Explaining the Earth System: An Approach Based on Earth Expansion Theory | Chapter 9 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 6

 Following the Earth expansion idea, a new interpretation of Earth has been proposed, taking into account the fact that the initial Earth was small, lacked oceans, and was covered in a solid sialic crust. Geophysical research have proven the presence of a basaltic Mantle beneath the Crust, followed by a fluid Outer Core, which is thought to be made up of liquid iron. Because of the high core temperature, the planet's innermost component, or Inner Core, has not been classified as magnetic, despite being formed of solid iron from which magnetic lines of force emanate. Because the thickness of the Outer Core corresponds to the extent of expansion, the former has opened up as a void zone as a result of expansion. As a result, two solid geospheres separated by a void zone form in the planet's interior, causing a gravitational force in the opposite direction. We read this to mean that the temperature of the solid Inner Core would be sufficiently low due to reverse gravity, and that the Inner Core would thus be a magnet. This viewpoint explains the planet's magnetic characteristics, such as pole reversal and polar wandering. The notion also explains the origins of seas, continental drift, and the nature of terrestrial geospheres, among other things.

Author (S) Details

Subhasis Sen
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, O-26, Patuli, Kolkata, 700094, India.

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Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics vis-a-vis Earth’s Expansion: Probing the Missing Links for Understanding the Total Earth System | Chapter 12 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 1

On the basis of careful investigation, the article confirms that different aspects of the Planet can only be satisfactorily described according to the theory of Earth expansion, although this theory still seemed to be unacceptable at first. Hypotheses such as continental drift, plate tectonics or the expansion of the Earth should not be considered feasible in view of the stable and rigid mantle state that would, on the other hand, resist such phenomena. Based on Hilgenberg's Earth Expansion Model (1933), the author clarifies that its mantle must have been sufficiently fluid due to the association of ocean-forming water prior to expansion when the Earth was small and devoid of oceans. In addition, the matching thickness of the external fluid core and the scale of the Earth's radial expansion strongly support the opening of the outer core as a void geosphere due to planetary expansion. An additional force of reverse gravity will develop in the deep interior of the earth, due to the occurrence of a void or pseudo-fluid geosphere separating the basaltic mantle and solid iron core, acting in the opposite direction of the usual inwardly directed gravity force. This postulation leads us to consider that an upwardly guided force of gravitational attraction will behave in a prevailing manner in the deep interior of the earth, thus preserving the inner core's sufficiently low temperature and pressure state and magnetic nature that fully agrees with observed characteristics of terrestrial magnetism. The crustal layer was scattered over the Earth's surface due to expansion, while widespread incidences of magma emission occurred through the expansion fractures, creating rudimentary ocean basins. These basins were enlarged with further expansion and filled with water that degassed from the mantle associated with the magma emission phase, while the mantle itself gradually transformed into a rigid body due to desiccation. Owing to external magnetic effect, the magnetic iron core was deflected until the expansion of the earth as the iron core and the mantle were juxtaposed to each other, creating significant shifts throughout the planet's polar and equatorial disposition. Subsequently, in the younger geological era, when a major void geosphere was opened between the iron core and the mantle due to expansion, external magnetic forces caused the magnetic core to conduct smooth revolutions, resulting in new magnetic phenomena, such as pole reversal and polar wandering, recorded over the younger strata of the earth. It should be noted that while the continental fragments will appear to move away from each other due to expansion, some continental fragments came closer to each other or even collided to create mountain ranges due to the movement of the planet around its axis of rotation.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Subhasis Sen
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, O-26, Patuli, Kolkata, 700094, India. (Retired)

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