B P International: May 2024

Monday, 6 May 2024

Life and Oscillatory Reaction | Book Publisher International

In addition to the well-known chemical vibrational reactions, an enzyme oscillatory reaction using a semipermeable membrane has been discovered. It was found that the slow membrane permeation of the substrate caused the oscillatory reaction of the enzyme. Oscillatory reactions are thought to occur in actual biological membranes, and NADH and ATP were found to oscillate even in mitochondria. It was suggested that oscillatory reactions occur everywhere within the body.

On the other hand, calcium oscillation was discovered in the interaction between calcium and phospholipids, and then calcium oscillation was discovered in reactions with various substances.

It was also discovered that oscillatory reaction of other neurotransmitters occurs, suggesting that these oscillations serve as information for information transmission.

Author(s) Details:

Taketoshi Hideshima,
J. F. Oberlin University, Japan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/LOR/article/view/14346

Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Lab Manual | Book Publisher International

The Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Lab Manual serves as a comprehensive guide designed to accompany students in their practical exploration of fundamental principles and applications within the field of fluid mechanics and machinery. The manual is structured to align with the core objectives of the academic program, emphasizing hands-on experiences that complement theoretical knowledge.

It guides learners through a series of meticulously crafted experiments covering diverse topics such as fluid statics, fluid dynamics, turbomachinery, and hydraulic machinery. Each experiment is meticulously designed to reinforce theoretical concepts, allowing students to develop a profound understanding of fluid mechanics principles. The exercises incorporate state-of-the-art equipment and modern measurement techniques, encouraging students to apply their knowledge in a practical setting. Emphasis is placed on fostering problem-solving skills, teamwork, and effective communication through group experiments and comprehensive lab reports.

Furthermore, the manual incorporates advanced projects that challenge students to delve into research-oriented tasks, promoting innovation within the realm of fluid mechanics and machinery. Throughout the manual, a continuous learning approach is encouraged, with exposure to cutting-edge technologies and methodologies, preparing students for a dynamic and evolving engineering landscape.

In summary, the Fluid Mechanics and Machinery Lab Manual serves as a vital tool in the holistic development of engineering students, bridging the gap between theoretical understanding and practical application. It aims to instill a sense of curiosity, critical thinking, and a commitment to excellence in the exploration of fluid mechanics and machinery concepts.

Author(s) Details:

D. Sathish,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

M. Veeramanikandan,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

R. Vijayakumar,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dr. N.G.P. Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/FMMLM/article/view/14319

Novelties in Extrusion Technology | Chapter 6 | Extrusion Technology: Transforming Food Processing

The novel gateways for processing is one of the major developments in extrusion technology. The novelties in functional food processing, the extended application of extrusion through porosification, texturization and 3D printing offer numerous advantages to develop novel food products by extrusion. The supercritical extrusion provides additional advantages over and above the extrusion in terms of expansion, bioactive component stability etc. The low temperature application of an extruder in ice cream making provides novel texture and organoleptic experience in the finished product.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Prerana Shere,
MIT School of Food Technology, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Dr. Rinku Agrawal,
MIT School of Food Technology, MIT Art, Design and Technology University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ETTFP/article/view/14300

Intervention of Extrusion for Encapsulation | Chapter 5 | Extrusion Technology: Transforming Food Processing

The protection of bioactive compounds from higher processing, storage conditions and stomach juices, enzymes is crucial to aid in the absorption. The delicate flavour molecules, vitamins, and natural colours are separated from the outer environment by the wall material and keeping the molecules safe as a core material. A new and promising technology for encapsulation of bioactive compounds, flavors, and probiotics has been developed. The method is based on the disruption of electrostatic forces at the tip of the needle and discharging the small droplets with a specific charge. The extrusion encapsulation technique provides an opportunity for the food processor to enhance the utilization and accessibility in the developed functional foods. The shelf-life of the heat/ acid/oxygen labile compounds is increased by the encapsulation process.

Applications of Extrusion in Food Processing | Chapter 4 | Extrusion Technology: Transforming Food Processing

Extrusion technology has emerged as a versatile tool in the food processing industry, offering numerous advantages such as enhanced product functionality, improved nutritional value, extended shelf-life, and cost-effectiveness. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the application of extrusion technology in food processing, covering various aspects ranging from the basic principles of extrusion to its diverse applications in different food categories. This chapter delves into the application of extrusion technology in the production of a wide array of food products, including breakfast cereals, snacks, pasta, pet foods, meat analogs, confectioneries and functional ingredients. This chapter underscores the significant role of extrusion technology as a versatile and efficient tool for industry by-product utilization, offering unparalleled opportunities for innovation and product development in the food industry.

Transforming Food Production: A Review of Extrusion Technology and its Applications | Chapter 3 | Extrusion Technology: Transforming Food Processing

The modern lifestyle and changing food consumption patterns have created a demand for nutritionally upgraded food products without compromising the sensory attributes of the products. The food industry and food scientists are continuously developing a new era of food products and processing technologies. One such technology is “extrusion” in which the mixed food ingredients are squeezed through a die under differential pressure and temperature to produce a variety of food products.

Introduction to Extrusion Technology | Chapter 2 | Extrusion Technology: Transforming Food Processing

Food extrusion technology has emerged as a pivotal process in the food industry, revolutionizing the production of a wide array of food products. This chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles, significance and commercial applications of food extrusion technology. It delves into the significant advantages offered by extrusion technology, including enhanced nutritional value, improved texture, extended shelf life, and cost-effectiveness. Furthermore, the chapter explores the diverse applications of food extrusion across various food categories, ranging from breakfast cereals and snacks to pet foods and meat analogs. Overall, this chapter serves as a primer for understanding the role of food extrusion technology in modern food processing and its potential for driving innovation and product development in the food industry.

Extrusion Technology: Transforming Food Processing | Chapter 1 | Extrusion Technology: Transforming Food Processing

Extrusion technology has revolutionized the landscape of food processing, offering a versatile and efficient means of transforming raw ingredients into a diverse array of value-added food products. This book, "Extrusion Technology: Transforming Food Processing," provides a comprehensive overview of the principles, applications, and advancements in food extrusion, catering to the needs of students, researchers, and professionals in the food industry. The book begins by elucidating the fundamental principles underlying extrusion technology, including the mechanisms of mixing, shearing, heating, and shaping that characterize the extrusion process. Readers will gain a deeper understanding of the various types of extruders, their design features, and operational parameters, laying the groundwork for exploring the diverse applications of extrusion in food processing.

Subsequent chapters delve into the application of extrusion technology across different food categories, ranging from traditional staples like pasta and breakfast cereals, and confectioneries to emerging products such as meat analogs, functional ingredients, and plant-based alternatives. Moreover, the book explores the latest advancements and innovations in extrusion technology, including the incorporation of novel ingredients, the use of advanced processing techniques, and the integration of sustainability principles into extrusion processes.

In conclusion, "Extrusion Technology: Transforming Food Processing" serves as valuable resource for anyone seeking to deepen their understanding of food extrusion technology and harness its transformative potential in food product development.

Chronobiology: Unlocking the Mysteries of the Biological Clock | Book Publisher International

"Chronobiology: Unlocking the Mysteries of the Biological Clock" delves into the intricate workings of the biological clock, exploring its profound influence on various aspects of human physiology, behavior, and health. This comprehensive guide offers a multifaceted exploration of chronobiology, encompassing its historical roots, contemporary research findings, and practical applications. From elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms to examining the role of chronobiology in sleep disorders, mood regulation, and metabolic health, this book provides invaluable insights into the fundamental principles governing our internal timekeeping systems. Through a blend of scientific rigor and accessible language, readers will gain a deeper understanding of how our biological clocks shape our daily lives and impact overall well-being.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Nayan K. Prasad,
Department of Zoology, RRM Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal.

Dr. Sanjeev Kumar,
Department of Zoology, B M College, Rahika, Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga -846004, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CUMBC/article/view/14293

Agro Eco-System Analysis of Chatra District (Jharkhand) | Book Publisher International

The book explores to formulate technology interventions or modules in respect of prioritized production problems according to different micro-farming situations. Technology assessment and refinement were rated to be the most crucial functions among them, particularly to see the production problems and their solutions in terms of interactions of bio-physical and socio – economic factors in the broader framework of agricultural ecology. The State Jharkhand is characteristically undulating and rolling tract on the plateau consisting of resistant rocks, slopping from north west to south-west direction. Under the rainfed agro-ecosystem, there are five types of production systems, namely, rice-based, oilseed-based, pulse-based, cotton-based and coarse cereal-based.

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Ranjay Kumar Singh,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India.

Sunidhi Kumari,
Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, India.

Sri Dharma Oraon,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India.

Himanshu Singh,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Simdega, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India.

Er. Vinod Kumar Pandey,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India.

Upendra Kumar Singh,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India.

Shivendra Kumar Dubey,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India.

Md Zunaid Alam,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India.

Abhijeet Ghosh,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India.

Nawal Kishor,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India.

Abhishek Ghosh,
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chatra, Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi (Jharkhand), India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/AESACD/article/view/14294

Interrelationship between Breakthrough Curves and X-ray Computed Tomography Analyzed Macropore Characteristics: An Update | Chapter 12 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

The present study aimed to study the role of pore contact of micro-lysimeters in the soil column on tracer transport in relation to the structure, as assessed by X-ray CT under different initial conditions and irrigation. As it is not possible to carry out these investigations under field conditions, non-destructive CT data were used, making it possible for 3-D reconstruction of the structure of the investigated soil columns. Quantitative relationships between soil structure (especially macropore characteristics, namely their size, number, type, distribution and continuity) and soil hydraulic properties are essential for improving our ability to model flow and transport in structured soils. Ten undisturbed soil monoliths of clayey Pelosol at Gottingen, Germany covering the horizons Ah and P were collected. Some columns were left at natural humidity, some were oven-dried to simulate drought situations in forest soils in consequence of climate change. In seven columns, four micro-lysimeters, each, were installed at half height in order to obtain data for analysis of single solute pathways. A fixed amount of KBr tracer was applied to the humus layer. The columns were irrigated with CaCl2. Column output and lysimeter output were collected and analyzed to record breakthrough curves. Bimodal analytical convection dispersion equation (CDE) solutions were fitted for the column outputs using a non-linear least square fit. A simple CDE solution did not fit well. This supports the model of two overlaying transport phenomena. After breakthrough recording was complete, all columns were scanned using X-ray computed tomography (CT). From the CT data 3-D reconstructions of the porous system were created for visual inspection, and the exact pathways for macropores along the micro-lysimeters were determined. Additionally, indices of the pore structure were computed to compare with the slow and fast dispersivity values from the bimodal CDE fit. The three-dimensional reconstruction could be used to explain the difference in micro-lysimeter performance. Following the conclusion of irrigation, no statistically significant variations were found in the pore structure of the wet and dried columns. In general, there is a positive linear relationship between the pore index and slow dispersivity and a negative linear relationship with rapid dispersivity. In topsoil, these relationships are more robust. The CT images and 3-D reconstructions offer a fascinating look into the soil pore system and could be useful in understanding drought issues caused by climate change that are caused by humans.

Author(s) Details:

A. Spangenberg,
University of Göttingen, Institute for Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.

Y. Nagarajarao,
University of Göttingen, Institute for Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.

C. Hinz,
University of Göttingen, Institute for Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14270

Computational Framework for Trend Pattern Analysis of Wheat Production in Some Wheat Growing States of India | Chapter 11 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

The present study deals with the trend pattern analysis of wheat production in some wheat growing states of India on fitting well-known statistical models. The analysis was carried out on utilizing secondary time series data on wheat production. The trend values were obtained on fitting the statistical models, and the goodness of fit of the models was tested using chi-square test. Furthermore, statistical measures, viz. coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and relative mean absolute percentage error (RMAPE) were computed for revealing the model accuracy. The model with R2>0.5, and least values of RMSE and RMAPE, is regarded as the best model. Among the models considered under study, the cubic model was found to be the best in terms of precision for exploring the trends of wheat production in the concerned states. The findings of the study provide some useful insights on statistical modeling techniques for forecasting the scenario of wheat production in the concerned states.

Author(s) Details:

Manish Kumar,
Department of Agricultural Statistics, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, 224229, India.

Gyan Prakash,
Department of Agricultural Statistics, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, 224229, India.

Shiv Kumar Rana,
Department of Agricultural Statistics, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Ayodhya, 224229, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14269

Postharvest Effects of Temperature and Food Wrap on Three Banana Varieties (Musa sp.) | Chapter 10 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

The objective of this study was to determine optimal factors for conservating banana fruit postharvest. Bananas are agricultural products being susceptible to quality changes after harvesting. The experiment was conducted to determine factors affecting storage condition and the ripening process leading to changes in post-harvest quality of 3 popular banana varieties grown in Vietnam within 20 days after harvest. Experimental results showed a statistically significant difference between the three banana varieties: (1) evaluating the influence of temperature and wrapping on the increase or decrease in reducing sugar and soluble solids content of the banana varieties. During storage, fruit samples stored at room temperature rapidly increased the reducing sugar content and soluble solids compared to the original sample after only 2 days of storage; (2) sample volume gradually decreased over storage period. Unwrapped samples at room temperature had a larger mass loss than unwrapped samples at cool temperature; samples using cool temperature wrapping had the least mass loss, only about 3% of the initial mass. The loss of volume and quality of bananas after harvest for many reasons affect farmers' income. At the same period, the results of this project can contribute to limiting post-harvest damage of bananas and prolonging ripening period as well as ensuring the nutritional value and quality of the fruit during storage.

Author(s) Details:

Truong Trong Ngon,
Can Tho University, Vietnam.

Tran Nguyen Nguyet Thanh,
Can Tho University, Vietnam.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14268

Production of Planting Material of Selected Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) Clones under Different Multiplication Methods | Chapter 9 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

Sweet potato is a staple food that contributes to food security for communities in Sub-Saharan Africa. Its storage roots are rich in energy, proteins, vitamins and other important micronutrients. The crop is among the traditional food crops grown in Kenya. Production of sweet potato in coastal Kenya is low and this has been associated with scarcity of planting material at the onset of rains. A study was therefore conducted at the Pwani University farm to evaluate different methods for the production of sweet potato planting material. The methods (treatments) evaluated in this study were: Planting in pits without lining, planting in pits with lining, planting on flat ground, planting in sacks without lining and planting in sacks with lining. A Randomized Complete Block Design was used, with factorial arrangement of treatments which were replicated three times. Vine yield data was collected from the experimental plots and subjected to the analysis of variance using the General Linear Model. In the long rains season, sweet potato in the treatments without lining produced longer vines than those in the treatments with lining. Different vine planting methods produced similar vine lengths in the off-season multiplication under irrigation. The planting methods without lining are recommended for use by farmers during the long rains season multiplication of planting material. It is also recommended that farmers start the multiplication during off-season and continue up to the beginning of the long rains season, so as to obtain enough planting material at the onset of the planting season for sweet potato. This will also lead to the production of excess planting material which may be used to expand the area under sweet potato.

Author(s) Details:

Bahati Abdallah,
Department of Crop Sciences, Pwani University, P. O. Box 195 – 80108, Kilifi, Kenya.

Hemedi Mkuzi Saha,
Department of Crop Sciences, Pwani University, P. O. Box 195 – 80108, Kilifi, Kenya.

Stephen Mwangi Githiri,
Department of Horticulture and Food Security, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000 – 00200, Nairobi, Kenya.

Wariara Kariuki,
Scott Christian University, P. O. Box 49 – 90100, Machakos, Kenya.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14267

The Genetic Similarities and the Potential Threat of Candidatus Phytoplasma Australasia Associated with Phyllody Disease of Seasame | Chapter 8 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

Phyllody disease in sesame results from the abnormal conversion of floral organs into leaf-like structures due to phytoplasma infection, often transmitted by insect vectors. This condition significantly impacts yield and seed quality. Ongoing molecular-level investigations in sesame growing in North India aim to identify specific phytoplasmas causing crop losses, providing insights for targeted management strategies. Leaf samples from sesame plants exhibiting Phyllody disease were collected from Varanasi and Mirzapur districts of Uttar Pradesh, India during the survey conducted between month of September to December, 2012-14. Incidence of sesame Phyllody in the farmers at different location was ranged from 30-70 percent indicating its prevalence in Uttar Pradesh. The Phytoplasma infection in sesame plants was confirmed by PCR using universal primers of 16s rRNA (R16F2n/R16R2) and SecY gene (SecYF2 and SecYR1). Amplified 16s rRNA and SecY gene was sequenced and sequence comparisons were made with the available Phytoplasma 16srRNA and SecY gene sequences in NCBI Gen Bank database. The restriction pattern of Phytoplasma samples collected from different fields was identical, which indicates that, the same Phytoplasma is responsible for causing Phyllody disease in different locations. The 16srRNA and SecY gene sequence of Phytoplasma in the current study, shared highest nucleotide identity of 97.9-99.9% and 95.8 to 96.3% with subgroup 16Sr II-D the peanut witches’-broom group. A Comprehensive recombination analysis using RDP4 showed the evidence of inter- recombination in F2nR2 and SecY gene fragment of Phytoplasma infecting sesame. The most of the F2nR2 fragment is descended from Ash yellows-[16SrVIII] and Apple proliferation-[16SrX] group. While for SecY gene, most of the part was descended from Peanut witches’-broom- 16SrII-A (GU004331) and aster yellows 16Sr I-A (GU004345). The genetic similarities and the potential threat of this new Phytoplasma belong to 16Sr II-D subgroup of Peanut witches’ broom’ group infecting to sesame in north India are discussed. This report added one more member of 16Sr IID subgroup from Peanut witches’ broom group in addition to, two Phytoplasma strains belonging Ca. P. asteris (16Sr I group) are responsible for causing sesame Phyllody in India.

Author(s) Details:

V Venkataravanappa,
Central Horticultural Experimental Station, India and Division of Crop Protection, Indian Vegetable Research Institute, India.

CN Lakshminarayana Reddy,
Department of Plant Pathology, University of Agricultural Sciences, India.

M Manjunath,
Division of Crop Protection, Indian Vegetable Research Institute, India.

Neha S Chauhan,
Division of Crop Protection, Indian Vegetable Research Institute, India.

M Krishna Reddy,
Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14266

Rootstock System for Fruit Crop Improvement | Chapter 7 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

India is the second largest producer of fruits in the world with different fruit growing zones viz., temperate, arid and semi-arid, subtropical, and tropical zones. In this present era of climate change, fruit growers are facing environment-related problems such as sudden changes in temperature, irregular and heavy rainfall, and soil-related problems like compaction, salinity, alkalinity, and acidity. In addition to this, pest and disease incidence also play a major role in limiting fruit production. Rootstock is the working part of the plant which interacts with the soil to nourish the growth of new plants. This study aims to evaluate the role of the rootstock system in fruit crop improvement. Objectives of rootstock breeding include resistance or tolerance to biotic stress, adaptability to soil and environmental conditions, dwarfism, precocity in bearing, high yield, and good fruit quality. The purpose of rootstock breeding varies with crops and geographical locations. Developing rootstocks resistant or tolerant to biotic stresses in apple (fire blight and woolly apple aphid), citrus (root rot, nematodes and viral diseases), grape (Phylloxera spp. and nematode) and mango (mango fruit fly and stone weevil) for specific tree characters (dwarfing, canopy management) and horticultural traits (yield and quality) are the important aspects in rootstock breeding. The reported rootstocks that are impactful in fruit cultivation like apple (MM-111), grape (Dogridge, 99-R, 110-R, and 1103-P), and mango (Turpentine, Deorakhio, and Olour). The use of rootstocks which are tolerant or adaptable to adverse climatic situations and biotic stress can be an alternative option for scientists and fruit growers to face the challenges encountered by the fruit industry. This study recommends that rootstock evaluation methodology should be standardized for different fruit crops. Molecular analysis of rootstock can play an important role in multiple stress tolerance in rootstock breeding.

Author(s) Details:

Lalit Dhurve,
Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research, DRDO, Haldwani – 263 139, Uttarakhand, India.

Deepu Mathew,
Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur- 680 656, Kerala, India.

Ajith Kumar K.,
Kerala Agricultural University, Thrissur- 680 656, Kerala, India.

Annjoe V. Joseph,
Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj- 211 007, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Halkebhaiya Mehara,
Defence Institute of Bio-Energy Research, DRDO, Haldwani – 263 139, Uttarakhand, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14265

Effect of Different NPK Doses for Growth Response of Cassava Varieties in Rivers State, Nigeria | Chapter 6 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of two NPK fertilizers on the growth response of three cassava varieties. The most of cassava varieties can tolerate marginal soils thereby playing a vital role in food security in Africa as a major staple food. Nigerian farmers in cassava-growing regions plant it as either a main or supplementary crop, and use bush fallowing and crop rotation to keep the soil healthy. Study on the growth response of three cassava varieties (TME 419, TMS 95/0289, TMS 96/0523) using two levels NPK fertilizers (NPK 20-10-10, NPK 15-15-15kg/ha) was carried out at the Rivers State University Teaching and Research Farm, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The study was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design and replicated thrice. Parameters measured were number of stands, number of stems, stem weight, fresh leaves weight, dry leaves weight and stalk weight. Result showed that cassava variety TMS 96/0523 interacting with NPK fertilizer level 15-15- 15 kg/ha produced the highest number of stems while TME 419 interacting with NPK 20-10-10 produced the least number of stems at harvest. Cassava variety TMS 95/0289 interacting with NPK 15-15-15 produced the highest stem weight (57.3) and stalk weight (27.0) while TME 419 interacting with NPK 15-15-15 had the highest mean value in fresh/dry leaves weight respectively. The monocropping of cassava leads to rapid depletion of major plant nutrients especially N and K and will require fertilizer supplement to give economic yield. In varietal differences, TME 419 was higher (P<0.05) in number of stands and fresh/dry leaves weight, TMS 95/0289 produced the heaviest stalk weight and stem weight while TMS 96/0523 was higher in number of stems. NPK 15-15-15 was highest in number of stems, stem weight, number of stands, fresh/dry weight and NPK 20-10-10 was high in stalk weight. Thus, NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer is highly recommendable as it improved stem number, stem weight, fresh leaves weight and dry leaves weight of the studied varieties.

Author(s) Details:

Lawson T. S.,
University Farm, University of Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5323, Rivers State, Nigeria.

Gbaraneh L. D.,
Department of Crop/Soil Science, Rivers State University, P.M.B. 5080 Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14264

A Comprehensive Review of the Impact of Climate Change on Food Security and Crop Productivity | Chapter 5 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

This comprehensive review delves into the intricate change of climate, assessing its profound impact on global food security and crop productivity. Climate change and its variability are serious concerns for humankind, as the consequences may include the rapid melting of glaciers, changes in precipitation patterns, more frequent extreme weather events, shifting seasons, the spread of pests and diseases, and other socio-economic impacts. Examining the effects of climate change on agriculture and addressing important issues, the study puts particular emphasis on the difficulties faced by sensitive areas like South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. While navigating the challenges of mitigating crop growth pattern changes caused by climate change, the review emphasizes the urgency of adaptive measures for sustainable global agriculture. In addition, it examines how biodiversity may be affected by climate change while taking into account the interdependence of natural systems. Highlighting the imperative for innovation, the review underscores the pressing need for transformative farming methods to tackle the multifaceted challenges posed by climate change. The emphasis is on ensuring the resilience of global agriculture in the face of climatic shifts. In conclusion, the review provides a compelling call to action, advocating for the prompt implementation of innovative farming practices to fortify the global agricultural sector against the evolving challenges brought about by climate change, fostering sustainability and adaptability. Overall, the review underscores the intricate relationship between climate change, food security, and biodiversity, emphasizing the critical importance of proactive measures to mitigate the adverse effects and safeguard planetary health.

Author(s) Details:

Malaisamy A,
International Livestock Research Institute, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Praveena. K,
Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14263

Signal Analysis in Meat Probes and Transects | Chapter 4 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

Meat probes were invented many years ago, attempting to predict meat quality. Now they are used industrially in many countries to predict the meat yield of pork carcasses with a feed back of information to pork producers. The feed forward of information on meat quality is far more difficult and as yet unreliable for industrial use. But meat probes may still be used scientifically.

Author(s) Details:

Swatland H. J.,
University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14262

Yield and Technology Gap Analysis for Enhancement of Rice Production and Productivity under Rain-Fed Conditions of Chandel, Manipur, India | Chapter 3 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

In order to evaluate the effects of rice production under Frontline Demonstration (FLD) in terms of yield, yield gap/extension gap, technology gap, and economic gains during the kharif season from 2018 to 2022, a study was carried out in the Chandel district of Manipur state. The current FLD on rice variety RC-Maniphou-13 was conducted at 40 hectares in 92 farmers' fields across several villages of Chandel district, Manipur by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chandel, Indian Council of Agricultural Research Centre for North Eastern Hill Region (ICAR-RC for NEH-Region), Manipur Centre. The findings showed that throughout the experimentation years, the average grain production of rice in the demonstration field varied from 57.60 to 60.60 q/ha during 2018 to 2022, while in farmers' practices, it was between 42.50 and 47.33 q/ha during 2018 to 2022. The range of the production percentage increase for Demonstration Practices over Farmers' Practices was 28.04 to 35.53 during the five years of studies. The yield gap/technological and extension gaps, in that order, were from 9.40 to 12.40 and 13.27 to 15.10 q/ha, respectively. Likewise, over the course of the study, the technology index dropped from 17.71 to 13.43 percent. Under demonstration, the benefit-cost ratio ranged from 1.98 to 2.65, but under farmer practices, it ranged from 1.09 to 1.91. The yield potential of rice was greatly enhanced by FLD on improved practices with High Yielding Variety of proven technologies in farmers' fields, leading to an increase in production and productivity. Additionally, by closing the technology gaps, farmers' income levels improved the standard of living for the farming community in the region.

Author(s) Details:

Khumlo Levish,
ICAR-Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Chandel, ICAR-RC for NEH Region Manipur Centre, Monsangpantha Chandel – 795127, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14261

Examining Germination Potential, Seed Invigoration and Yield Growth of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) through Seed Priming under Different Seeding Rates | Chapter 2 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

Lentil (Lens culinaris, Medikus) is an important food legume cultivated in rainfed areas in many countries including India. Field experiment to investigate the germination potential, seedling vigour and yield of lentil (Lens culinaris, Medik.) var ‘PL-4’ against three seed rates with hydro-primed, osmo-primed, sprouted seeds and unprimed seeds under tilled soil situation was conducted during rabi seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-10. The treatment was laid out under split-plot design using hydro-primed, osmo-primed with 1% KH2PO4, sprouted and unprimed seeds in the main plot and three seeding rates of 40, 50 and 60 kg/ha in the sub-plot. Yield attributes were recorded at harvest. Data were analyzed by OPSTAT software with split plot design, and priming methods in the main and seed rates in the sub-plots.

The result revealed that the highest germination rate was reflected with hydropriming which was significantly superior to other priming methods. The hydro-primed seeds significantly increased the percent germination (96.13%), nodules/plant (11.05), pods/plant (43.27) and seeds/ pod (1.91) as compared to rest of the priming methods but sprouted seed indicated better results statistically at par with hydro and osmo-priming in respect of root length (18.63 cm) and shoot length (28.63 cm), seedling vigor (4.35). Branches/plant (13.12) and test weight (2.11 g) showed insignificantly higher values in osmo-priming. The highest yield was achieved with sprouted seed (844.90 kg/ha) which was statistically at par with the rest of the treatments except unprimed seed. All the seed rates indicated no significant differences among them in respect of germination %, seedling vigor and other growth parameters, seeds/ plant and test weight except nodule count, branches/ plant, pods/plant and grim yield in which medium seed rate (50 kg/ha) was superior over rest of the seed rates. Interaction effect indicated that, sprouted seeds with medium seed rate (50 kg/ha) resulted in a significantly higher yield (856.27 kg/ha). A higher seed rate resulted in a significant increase in yield for hydro-primed or osmo-primed (KH2PO4) seeds. Sprouted seed and all priming agents indicated better yield than unprimed seeds while medium seed rates gave higher grain yield over lower and higher seed rates. Sprouted seeds with 50 kg/ha seed rate were optimum in rainfed lentil cultivation under conventional tilled soil conditions.

Author(s) Details:

Jamkhogin Lhungdim,
Department of Agronomy, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur 795004, India.

S. K. Chongtham,
Department of Agronomy, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur 795004, India.

R. Joseph Koireng,
Department of Agronomy, Central Agricultural University, Imphal, Manipur 795004, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14260

Impact of Bioscience and Biotechnology Developments on Increasing Agricultural Production | Chapter 1 | Research Advances and Challenges in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 7

The development of biosciences and biotechnology in agriculture has an impact on increasing agricultural production and livestock populations. The increase in food production, especially rice, was generated by the discovery of high-yielding varieties (HYVs), which are one of the five pillars of the Green Revolution. The Green Revolution that hit the world around the 1960s, especially in Latin America was marked by the discovery of superior varieties of corn and wheat in Mexico and soybeans in Brasilia. In Asia, especially in the IRRI-Philippines, IR-8 superior rice was found, so the annual rice production of the Philippines increased drastically, which made the Philippines the first rice exporter in the 20th century. India adopted and planted the IR-8 variety and managed to almost double the yield of rice agriculture, which made India one of the most successful rice producers in the world. Implementation of the Green Revolution in Indonesia by the New Order through a mass extension program (Bimas), one of the efforts of the five management programs was the use of High Yield Varieties (HYV) - Superior Varieties Resistant to Brown Planthoppers IR-26 and IR -36 in the 1980s, has significantly increased rice production, this is evidence of the successful application of bioscience and biotechnology.

Author(s) Details:

Made Antara,
Study Program of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Udayana, Bali, Indonesia.

Made Sri Sumarniasih,
Study Program of Agroecotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Udayana, Bali, Indonesia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RACAS-V7/article/view/14259

Numerical Quantitative Design of Assignments and Assessments to Facilitate Differentiated Instruction in Large Class Cohorts | Chapter 11 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

Classroom learning has been used for centuries that helps to promote socialization, face-to-face interaction, and open exchange of ideas. We propose a new approach to classroom learning based on sequential numeral division. It builds on the concept of trichotomy – a division of students based on creamy-level, middle-level and weaker-level students -- proposed in a previous study. A sequenced series of formative assessments can map student progress and achievement, particularly in the case of weaker students. In the design of this model, we assume that the students are deeply engaged in learning activities and show their dedicated involvement in interacting with the group members. The idea behind the development of this model is to study if weak students perform better on critical-thinking tests in a collaborative learning setting rather than when they study individually. We propose a mathematical model to measure group activity/achievement, which is a complex function of several parameters. We collect data on different parameters for validation of the model in the near future.

Author(s) Details:

Siva PR Muppala,
School of Engineering and the Environment, Kingston University London, Friars Avenue, Roehampton Vale, London, SW15 3DW, United Kingdom.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14342

Teaching with Analogies: A Strategy for Teaching Radicals to Junior Secondary Mathematics Learners | Chapter 10 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

Teachers choose various ways to present content material in a classroom. The choice depends on several factors. Determinant factors for selecting a teaching method include the available time and resources, students' interest and background knowledge, and learning abilities, while other factors affecting selection of a method are teachers' skills or the content conveyed to the learners." One of the teaching strategies through which mathematics content can be presented to learners is via the use of analogies. To create an analogy is to compare one thing to another, with the purpose of explaining, clarifying, conveying and facilitating meaning-making. Mathematics teachers often make and use analogies in their classrooms, whether they are aware of it or not. The purpose of this paper is to start a discussion and illustrate how junior secondary mathematics teachers can teach radicals using analogies. Presented here, are personally constructed examples that teachers could exploit to teach radicals to junior secondary mathematics learners.

Author(s) Details:

F. N. Hakadiva-Vatileni,
University of Namibia, HP Campus, 2024, Namibia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14322

Effect of Learning Style on Learning Strategies (VLS): Language University Learners’ Perceptions | Chapter 9 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

This study attempts to unveil the Concomitance of vocabulary learning strategies with learning styles in fostering reflection among university students during reading comprehension texts. The findings of this study can be useful for EFL instructors, curriculum development, and teacher training units at both Moroccan departments of English studies, as well as other departments. A structured, closed-ended questionnaire is used as the major data source for this purpose, and students from various university departments of English studies are the intended recipients of the questionnaires. There are eighty-four participants in this quantitative study. Convenience sampling with non-probability was used to recruit students. The present investigation employs two distinct data analysis techniques: descriptive analysis and Pearson correlational analysis.

The former summarizes the demographic variables and shows that students employ a duality of styles as they prefer to integrate a multi-modal approach to learning, while the next showcases the concomitance of the variables. The findings of the Pearson correlation analysis reveal significant relationships of interest in this study. The most salient findings indicate that there is a significant moderate positive association between the learner’s preferences on the one hand, and preparation phase strategies and the teacher’s role on the other hand. Additionally, the teacher’s role is significantly associated with preparation phase strategies, production phase strategies and the learner’s role. The results of the Pearson correlation indicate that vocabulary learning strategies can also be associated with the classroom environment and management. The study proposes that training in metacognitive, cognition and vocabulary learning strategies be implemented in language classrooms to increase students’ control over learning and to facilitate their knowledge acquisition. To provide an adequate geographical representation, future studies should include students enrolled in the English studies departments of several Moroccan institutions.

Author(s) Details:

Sana Sakale,
Faculty of Letters, University Kénitra, Morocco.

Zrari Ayoub,
Faculty of Letters, Languages and Arts, University Ibntofail, Kénitra, Morocco.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14321

Creating an Enabling Environment for Lifelong Learning in Tanzania: Lessons to be Learnt from the British System | Chapter 8 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

Explores the idea of creating an enabling environment for lifelong learning in Tanzania, using valuable insights from the British education system. Lifelong learning is increasingly recognized as an important factor in promoting people's adaptability and resilience in an ever-changing global landscape. Explores the key elements of the British system that foster the cultivation of a culture of lifelong learning and assesses their applicability and possible adaptation to the Tanzanian context. These elements help create an environment where learning goes beyond formal education and embraces a lifelong approach. The impact of this research includes informing education policymakers, institutions and stakeholders in Tanzania about effective strategies to create an environment conducive to lifelong learning. By recognizing the lessons of the British system and considering their adaptation, Tanzania may be able to improve its educational framework to better prepare people for lifelong learning.

Author(s) Details:

Muhangwa, Godfrey Michael,
The National Council for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (NACTVET), Tanzania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14320

Introduction of Teachers Perspective on Instructional Strategies: Implemented at Early Childhood Years | Chapter 7 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

The study demonstrated the potentials that exist for the use of instructional strategies to complement the teachers" attempt to create constructive learning environments in early childhood settings. Instructional strategies contribute to effective teaching and learning in early childhood classrooms, which in turn, impacts children’s development in diverse ways. Even though previous research points to the significance of early childhood teachers’ practices that take into consideration the nature of children and how they learn, there is limited research regarding how instructional strategies impact children’s development in diverse ways. A multi-case-qualitative study approach was used in this study because there is a need to establish the differences regarding teachers" practices in Tata School and Kariba School sited in different socio-economic settings. One research question guided the study, namely, which instructional strategies do teachers use in a kindergarten classroom? Data used were semi-structured individual interviews pair-based interviews and field notes of classroom observations. Both within and across case interpretative analysis, as was used. The findings of this study revealed these teachers believed that instructional strategies impacted children’s development in different ways; they pointed to play-based instruction and integration as well as specific strategies such as picture-walk and think-pair-share that they believed to promote effective teaching and learning in kindergarten classrooms which in turn, enhanced and promoted children’s multiple intelligences in terms of socio-emotional, physical, cognitive and language development. The study established that insights of pre-service early childhood teachers into the appropriate use of both specific and generic instructional strategies regarding when and how to use each of them within the teaching and learning context have the potential to unearth children’s potential by situated the selection of instructional strategies within the context of the uniqueness that individual children bring to the teaching and learning context concerning interests, needs and potential.

Author(s) Details:

Mumuni Thompson,
University of Cape Coast, Ghana.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14273

Challenges Faced by Underprivileged Female Students in Indian Higher Education: A Comprehensive Analysis | Chapter 6 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

Developed countries such as Norway, Switzerland, Australia, Germany and Iceland when compared with India offer better facilities for women in research and development fields. The state of affairs in the developed countries demonstrate that women empowerment is proportionate to the progress of a country. India is a developing country so concentrating on women's education and women empowerment in the long run would help India and other developing countries boost their economy. As mothers are the first teachers of children, it can also be said that women empowerment would lead to empowerment of future generations and the holistic development of a country.

Therefore, empowerment of women is one of the major concerns of developing countries such as India. For centuries, it is observed that women occupy a secondary role in Indian Society. In India, women occupying political, social, economical, defence, educational, media, agricultural and several other spheres are less in percentage. Moreover, in any working sphere, throughout the world, women earn less when compared to their male counterparts. In India, the practice is more even though times have changed. For girl students belonging to low income group the problems are manifold. Girl students belonging to low income group should overcome numerous barriers to pursue higher education.

Hence, the present paper focuses on the challenges faced by women belonging to low income group families. The paper deals with opportunities available for women belonging to low income group in research and development of education sector. In the present article, the advantages of women empowerment would be reviewed. Numerous prospects available to the present generation women to empower themselves in research and development of education sector would be discussed.

Due to the nature of the topic, a theoretical methodology and one-to-one interviews are used to study the present topic. Issues and challenges related to societal, familial, religious and economic spheres faced by women belonging to low economic group to pursue research and development in education would be discussed in this article. Recommendations include utilizing village community centers and schools as educational platforms for girls, alongside district forums to showcase higher education opportunities and mandatory teaching assistantships for postgraduates and embedding higher education awareness in research curriculum to expand academic outlooks.

Author(s) Details:

G. Aruna,
Department of Mathematics, GITAM University, Hyderabad Campus, Rudraram, Medak (Dist), 502329, Telangana State, India.

K. Tejaswani,
Department of English, GITAM University, Hyderabad Campus, Rudraram, Medak (Dist), 502329, Telangana State, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14239

Impact of Digital Transformation for the Professional Development of College English Teachers | Chapter 5 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

This paper investigates the professional development of college English teachers in the context of digital transformation. As technology advances rapidly and digital tools become increasingly integrated into education, English teachers face the imperative to enhance their digital literacy and adapt their teaching practices accordingly. This research explores the challenges and opportunities associated with digital transformation for college English teachers and examines effective strategies for their professional development. By providing insights into how English teachers can upgrade their skills and leverage digital tools to enhance their teaching practices, this study contributes to the existing knowledge base and offers valuable directions for further research in this field.

Author(s) Details:

Linli Chen,
School of Cultural Tourism and International Exchange, Yunnan Open University, Kunming, China.

Xi Zhu,
Faculty of Information Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14238

Emergency Remote Education (ERE) during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Identifying Educational Capabilities and Teaching Expectations of Brazilian Professors | Chapter 4 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

With the outbreak of the pandemic associated with COVID-19 (New Coronavirus), various measures to mitigate and suppress the spread of the disease had been taken around the world, especially social distancing. Emergency remote teaching replaced the in-person education in academic institutions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to identify conditions, expectations, and capabilities of professors from face-to-face courses (technical and higher education) to carry out remote teaching activities mediated by digital technologies due social distancing measures, in the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Exploratory research was developed, with a convenience sample of 588 Brazilian professors. Participants were invited by social networks to voluntarily complete an online questionnaire, between June 19 and 30, 2020. Findings demonstrate that most of the professors had a propensity for and interest in conducting remote teaching activities, in addition to meeting the technical requirements for internet connection and usage as well as digital and computational equipment. Despite this, school institutions needed to pay attention to the factors associated with the home environment, such as domestic, individual and family demands that became barriers to the effective development of Emergency Remote Education. This chapter contributes to the actions of school management in Brazil regarding the resumption of teaching activities during the social distancing period.

Author(s) Details:

Aline Patrícia Sobral dos Santos,
Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros (Unimontes), Brazil.

Gustavo Henrique Silva de Souza,
Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais (IFNMG), Brazil.

Yuri Bento Marques,
Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais (IFNMG), Brazil.

Wallas Siqueira Jardim,
Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais (IFNMG), Brazil.

Geraldo Lopes Junior,
Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais (IFNMG), Brazil.

Leandro de Paula Liberato,
Instituto Federal do Espírito Santo (IFES), Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14237

Determining the Effects of Participatory Teaching Methods on Students’ Learning of Mathematics and Biology in Tanzania | Chapter 3 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

This paper originates from a study on the effects of interactive teaching methods on students' learning of mathematics and biology at Tanzania's ordinary level secondary schools in Mwanza region. The qualitative technique was used in conjunction with the quantitative data. The 111 participants were chosen using simple random selection and selective sampling methods. Purposeful sampling was used to identify participants who could provide in-depth insights related to the participatory methods versus learning outcomes. Characteristics such as expertise, experiences and specific attributes were employed. To enhance generalizability of quantitative findings, random sampling technique was used to ensure that each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. In addition, the study collected data via surveys, interviews, focus groups, observations, and documentary reviews. In contrast to the content analysis that was performed on the qualitative data, the quantitative data were analysed through processes like data cleaning, coding variables, dispersion and frequency distribution henceforth, bar charts, histogram, tables, figures and percentages were developed to facilitate interpretation. The research revealed that students had a positive attitude toward participative teaching methods and a desire to learn. According to studies, students' comprehension of math and biology at a basic level can be improved by adopting participatory teaching methods supported by suitable T/L materials and qualified teachers.

Author(s) Details:

Muhangwa Godfrey Michael,
The National Council for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (NACTVET), Tanzania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14236

Interweaving Cultures: A Sociolinguistic Inquiry into Sinhala-English Code-Mixing in Urban Sri Lanka | Chapter 2 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

Language mixing has become a natural phenomenon in the spoken discourse of the urban Sinhalese–English bilinguals today. More than twenty decades of contact with a foreign language has resulted in a large number of lexical items being mixed by urban bilingual speakers in Sri Lanka in their daily conversations. This study examines how and why they mix codes from a sociolinguistic perspective and analyzes the structural properties of such code-mixing (CM) found in their speech. This study follows a descriptive qualitative method. This is qualitative since this depends on data that include words, phrases and sentences and is descriptive since it provides an accurate factual description of a setting. The sample comprised 30 bilinguals from the employed bilingual population in the main urban city of Sri Lanka due to their frequent use of the mixed-code in conversation. For a comprehensive analysis of the sociolinguistic aspects of the respondents’ speech, a sociolinguistic questionnaire based on the four discourse strategies: foregrounding, nativization, hybridization, and neutralization as proposed by Kachru (1978/1983/1986) was used. For the structural analysis, their spontaneous speech was recorded, and the framework of Muysken [1]. insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization (CL) was used. Results for CM of Sinhala-English participants show a variety of English items integrated into Sinha-la utterances. The findings report that this mixed-variety has evolved due to CM and is undoubtedly the preferred code for expressing neutralization of attitudes in speech. Further, their language choice seems to have been influenced by the age. Structurally, this discussion proves insertion as the major CM strategy in the bilinguals’ spoken variety, while CL is the least used. From a pedagogical perspective, this study proposes CM as a possible communicative strategy to promote interaction among students in the second language learning-teaching context in Sri Lanka. This study suggests that CM can be one of the strategies that EFL/ESL (English as a foreign/second language) teachers use to accommodate the students’ level of proficiency since it makes the learner intake the knowledge provided by the tutor quite comfortably in the classroom.

Author(s) Details:

Hakmana Parana Liyanage Waruni Shashikala,
Department of English Language Teaching, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14235

Implementation of Educational Programmes and Policies: The Study of Education Funding, Universal Basic Education (UBE) and Teacher Education | Chapter 1 | Progress in Language, Literature and Education Research Vol. 8

Education has been an excellent tool to indeed bring about advancement and development in the nation as proven by advanced nations of the world. The problem of this study is that Nigeria seems not to be growing educationally but rather diminishing and this has affected every facet of life in Nigeria. The present state of the Nigeria education system brings worry to the hearts of all stakeholders because education goals such as producing skilled and professionally competent graduates, basic education for all, education for technological advancement, all to fulfil the dream of national development and prosperity, are yet farfetched from being a reality. Literatures were reviewed on three of the policies in education, which include: education funding, universal basic education and teachers’ education for better understanding. In Nigeria, teacher education through colleges of education both at the federal and state government levels was meant to improve teacher preparation. Teachers are supposed to be the most intelligent, best breeds for obvious reasons as they are the ones trained to train others. The review discussed and highlighted the problems, potholes and patches of these policies as examples of the reason why education development in Nigeria is yet at the bottom of the success ladder. Conclusions were reached and recommendations were proffered.

Author(s) Details:

R. I. Osarenren-Osaghae,
Department of Educational Foundations and Management, Faculty of Education, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.

Ogieva, Adesuwa Evelyn,
Department of Educational Foundations and Management, Faculty of Education, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.

Osabuohien – Osarumwense, Abieyuwa,
Department of Educational Foundations and Management, Faculty of Education, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.

Oribhabor, Kennedy,
Department of Educational Foundations and Management, Faculty of Education, Ambrose Alli University, P.M.B. 14, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PLLER-V8/article/view/14234