The authors' outcomes from using the field assessment, investigation, compensating using the examination pilot approach, and field experimentation are as follows: wastewater from southern Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) has the potential to contaminate rice field soil with hazardous heavy metals. Cd levels range from 4.7 to 10.3 ppm, exceeding the acceptable guideline in certain areas by two to three times. Three different types of soil—the yellow-red allusion, the allusion-acid sulphate soil, and the genuine acid sulphate soil—have greater concentrations of Cd. When the amount of Cd in the soil exceeds 25 ppm, it has an impact on the rice production, field components, and agro-characteristics. Different rice types have, nevertheless, had an impact on variations in the rice's quality.
Studies conducted in the field, in greenhouses, and in laboratories have
revealed that there are differences in the ways that heavy metals accumulate
and have an impact on their accumulation in leaves, roots, and stems.
Vegetables are not affected by Cd2+ at 1.0 ppm, but are limited at 100 ppm. 0.1
ppm of Cd2+ has a stimulating impact on rice development, whereas 30 ppm of
Cd2+ will have a substantial effect. Rice will be harmed by Hg+ at 100 ppm,
while cabbage is stimulated by Hg2+ at 0.1 ppm and rice is stimulated by Hg+ at
10 ppm. The results of the analysis indicate that the grey soil in Cu Chi
District, Ho Chi Minh City, and the new alluvial soil in Go Cong District, Tien
Giang Province, are both safe and do not contain significant amounts of heavy
metals.
Additionally, Ho Chi Minh City's southern paddy soils region is part of the Sai
Gon-Dong Nai river watershed's last downstream region before it empties into
the sea. It was contaminated by industrial, household, and municipal waste
water drainage canal sediments from HCMC and nearby regions. Additionally, it
has been determined that this area may be cadmium-contaminated (Cd). For the
growth of rice production for environmental issue regions and food safety
measures, the research Cd accumulated in portions of rice was crucial. The
topic examined the Cd accumulation of two rice cultivars, one of which was a
high-yielding rice variety and the other was a traditional rice variety
(Mahsuri) (VND95-20). Cd was injected into pots of experimental soils at nine
different amounts, ranging from 0 to 40 mg Cd kg-1 (cry weight). Every
marijuana trial was conducted on a field in southern HCMC. The outcome
demonstrated the soil's Cd content. The ability of rice plants to accumulate Cd
depends on each component of the grain, the variety, and the experimental
conditions; it is distributed in brown rice in a nearly equivalent ratio of
1000:100:1 in the roots, straws, and grain, and brown rice's Cd accumulation
positively correlates with soil Cd concentration. In comparison to VND95-20
high-yielding variety, Cd accumulated ability in brown rice of Mahsuri
traditional rice variety is significantly lower. In the other, the influence of
heavy metal toxicity on shrimp demonstrates that: Heavy metals stand out among
the toxic variables that have an impact on living organisms both directly and
indirectly. It has lately been cautioned that heavy metal poisoning of natural
water sources might result in a break of mass shrimp deaths in ponds where
shrimp are raised. This study sought to determine the extent to which heavy
metal pollution of the water environment might be detrimental to Penaeus
monodon plant development. (1) The 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50-96h)
of As3+ for the Penaeus monodon variety is 51.29 g/l; the maximum allowed
concentration of arsenic in aquaculture water, according per Vietnamese rules,
is 10.00 g/l. (2) The cadmium concentration limit in aquaculture water
according to Vietnamese norms is 5.00 g/l, but the 50% lethal concentration (LC50-96h)
of Cd2+ for Penaeus monodon seed is 23.39 g/l. (3) The maximum copper
concentration allowed by Vietnamese rules in aquaculture water is 10.00 g/l;
the 50% lethal concentration (LC50-96h) of Cu2+ for Penaeus monodon variety is
181.97 g/L. (4) The limit chromium content of Vietnamese standards in
aquaculture water is 100.00 g/l; the 50% lethal concentration (LC50-96h) of
Cr3+ for Penaeus monodon variety is 218.78 g/l. (5)The limit iron content of
Vietnamese standards in aquaculture water is 100.00 g/l; the 50% lethal
concentration (LC50-96h) of Fe3+ for Penaeus monodon variety is 295.12 g/l. (6)
The maximum mercury content allowed by Vietnamese rules in aquaculture water is
5.0 g/l; the 50% lethal concentration (LC50-96h) of Hg+ for Penaeus monodon variety
is 19.5 g/l. And, (7) For the Penaeus monodon species, the 50% lethal
concentration (LC50-96h) of Pb2+ is 190.55 g/l; the sole restriction for TCVN
in aquaculture water is 10.00 g/l. (8) The zinc content in aquaculture water in
Vietnam is 10.00 g/l, whereas the 50 percent lethal concentration (LC50-96h)
for the Penaeus monodon variety is 31.63 g/l. At the same time, sorghum and
rice have been significantly impacted by heavy metals, generally Fe2+ and Fe3+
in the presence of Al3+ and SO42-: One with rice: At 600 ppm in water, Fe2+
begins to negatively impact the environment. However, Fe2+ can occasionally be
present in soil at levels equal to or more than 1,000 ppm without significantly
harming plants. Al 3+ in solution = 135 ppm in particular starts to have an
impact. Actually = 800pm-900ppm in soil to be poisonous Sorghum is less
hazardous than rice at levels of Al3+ 792 ppm, Fe3+ 2,500 ppm, and SO42- 0.38
%. 2. The extent of the plant's poisonous buildup. strongly depends on the
traits of the plant species and the quantity of harmful chemicals in the soil:
Al3+ concentrations in plants range from 600 to 960 ppm, with roots containing
1-3 times more Al3+ than leaves. Fe levels in plants range from 600 to 2,300
ppm, with roots having 2-3 times the levels of leaves. In the roots, SO42- can
build up between 0.1 and 1.5 percent, which is twice as much as in the leaves.
Al3+ and Fe have a strong and proportionate toxicological association in
plants. 3- Characteristics of toxicity-resistant types include: a— High
capacity to collect P, Al3+, and Fe. The capacity to retain hazardous chemicals
in the roots is caused by the correlation of toxic accumulation in the soil,
the positive correlation in the roots, and the less positive correlation in the
leaves and stems. When compared to varieties with poor alum tolerance, the
ability to accumulate toxic substances in roots is much higher than in leaves
(Al3+ roots/stems: 4 times, Fe greater than 2.5 times), and functional leaves
(active leaves) have the capacity to withstand the penetration of toxins in
toxic tolerant varieties thanks to peroxidase enzyme activity.
Author(s) Details:
Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI), Vietnam.
Hoan Nguyen Xuan
Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI), Vietnam.
Phong Nguyen Tan
Faculty of Environment & Biotechnology, Ho Chi Minh City University of
Food Industry, Vietnam.
Dung Luu Quoc
North Oil Company, Qatar.
Thanh Le Minh
Faculty of Biotechnology & Environment, Ho Chi Minh City University of
Food Industry, Vietnam.
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