinal traction with underwater phototherapy for the solution of the current medical and social problem: treatment of patients with degenerative dystrophic lesions of the lumbosacral spine with hernial protrusions of the intervertebral disc' was verified with high statistical precision on the basis of the newly established rehabilitating technology: Based on the achievements made in physics (the discoveries of "evanescent waves," "scanning tunnelling microscope," "stationary and non-stationary Josephson effects," the creation of highly sensitive equipment[4,5,6]) and the discovery by the author of this highly insightful, non-invasive, harmless method of studying the mechanism of action of physical factors on the entire organism from any part of the body. It has been established that modern physiotherapy instrumentation doses and regulates the effect of electromagnetic waves of any physical factor on the entire organism.

Author (s) Details

Bitsoev Vladimir Dodtievich
Department of Medical Science, h.42A, Kirova Str., Apt. 60 the Town of Podolsk of the Moscow Region, Moscow, Russia.

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The Combination of Underwater Light Therapy with Underwater Spinal Traction Guarantees a 50% Regression of Intervertebral Hernia | Chapter 5 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

In this work, we research the effect of the structure of water on water absorption spectra that are subject to electromagnetic radiation of the following types: 1. polychromatic visible and infrared polarised (PVIP) light emitted by a 'Bioptron' system with a wavelength between 480 and 3400 nm and a frequency between 625 and 88 THz under water through a fiber-optic cable and an exposure time of 2, 4, 6, 10, 15 and 30 minutes; 2. electromagnetic waves belonging to the 5.6 mm range with a frequency of 50-52 GHz and an exposure of 2, 4, 6, 10, 15 and 30 minutes by means of a water-immersed radiation source greater than 5 cm; 3. a single effect of PVIP light and CO2 at a temperature of 0 °C and an exposure of 4 minutes; 4. a single effect of 5.6 mm electromagnetic waves and CO2 at a temperature of 0 °C and an exposure of 4 minutes; 5. The influence of PVIP light on water above the water surface at a height of 10 cm. The studies conducted have shown that the strongest improvements occur in water irradiated with PVIP light over 4 and 15 minutes relative to the absorption spectra of the tap water control sample. Where water was irradiated with PVIP light from a height of 10 cm above the water surface for 15 minutes, major changes in the water structure occurred. Experiments conducted show that water exposed to polychromatic VIP light (Bioptron) is triggered, manifesting in changes in physical and chemical properties, namely changes in the optical absorption spectrum, the dispersion of Raman and the pH of water. The studies also showed that the water structure improved dramatically after the end of the 4- and 15-minute exposure of water to electromagnetic waves (26 and 15 minutes later, respectively) because of its unique capacity to store and transmit information.

Author (s) Details

Bitsoev Vladimir Dodtievich
Department of Medical Science, h.42A, Kirova Str., Apt. 60 the Town of Podolsk of the Moscow Region, Moscow, Russia.

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New Ways to Study the Effects of Physical Factors on the Organism Provide the Highest Efficiency of Treatment | Chapter 4 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

This research focuses on a new approach to the application of physical variables in complex patient therapy. The author believes that it is important to rethink technical characteristics and exposure of the physiotherapeutic factor affecting the organism based on experimental research results, taking into account the nosological form of the disease and the particulars of the individual patient. In this regard, the author introduced new clinical physiotherapy tasks and proposed seven concepts for new physical factor classification in complex patient therapy. The author proposed new ideas in medicine on the basis of research: 1) the human body as a "biological scanning tunnelling microscope"; 2) the human being as part of "nature" refers to the general law of the universe: "singularity and indivisibility of time, matter and shape" as well as the powers of their interaction in continuous constant motion without end. Eventually, the efficacy and protection of physiotherapy relies on the ability of the practitioner to accurately assess all these variables. Both clinical medicine and experimental physiotherapy need to be focused on deep understanding.

Author (s) Details

Vladmimir Dodtievich Bitsoev
Department of Medical Science, h.42A, Kirova Str., Apt. 60 the Town of Podolsk of the Moscow Region, Moscow, Russia.

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The Leading Role of the Principles of Interaction between Natural Physical Factors and the Whole Organism in the Medicine of the Future | Chapter 3 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

The study is dedicated to disclosing the evidence of physiotherapy's superiority over drug theatment by the criteria and treatment strategies in accordance with the therapeutic stage of the development of the disorder, by labour test outcomes, and by enhancing the quality of life.'Underwater horizontal extension of the spine with underwater phototherapy to solve a real medical and social problem: the treatment of patients with degenerative-dystrophic damage of the lumbosacral spine with hernia protrusion of the intervertebral discs - one of the most wide-ranging intervertebral discs - is verified with high statistical precision by the example of a new reconstruction technology: Based on the achievements achieved in physics - the discovery of "evanescent waves"; "scanning tunnel microscope"; "stationary and non-stationary Josephson effects"; the creation of highly sensitive equipment; and the discovery by the author of this work of a highly detailed, non-invasive, simple, harmless method of studying the mechanism of action of physical factors in the organisation.

Author (s) Details

Bitsoev Vladimir Dodtievich
Department of Medical Science, h.42A, Kirova Str., Apt. 60 the Town of Podolsk of the Moscow Region, Moscow, Russia.

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Investigation into Intracellular Energy and Mechanism of Weak Electromagnetic Waves on the Whole Body by IR-Spectroscopia is a New Trend in Medicine | Chapter 2 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

This paper discusses the essential issues of modern medicine related to the advancement of early disease detection in order to make it safe and available to all those who need an assistant and to provide care at the supramolecular level for diseases.

We have a strong reason to investigate the effect of faint electromagnetic waves on the entire body, depending on experiments.

In this regard, the major challenges of clinical physiotherapy have been established and the classification scheme for physical factors has been developed based on new concepts that may lead to the advancement of the theory of physiotherapy.

Author (s) Details

Bitsoev Vladimir Dodtievich
Department of Medical Science, h.42A, Kirova Str., Apt. 60 the Town of Podolsk of the Moscow Region, Moscow, Russia.

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Blood Spectrum Biopsy as Screening Diagnostics of Health | Chapter 1 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 3

The work deals with early diagnosis of diseases of internal organs and systems with the most up-to-date, unique, non-traumatic approach that does not involve special skin preparation, the blood spectrum biopsy method from the diagnostic projection zones of internal organs on the human head, neck, and body.

Author (s) Details

Vladimir Dodtievich Bitsoev
Department of Medical Science, h.42A, Kirova Str., Apt. 60 the Town of Podolsk of the Moscow Region, Moscow, Russia.

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Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics vis-a-vis Earth’s Expansion: Probing the Missing Links for Understanding the Total Earth System | Chapter 12 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

On the basis of careful investigation, the article confirms that different aspects of the Planet can only be satisfactorily described according to the theory of Earth expansion, although this theory still seemed to be unacceptable at first. Hypotheses such as continental drift, plate tectonics or the expansion of the Earth should not be considered feasible in view of the stable and rigid mantle state that would, on the other hand, resist such phenomena. Based on Hilgenberg's Earth Expansion Model (1933), the author clarifies that its mantle must have been sufficiently fluid due to the association of ocean-forming water prior to expansion when the Earth was small and devoid of oceans. In addition, the matching thickness of the external fluid core and the scale of the Earth's radial expansion strongly support the opening of the outer core as a void geosphere due to planetary expansion. An additional force of reverse gravity will develop in the deep interior of the earth, due to the occurrence of a void or pseudo-fluid geosphere separating the basaltic mantle and solid iron core, acting in the opposite direction of the usual inwardly directed gravity force. This postulation leads us to consider that an upwardly guided force of gravitational attraction will behave in a prevailing manner in the deep interior of the earth, thus preserving the inner core's sufficiently low temperature and pressure state and magnetic nature that fully agrees with observed characteristics of terrestrial magnetism. The crustal layer was scattered over the Earth's surface due to expansion, while widespread incidences of magma emission occurred through the expansion fractures, creating rudimentary ocean basins. These basins were enlarged with further expansion and filled with water that degassed from the mantle associated with the magma emission phase, while the mantle itself gradually transformed into a rigid body due to desiccation. Owing to external magnetic effect, the magnetic iron core was deflected until the expansion of the earth as the iron core and the mantle were juxtaposed to each other, creating significant shifts throughout the planet's polar and equatorial disposition. Subsequently, in the younger geological era, when a major void geosphere was opened between the iron core and the mantle due to expansion, external magnetic forces caused the magnetic core to conduct smooth revolutions, resulting in new magnetic phenomena, such as pole reversal and polar wandering, recorded over the younger strata of the earth. It should be noted that while the continental fragments will appear to move away from each other due to expansion, some continental fragments came closer to each other or even collided to create mountain ranges due to the movement of the planet around its axis of rotation.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Subhasis Sen
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, O-26, Patuli, Kolkata, 700094, India. (Retired)

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The King is Naked: Prevailing State of Art in the Present-Day Earth Sciences | Chapter 11 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

The popular Danish author for children, Hans Christian Andersen, told the storey of two weavers who persuaded the king and his noblemen that their new dress would not be visible to the scoundrels[1]. So, everyone who saw the naked king decided that the new outfit he was wearing was fantastic. In the field of present-day earth science, almost an identical condition prevails. For instance, despite the strong and rigid state of the mantle, where convective movement is not possible, Earth scientists assume that continental blocks or plates are shifting due to mantle convection and that a geo-dynamo operating in the deep interior of the Earth often generates the planet's magnetic phenomena. The author here points out certain blatantly false concepts which, in the field of geological sciences, are causing utter confusion, especially concerning global tectonics. "Reject plate tectonics and save Earth sciences" is the subject of the paper.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Subhasis Sen
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, O-26, Patuli, Kolkata, 700094, India. (Retired)

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Determination of Formaldehyde in Seafood and Food Products at Somdet Market, Kalasin Province | Chapter 10 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

Formaldehyde or formalin, which is acceptably assimilated, is deeply damaging. The aim of this study was to analyse formalin sulfated in fish and solidified meat. In Kalasin Province, the method was to pick samples. Examples were individual mackerel, fresh squid, solidified chicken, Saba fish, Shishamo fish, Jelly fish, Cockle, Clams, Squid, shrimp, White shrimp and Dolly fish. The techniques were to analyse the titration and formalin test kit for formaldehyde. The system of titration used formic corrosive in soluble arrangement by the abundance of iodine. Law No.151 (B.E.2536) was issued by the Ministry of Public Health's Formalin test unit to test formalin-debased foods. The findings showed that formaldehyde was 288 mg/L, 228 mg/L, 293 mg/L, 77 mg/L, 282 mg/L, 180 mg/L, 120 mg/L, 48 mg/L, 229 mg/L, 294 mg/L, 295 mg/L and 293 mg/L in mackerel, fresh squid, solidified chicken, saba fish, shishamo fish, jellyfish, cockle, shellfish, squid, white shrimp and cart fish in three duplicates. The test unit for formalin was to assess that all examples were infected with formalin. Furthermore, the formalin stature defiled in white shrimp, the second was shrimp and cart fish, the third was solidified chicken, the fourth was mackerel, the fifth was Shishamo fish, the sixth was squid, the seventh was new squid, jellyfish was the eighth, cockle was the ninth, Saba fish was the 10th, and shellfish was the latter. Formaldehyde arranged by the World Health Organization was cancer-causing for individuals, circumspectly that there was fair evidence for exacting malignancy of depression in individuals.

Author (s) Details

Theeranat Suwanaruang
Faculty of Science and Health Technology, Kalasin University, Kalasin, Thailand.

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From Ecological Vision to Innovation Technology Passing Throw the Ecosystem Services: A Conceptual Model to Plan Ground Photovoltaic System as Green Infrastructure for Water Regulating and Habitat Services | Chapter 9 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

This paper introduces a photovoltaic system project designed in synergy with freshwater and water ecosystem services. Based on the operative principle of multifunctional land use, the emphasis is on reconnecting business growth with social and ecological development. Such an approach aims to harmonise the needs of photovoltaic systems for industrial processes and the ecological and social needs of the landscape. Specifically, this combination of photovoltaic panels and wetlands is proposed as a new pattern of the photovoltaic scheme, distinct from the normal configuration of photovoltaic panels in farmlands or brownfields. Among other things, the proposed project has the key functions of increasing the production of solar energy, recycling waste water, generating raw materials for biofuel or other applications, providing animal habitat and mitigating the temperature of the air. In this way, it is possible to view ecosystem services as supporting technology services to increase the productivity of energy factories. This novel design opens up a new view of environmental aspects that should be viewed as an active part of the design and not only as future impacts of human activities or mitigation strategies.

Author (s) Details

Teodoro Semeraro
University of Salento, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche ed Ambientali, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy.

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Towards a Theoretical Framework for the Assessment of the Marine Living Resources (MLR) Legislative Framework of South Africa: Implications for Effectively Regulating Harvesting of MLR Such as Wild Abalone (Haliotis midae) | Chapter 8 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

This is a short review of the current fisheries legislative mechanisms in South Africa. The thesis discusses the various marine legislative mechanisms and determines how these laws relate to the efficient management of South African fisheries. The main focus is on marine species that are endangered, especially abalone. South Africa's Marine Living Resources Act (MLRA) was adopted in 1998 with the primary objective of protecting marine fishing nations, including endangered species. The country has since developed policies and actions intended to improve the MLRA. These policies include South Africa's Small Scale Fisheries Sector (SSFP) regulation, which was implemented in 2012. In May 2014, the Marine Living Resources Amendment Act, Act No. 5 of 2014, was passed to improve the MLRA and allow for the SSFP to be enforced. The introduction of the MLRA and its supporting policies is driven by the need to achieve protection of marine resources, promote economic development in the marine industry and protect endangered marine life by implementing anti-poaching legislation and minimising marine pollution. South Africa has faced a range of obstacles in achieving this goal and most of the programmes have not been implemented successfully so far. While regulations were placed in place to support such an initiative, a community of fishermen (subsistence and artisanal fishermen) remained neglected and ignored in the fishing rights allocation process. However, there is hope for small-scale fisheries, provided that the government is preparing to follow a co-management strategy centred on the community, which will see fishing rights allocated to small-scale fishing communities and co-manage fisheries with the government.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Cliff Sibusiso Dlamini
Center for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa (CCARDESA), Plot 4701, Station Exit Road Private Bag 00357, Gaborone, Botswana.

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Understanding Sustainable Development | Chapter 7 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

Sustainable growth refers to growth that does not affect natural resources. It can also be defined as a growth that meets the requirements of the present without sacrificing the potential of future generations. The goal of this study is to review and synthesise the literature on sustainable development pillars and models. The revenue from the literature showed that a number of authors agree that creation of sustainability can be classified into three I environmental sustainability (organic raw material production, management of agricultural water), (ii) social sustainability (accessibility of nutritious food to different generations) and (iii) economic sustainability (participation and cooperation from small businesses). Theories and ideas previously existed that allowed people to choose between environmental protection and growth. With the implementation of sustainable growth, human communities are building a bright and stable future. Equal focus must be paid to the three pillars of economic, social and environmental development in order to achieve sustainable development. In solving the problems of climate change and global warming, sustainable development is seen as the solution. The protection of biodiversity, water supplies, the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and the promotion of sustainable agriculture are some of the most critical aspects of sustainable development and should be at the forefront of promoting the idea of sustainable development.

Author (s) Details

Cliff Sibusiso Dlamini
Center for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa (CCARDESA), Plot 4701 Station Exit Road, Private Bag 00357, Gaborone, Botswana.

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A Critical Review of Some Issues and Essential Elements in Constitutional Environmental Rights in an African Context with some Illustrations from South Africa and Swaziland | Chapter 6 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

Recent studies have shown that it is relatively new to the jurisprudence of constitutional environmental protections and requirements. The goal of this research was to review and synthesise literature with reference to South Africa and Swaziland on the underlying fundamental principles and patterns of constitutional environmental rights in Africa. Three recognised approaches to environmental rights are also recognised: anthropocentric (people-centered), ecocentric (environment-centered), theo-cultural and theocentricism (of culture and religion). Procedural, substantive, and unity are forms of environmental rights. In addition, environmental rights types include civil and political rights, also known as negative (enforceable) rights, and socio-economic rights, also called positive rights (not easily enforceable and requires state resources). The establishment and enforcement of environmental rights is assisted by many state, regional and international policies and legislation. For African countries, the African Charter on Human and People's Rights is relevant. Public engagement, the collection and distribution of environmental information, the creation and implementation of environmental legislation, policies and programmes, environmental compliance and enforcement, the provision of environmental infrastructure, the setting up of environmental collaborations and environmental education are important elements for the fulfilment of environmental rights. In particular, Africa, South Africa and Swaziland were found in this analysis to have embraced, to varying degrees, the principle of constitutional environmental rights and provisions. Consequently, to facilitate the protection of environmental rights, policies and regulations are in effect.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Cliff Sibusiso Dlamini
Center for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa (CCARDESA), Plot 4701, Station Exit Road Private Bag 00357, Gaborone, Botswana.

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A Brief Overview of the South African Legal Framework for Marine Pollution with Reference to Land-Based Marine Pollution | Chapter 5 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

In the Republic of South Africa, there are numerous legal instruments that provide guidelines and legislative procedures for processes and issues relevant to marine pollution. The aim of this analysis is to briefly review and synthesise the legislative structure literature. It also becomes unclear from a collection of documents looked at, which one is relevant to whom, under what conditions and to what degree. In this regard, some light is shed here, showing, most importantly, the irreplaceable and authoritative text that holds sway over others. In addition, the analysis quickly mentions classification of laws and regulations based on common law, doctrines of general application statutes of the equity band. Four primary sources are used by the South African Legal System: laws, court rulings, common law, customary law and indigenous law. While case laws and indigenous laws have not been discussed in any way, as environmentalism is a relatively new field of social practise, the explanation for this is not farfetched. In dispute resolution and arbitration, the question of dominance is addressed, citing a noteworthy international case that is applicable to any signatory to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas. Light is shed on the root basis of the legal system of marine pollution, citing main parts of the Republics, Constitution, statutes of the environment, policy papers, and bye laws. As the synchronous use of bye laws is disclosed, the characteristics enshrined in the United Nations Convention of the Law of the Seas are unpacked in both objects. There is also an attempt to list four wide areas around which cases of marine pollution could require adjudication. In addition, the report looks at liability problems with the state itself, which seems to be the e perpetrator (or not). A case from the Pace International Law Review exemplifies this. Using a theory unpacked in the Corfu Channel Case of 1949 and the Declarations that followed, customary law and general international principles of law are brought into review. The prominence of the National Environment al Management Act (NEMA) is identified in the light of the presence of the other bye laws by looking at the South African general legislative structure. Before wrapping up the threats, opportunities, and conclusions, procedural steps taken in the management of marine pollution are highlighted.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Cliff Sibusiso Dlamini
Center for Coordination of Agricultural Research and Development for Southern Africa (CCARDESA), Plot 4701, Station Exit Road Private Bag 00357, Gaborone, Botswana.

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Assessing the Risks of Domestic Underground Water Sources in Informal Settlement in Kabwe – Zambia | Chapter 4 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

Worldwide, informal settlements are a hot spot for disaster threats. They are distinguished by minimal basic service provision. Usually, informal settlements occupy land perceived to be unsuitable for residential or commercial use. Water is not properly supported as a vital life support resource. Typically, residents rely on contaminated water supplies from hand dug wells. A big facility for sanitary purposes is pit latrines. In addition, a common aspect is the high population density of informal settlements living in poor housing units. Due to the proximity of sanitation facilities to unprotected shallow wells, the risks of underground water pollution are high, raising the likelihood of E. coli and coli feacal contamination. This paper presents a case concerning the informal settlement of Makululu in Zambia. A total of 385 respondents were selected at random, while main informants were identified by deliberate sampling. For coli type and E. coli, water samples obtained from 12 hand dug wells located near pit latrines were examined. Before and after the rainy season, research was conducted to examine the relationship between pit latrines and wells, as well as the relationship with the pattern of distribution of rainfall to assess risk levels. Water was tested based on the presence of E. coli and coli type, to assess the levels of contamination. Laboratory findings showed that faecal coliforms are highly polluted by 90% of the water ingested in Makululu informal settlement. The findings of this research also indicate that tap water may be safer, but extra sampling is needed. It is also important to encourage the basic treatment of water at the community or household level by chemical disinfection using chlorine, filtration using simple household filters, and boiling.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Adrian Phiri
Mulungushi University, Disaster Management Training Centre, Kabwe, Zambia.

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Levels and Sources of Trace Metals and TPH in Aerosol Particles in Some Cities of the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Statistical Approach | Chapter 3 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

This study calculated and compared seasonal trace element levels (Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Mn, Fe, Zn, Co, and As), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and suspended particulate matter (PM10) in aerosol particles collected in four major cities (Calabar, Eket, Aba and Port Harcourt) in the Niger delta region between July-September 2005 and January-March 2006. PM10 concentrations ranged from the lowest in Calabar, 27.72 ± 11.33 μg/m3, to the highest in Aba, 75.50 ± 25.60 μg/m3, while TPH ranged from 6.56 ± 3.36 μg/m3 in Calabar to the highest in Eket, 35.95 ± 16.30 μg/m3. The results of the trace metal analysis showed that the aerosols in the air basin contain concentrations of elements (Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Mn, Co and As) < 15 μg/m3 at all sites in the Niger delta region of Nigeria. In Aba and Port Harcourt, higher mean Fe concentrations (41.26 ± 9.84 μg/m3) recorded at Calabar and Zn (39.76 ± 6.15 μg/m3) and (22.91±6.26 μg/m3) were registered. The median highest TPH concentrations (35.95 ± 16.30) and (33.05 ± 16.21 μg/m3) were obtained in the dry season (January-March 2005) at Aba and Eket respectively, while the lowest mean concentration (6.56 ± 3.36 μg/m3) was obtained at Calabar. Significant seasonal differences in metal concentrations with higher concentrations during the dry season were confirmed by a paired independent t-test at p ⁇ 0.05 (df = 34, n= 36). To classify the origins and their contributions to the aerosol particles, enrichment factor (EF) analysis was adopted. Our findings showed that Pb, Hg, Cr, Ni, V, Cu, Cd, Mn, Zn, Co, and As of anthropogenic origin, in the order Port Harcourt > Aba > Eket > Calabar, were highly enriched in the atmosphere in the cities studied. Multivariate statistical analyses (Principal Component and Cluster) validated the trace metal sources, as well as their local meteorological factor controls. This study provides the region's baseline information and is useful for successful monitoring of environmental pollution in Nigeria's Niger delta region.

Author (s) Details

B. O. Ekpo
Environmental and Petroleum Geochemistry Research Group (EPGR), Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, P. M. B. 3766, Calabar, C. R., Nigeria.

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Assessment and Analysis of Water Quality Parameters of Groundwater Near Ranebennur Industrial Area, Haveri District, Karnataka, India | Chapter 2 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

This paper presents an evaluation of the groundwater quality of industrialised villages in Ranebennurtaluk, Haveri district, Karnataka, India. In order to measure the quality of groundwater for evaluating its fitness for domestic us e, five villages affected by industrialization were chosen for the present analysis. Groundwater is an important source of water for the survival of human life and the protection of the environment. For drinking, irrigation and industrial uses, groundwater is the most vital source of water. Bore well samples were tested for physico - chemical variations and groundwater quality from each village. Comparison of Physico - findings of chemical analysis with Indian Standard drinking water limits shows that all but a few groundwater samples are fit for drinking and irrigation purposes. For five villages, the average pH value is 7.5-8.0, which is within the desired range. The pH value is growing, however, so it may not be ideal for future use. More than 1000 is around 75% of the EC and TDS values, but it is acceptable. Around 50% of chloride-containing water samples greater than 250 mg/l are considered undesirable for drinking purposes, which can lead to cardiovascular diseases. For each sample of villages, the sulphate concentration is within the desirable limit. It is also found that 25 percent of samples containing more than 300 mg/l of total hardness are undesirable. There could be a chance of deteriorating groundwater quality in the future. The quality of groundwater can be enhanced by the adoption of waste water treatment plants in industries that cause these aquifers to be contaminated.

Author (s) Details

H. Vijaya Kumar
Department of Water Resource Management, VTU, Belagavi, India.

Nagraj S. Patil
Department of Water and Land Management, VTU, Belagavi, India.

Nanjundi Prabhu
Department of Civil Engineering, NMIT, Bangalore, India.

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On the Method of Reducing the Magnitude of an Impending Catastrophic Earthquake | Chapter 1 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

The ideas devoted to the project of developing new sensors and new vibrators are created in this chapter and are important for the project to reduce the magnitude of an imminent catastrophic earthquake. A physical and mathematical model of a mercury earthquake precursor sensor prototype is suggested, and the signal obtained by the old sensor is measured. Examination of a current version of a sensor provides an understanding of physical processes and reveals the fundamental value of the new sensor. Tens of hours before the earthquake, which is needed for the project to minimise the severity of an imminent catastrophic earthquake, this sensor helps to determine the epicentre of a potential short-focus earthquake. To define the physical mechanism for reducing the severity of an imminent catastrophic earthquake, an approach is formulated. The need for new vibrators is formulated with a view to reducing the severity of an imminent catastrophic earthquake. The chapter details a vibrator patent that is based on a new physical theory.

Author (s) Details

M. G. Noppe
Department of Applied and Theoretical Physics, NSTU, Israel (Retired).

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Studies on Sensory Attributes of Wheat (Triticum species) Flour Based "Chapathis" Incorporated with Soy Flour (Glycine max) and Dates (Pheonix dactylifera) | Chapter 12 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol. 4

With partial replacement of wheat flour with date paste and soy flour with different variations, unleavened bread or Chapathis was made. At levels of 30 percent, 50 percent, 60 percent and 35 percent, 25 percent and 20 percent respectively, dates and soy flour were added to the wheat flour. Chapathis incorporated dates increased significantly in mineral and vitamin content and energy decreased from 341 kcal in control to 241 kcal in incorporated chapathis. They were more than 2 mg nutritionally superior in iron and more than 5 g in protein than the control in the various variants. Using the 9 point hedonic scale, the incorporated chapathis were subjected to sensory analysis by a panel of 100 members. With a few exceptions, the acceptability of chapathis in terms of sensory attributes and nutritional quality of soy flour incorporated indicates the suitability of the chapathis incorporated dates. The addition of date paste and soy flour resulted in a major increase in the protein and mineral content of soy flour mixtures in wheat date paste.

Author (s) Details

Prof. K. Waghray
Food Technology University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.

S. Gulla
Food Technology University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.

K. Bhanuteja
Food Technology University College of Technology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500 007, India.

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Critical Evaluation of Types and Classification of Pesticides Used on Tomatoes Grown in Mwea Irrigation Scheme, Kirinyaga County, Kenya | Chapter 11 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol. 4

In the Mwea Irrigation System, this study assessed 403 farmers from open fields and greenhouses on the types and classifications of pesticides used by farmers to combat pests and diseases in tomatoes from July 2017 to June 2018. Without the use of pesticides in industrialized and developing countries, it is virtually impossible to produce enough food to satisfy market demand for quality and quantity. Five greenhouse tomato farmers were chosen deliberately, while the sample size was determined using Fisher's formula for 196 open field farmers. To collect data from 201 farmers in the Gathingiri, Tebere, Kangai, Wamumu, Murinduko, Nyangati, Mutithi and Thiba wards, a cross-sectional design using a formal questionnaire and focus group discussions was used. Pre-testing of the questionnaire on tomato farmers from the neighbouring sub-county of Maragua ensured the accuracy of the results. Errors were corrected and the questionnaire added omissions. In order to determine significant differences between variables, descriptive statistics were carried out for frequencies, ratios, means, standard errors, variance and data subjected to T-test at 95 percent confidence intervals. Results from interviews showed that farmers applied 57 and 12 pesticides to tomatoes in open fields and greenhouses, respectively, under different trade names. Among others, pyrethroids, carbamates, nicotinoids, organophosphates, and organochlorines have been added to tomatoes. WHO class II (60 percent) and WHO class III (42 percent), respectively, were the 20 and 12 pesticides primarily used in open fields and greenhouses. In order to manage a wide range of major pests and diseases such as Tuta absoluta and blight, farmers have relied heavily on various types of pesticides. The main pesticides used on tomatoes are chlorantraniliprole and mancozeb. In order to avoid human health hazards, most WHO toxic class II pesticides, including pyrethroids and carbamates, should be used according to the guidelines of the manufacturers. Compliance with the requirements for the use of pesticides would prevent residues from occurring in tomatoes and other vegetables and thereby minimize their effect on human health. Training and knowledge of the use of less toxic pesticides equally effective in controlling pests and diseases, such as WHO classes III and IV, and bio-pesticides with minimal adverse effects on human health, are needed by the Ministry of Agriculture, Kirinyanga County Government.

Author (s) Details

Mrs. Momanyi, Violet Nakhungu
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Kenyatta University, P.O.Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya and Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Food Crops Research Centre, KALRO Kabete, P.O.Box 14733-00800, Nairobi, Kenya.

Prof. N. Keraka, Margaret
School of Public Health, Kenyatta University, P.O.Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

Dr. A. Abong’o, Deborah
Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Biological and Physical Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O.Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

Dr. N. Warutere, Peterson
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Kenyatta University, P.O.Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

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Monitoring and Safety Assessment of the Presence of Heavy Metals and Organic Pollutants in Vended Street Foods from Selected Locations in Lagos State Nigeria | Chapter 10 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol. 4

In order to determine their safety level, this study was aimed at investigating the prevalence of heavy metals and volatile organic contaminants in street-selling foods sourced from three selected locations in Lagos State, Nigeria. Feed toxicity results from heavy metal food contamination, bioaccumulation, and food chain biomagnification. The research was conducted using absolute randomization design and cluster sampling technique to supply street food sold from three locations (Marina, Yaba and Apapa). Roasted (platinum, fish, yam, maize), suya beef, meat pie, egg roll and doughnuts were the eight food items examined. Lead, cadmium, copper, mercury, iron, zinc and organic contaminants were studied in foods and environmental particulate matter. Heavy metals detected from Marina, Yaba and Apapa Lagos in sold street foods were iron, copper, lead and zinc at levels ranging from 0.14 mg/kg-2.80 mg/kg, 0.08 mg/kg-0.27 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg-0.18 mg/kg, and 0.01 mg/kg-0.04 mg/kg. Cadmium and mercury were below the measurable level. Significantly (P<0.05) higher iron concentrations of 2.80 mg/kg and 1.99 mg/kg were observed in suya from Apapa and roasted fish from Apapa, respectively. Important (P<0.05) higher lead (Pb) content of 0.18 mg/kg was observed in Yaba dough nut, but slightly (P<0.05) lower lead content of 0.01 mg/kg was observed in Yaba roasted plantain, roasted fish and meat pie all sourced from Yaba. The zinc content of roasted fish, suya and egg rolls obtained from Marina, Yaba and Apapa were all significantly different (P<0.05), especially with regard to the type of food. A higher iron content of 2.80 mg/kg was observed for Apapa suya. In all street food samples sold, volatile organic compounds (TPH, PAHs, Phenol) were found to be below the detectable level (<0.001 mg/kg). Particulate matter in the air ranged from 0.34-0.84 mg/m3, 0.32-0.56 mg/m3, 0.32-0.68 mg/m3, 0.33-0.79 mg/m3 and <0.001-0.24 mg/m3 respectively; SPM, PM1, PM2.5, PM10 and VOCs. There were no statistically significant PM1 and PM25 from the three locations (P>0.05). Vehicular emissions are one big source of contamination for most street foods sold. All of the food samples sold had a lead (Pb) content above the CODEX allowable 0.01 mg/kg limit. The presence of high lead content is a significant source of occupational health hazards in Vended Street food. Further study is highly recommended on the extensive outdoor air quality and street food quality in Lagos State to act as a safeguard for public health and consumer interest.

Author (s) Details

G. I. Oyet
Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

C. B. Samuel
Department of Food Science and Technology, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

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Monitoring the Effects of Processing, Storage Days and Storage Temperatures on Lipid Oxidation and Palatability of Processed Snail Meat Products | Chapter 9 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol. 4

In this research, the impact of the processing methods, storage days (d) and storage temperatures on the lipid oxidation and palatability of snail meat products processed was carried out. Foods containing substantial amounts of fat, such as milk and meat products, oils, nuts, and also those containing only minor amounts of lipids, such as vegetable products, can cause lipid oxidation. Samples of snail meat products were regularly subjected to a 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA) examination for Malonaldehyde(MA) with the water-TBA reagent as a blank at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 d. Trained panellists who analyzed the products based on color, taste, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptance were served meat samples. The results showed that at 0-5, 10-20 and 25-30 d, the unseasoned-fried product had the lowest lipid oxidation values of 0.04, 0.13 and 0.19 mg malonaldehyde/kg meat in all storage periods. Lipid oxidation values were 0.2565, 0.3040 and 0.3548 for items stored for 10-20d. In freezer-stored goods, lipid oxidation values were lower than in refrigerated products at 0-20d. As storage days for all the goods increased, lipid oxidation values increased. Throughout the storage period, the seasoned smoke-dried item had lower lipid values than the seasoned fried product. The color regression curve was a= 5.282 and b= - 5.342, while the acceptability was a= 4.455, b= -3.438. This relationship implies that the values of TBA give a strong colour and acceptability estimate.

Practical applications: For evaluation, four different treatments have been considered; unseasoned fried (USF), seasoned fried (SF), seasoned oven-dried (SOD) and seasoned smoke-dried (SSD) and the products have been processed under three storage conditions (room, fridge and freezer). The regression relationships were evaluated between the values of TBA and the sensory attributes of the products (color and overall acceptance). Our findings indicate that the production of lipid oxidation in snail meat products is retarded by cold storage and proper packaging. Throughout the storage era, smoke-drying with seasonings had lower lipid oxidation values than the seasoned fried product. Smoke-drying and curing may prolong the shelf life of processed meat without detrimental effects on the quality and overall acceptance of meat.

Author (s) Details

Dr. I. Iwanegbe
Department of Food Technology, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria.

J. O. Igene
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria.

G. U. Emelue
Department of Forestry and Wildlife, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, P.M.B. 1154, Benin City, Nigeria.

J. U. Obaroakpo
Department of Food Technology, Auchi Polytechnic Auchi, Edo State, Nigeria.

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A Critical Overview of Mycotoxin Contamination of Foods and Feeds | Chapter 8 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol. 4

Food and feed pollution of mycotoxins remains a significant threat to food safety, public health and economic relevance. In different foodstuffs, mycotoxins exist, ranging from raw agricultural commodities to refined foods with varying impacts on food production. Aflatoxins, fumonisins and patulin are the main group of mycotoxins that contaminate food and feed. Several experiments have been performed to reveal the body's mycotoxin metabolism. The health effects of mycotoxins on sufficient dose intake are complex. These include sub-acute mycotoxicosis, immune suppression, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, animal and human morbidity and mortality, as well as nutrient assimilation interactions. Food mycotoxicity has tremendous effects on foreign trade, resulting in massive losses. There are regulations aimed at the prevention and control of mycotoxins, although not in all countries, that only function on industrially processed foods and those intended for export but not locally processed. There have been a variety of mycotoxin prevention methods suggested, but the awareness of implementation is very poor. A feasible alternative is the use of the media to build awareness.

Author (s) Details

Dr. M. U. Ukwuru
Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, P.M.B. 1037, Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria.

C. G. Ohaegbu
Department of Microbiology, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.

Mr. A. Muritala
Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Idah, P.M.B. 1037, Idah, Kogi State, Nigeria.

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