The Universe, Planets, Nature, Science and Humanity: Developments and Vision | Book Pi International

 The world is full of things which are mysterious. The idea that God became the World is a religious doctrine that has been known for centuries. Evolutionary scientists and modern scholars also believe in the theory of the Big Bang. The precise process of the creation of the universe is incapable of being verified by many thinkers, theologians, philosophers, and scientists. Therefore this research focuses on examining the history of facts, observations, hypotheses, and rationales of theologians, mythologists, philosophers, cosmologists, and scientists to find out about the origin of the universe. The study found that God is the root of every spiritual, intellectual, and material universe, as per the Bhagavad-Gita. God being the world is not in line with it as per Christian theology. Charles Hartshorne described pandeism in the 1940s as a possible model of the existence of God as God is able to alter. Scott Adams believed in 2001 that in the Big Bang, an omnipotent Deity annihilated himself. As per the The evidence of religion and mythology does not adhere to both science and philosophy. The idea of Evolving Deity is also a fallacy of metaphysics. The world is not God. God is God. The study concludes that God created the universe from nothing and He has yet to manifest Himself. God is a spiritual force and has an omnipresence, omnipotent, holy divine existence Stephen Hawking, a world-renowned astrophysicist, has said that mankind will face a choice between colonisation of space and extinction. By 2025, NASA aims to position a human on an asteroid and by 2030 on Mars. Global economic and interplanetary economic problems are solved by scientific observations. Economics and science are two big drivers of the health of humanity. Extraterrestrial life would be the economic engine of man. The economic engine of the industrialization of the moon and the colonisation of Mars is Modern Economics. The research focuses on the theory, economics, measures and possibilities of mars and moon colonisation in particular and other planets in general. The thesis analyses facts, insights and rationales on the colonisation of Mars, the Moon and other planets in historical planetary space science. The study found that it is rendered the most hospitable of life by surface conditions and the presence of water on Mars. New research suggests that the Moon is more hospitable to life. There have been reports of some lichen andThe price of such resources will be driven down by abundance. For the continued settlement of the planet, Mars-Earth trade may provide an economic rationale. This is possible because of space and rocket science breakthroughs. Robotic systems may plan the route to a human colony. Such systems find resources that would help a colony grow and survive, such as ground water or ice. Global Economics or Planetary Economics and Interplanetary Economics are interdependent for humanity in terms of investment and movement of capital, respectively. The economic engine of the industrialization of the moon and the colonisation of Mars is Modern Economics. This is a modern human mission. The extraterrestrial imperatives of life. Space exploration of the moon and the cosmos is feasible. "Scientists seek to describe nature "economically. It will be hard to prove to the modern scientific world that the laws of nature function for a basic teleological reason. The book focuses on historical facts and rationales that in particular, link economics and natural laws with natural sciences, sociology, biophysical economics and other social sciences in general. The study found that in the natural sciences, the role of maximum, minimum and optimum economic principles is involved. The study concludes that the phenomenon of economizers ultimately involves scientists who evolve empirical laws. The study promotes modern understanding of new economics of the laws of nature for extraterrestrial life and stability and global growth for scientists. The loss of natural resources and the effects on the world of climate change could conceivably lead to human extinction. Projects by demographers that increase population and consumption put record demands on agriculture and natural resources. Food security is a major issue globally. The study discusses natural resource dynamics, climate change and the vision of feeding the hungry earth. The available land for agriculture is just 11.6 percent. Developing countries use more water for irrigation, while developing countries use more water for industry. Intensification and deforestation of agriculture have significant environmental impacts. Industrial waste, illegal solid waste disposal and poor farming practises are the main sources of contaminants. By 2050, the world population will need to increase overall demand by 70 percent. The vision of the world is food for growth, food for peace, food for the planet, food for creation. Food and wellbeing for economic opportunities. Oxygen depression, ice melting, global warming, flooding, droughts, and the extinction of animals, plants, birds and habitats are the results of climate change. The exchange ratio of oxygen and Co2 between plants and animals, birds, humans must be calculated by researchers then how to put more area under agriculture is the future step to solve the protection of the planet's ecosystem. The population of demographers' earth ventures will hit 10 billion in the 21st century. Developing nations are concerned about feeding a rising population. This involves satellite farming to provide scarce resources for food protection and protect the environment. This study analyses satellite farming's status, role, feasibility and effective models in global agriculture. The results showed that the main countries contributing to satellite farming work in agriculture worldwide are Japan, China, the US, India and Europe. The only two countries to successfully conduct satellite farming are Israel and Germany. The study found that models of satellite farming have to be adopted in developing countries, particularly in Africa, Asia and Latin America. To a certain degree, developed countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and Australia use satellite farming. Education, conferences and meetings on the importance of satellite farming should be held by the government. Economics and the environment will determine the future of the world's farmers and agriculture. In today's environment, tackling climate change and food security are the key challenges. The study focuses on global climate finance, climate change effect and adaptation strategies, and focuses on global agriculture through various mitigation steps to protect against climate change. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) seeks to stabilise atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. COP 3, the Kyoto Protocol in 1997, COP 7 in Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, COP 16, among the 23 'Conference of the Parties' (COP) held so far, The limits of temperature maintenance were set at below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level and the critical ones were COP 18 with the Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol. In 2016, the Paris Agreement (COP 21) adopted the ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions, signalling a fresh start. The study shows that adaptation between different sectors is inevitable in order to minimise the factors causing climate change. Soil carbon pool enhancement techniques include carbon sequestration by conservation farming, integrated nutrient management, agroforestry, etc. The study indicates that the climate financing available in agriculture must be diversified through foodstuffs. Production field, management of wasteland and water, cover of forest and social forests, land use and management of natural resources. As developed countries have geopolitical and demographic advantages, more financing should be shared relative to developing countries. Conventions and COPs, however must frame global formulas in order to combat climate change. In several ways, modern technology and scientific understanding enable scientists to investigate nature, which has produced new discoveries and innovations. Inventions and observations by academics, scientists, The creation of the world and civilization has been supported by professors, physicians, intellectuals, experts, sages, and donations. A nomadic man capable of planning to colonise Mars and the moon, seeking to find Heaven. The research is focused on the exploratory and meta-analysis paradigm of great eminent personalities who have contributed to the Universe. The study found that discoveries that are revolutionising the world are the product of innovative minds and inventions. The study concludes that great inventions have come from different countries around the world in various fields. The eminent viewpoint of personalities helped broaden the universe by modifying their philosophies and inventions to transform our world. To understand and foresee the future of the world, convergence of different scientific disciplines should be necessary. The Nobel Prize in Intellectual Space is a highly prestigious honour. The eponymous awards "for the greatest benefit of mankind" were established by Alfred Nobel. The latest innovative technologies awarded would inspire more researchers to construct a World of many achievements. The present study analysed important contributions and analyses the inventions of global, continental, country and subject wise Nobel Prize laureates in general, in particular the USA, UK, Germany and France as most of the Nobel laureates came from these countries. The research will support the galaxy of aspiring inventors. The study showed that 91 percent of Nobel Prizes were awarded to laureates from North America and Europe and more or less the same percent were won equally by the two continents. Australia, Africa and South America were awarded just 1 per cent of the Nobel Prize. In economic terms, US laureates took the dominant positionScience accounted for 79.76% . Researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France win further Nobel Prizes in all categories worldwide. The research showed that the Nobel Prize winners are focused on Europe and the USA rather than internationally. This may be attributed to more innovative minds, more investments in research and development, and industrialization. Inventions in all categories are very beneficial to mankind. The study suggests that in selection procedures in Asia, Africa, Latin American countries, the Royal Swedish Academy and UNO-UNESCO must bring awareness programmes.

Author (s) Details

M. B. Dastagiri
Principal Scientist, ICAR-National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Hyderabad, Telangana 500030, India.

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Recent Advance in Synchronization of Lur’e Dynamical Networks via Pinning Control | Book Publisher International

 This book studies the synchronisation of Lur'e complex networks with different problems. In order to synchronise the Lur'e complex networks, various forms of pinning control techniques are used throughout the entire work. Sufficient requirements for different types of synchronisation on the Lur'e dynamical networks are obtained based on the Lyapunov method. And to show the effectiveness of the key outcomes, numerical simulations are presented. In conclusion, the following four categories are primarily found in this book. 

Firstly, it considers the question of cluster synchronisation under pinning control for delay coupled Lur'e dynamic networks. Only those Lur'e systems that have direct connections to the other clusters are artificially managed in view of cluster topologies in the dynamical network. The convex combination theorem, S-procedure and the concept of delay rate are derived, according to delay interval dividing methods, sufficient conditions for local and global cluster synchronisation of the Lur'e dynamic networks are derived, respectively, by applying the pinning controller.


Secondly, it concerns the question of finite-time cluster synchronisation for complex networks consisting of discontinuous Lur'e structures. The discontinuous nonlinear functions are transformed into set-valued functions by incorporating the idea of Filippov differential inclusions. Assumptions are made for measurable functions corresponding to discontinuous nonlinear functions chosen in accordance with the theorem of measurable selection. Some conditions for achieving cluster synchronisation of the identical and non-identical Lur'e networks are obtained in finite time through the design of feedback finite time controllers. In addition, based on the finite time stability principle, the settling time for cluster synchronisation is assessed.

Thirdly, cluster synchronisation problems are explored with time-varying delay for nonlinearly coupled Lur'e dynamic networks. For the first time, an asymmetrical edge-based distributed adaptive pinning control protocol is proposed to obtain sufficient coupling weights using the local information of the nodes in view of the nonlinearly coupled Lur'e networks. The couplings belonging to a spanning tree are absolutely pinned in each cluster. Based on S-procedure, Kronecker product and Lyapunov stability theory, appropriate cluster synchronisation conditions for the identical and non-identical Lur'e network are extracted, respectively.

Finally, from the point of view of leader-following, the issue of the exponential synchronisation of coupled stochastic Lur'e dynamical networks with multiple time-varying delays is investigated. A sort of distributed impulsive controls with a constant impulsive effect are designed to synchronise the stochastic Lur'e dynamical network. By applying the comparison principle, the average impulsive period and the extended formula for the variance of parameters, appropriate conditions are extracted for the effective synchronisation of the Lur'e dynamical networks. Furthermore, according toThe definition of the impulsive solution equation is obtained by the exponential convergence rate. And the lower limit of time-varying delays is shown to lead to a faster synchronisation speed.

Author (s) Details

Ze Tang
Associate Professor, School of Internet of Things Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, PR China.

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Application of a Multimodal, Multicommodity International Freight Simultaneous Transportation Equilibrium Model to Sultanate of Oman| Chapter 10 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 3

 

The prediction of multicommodity freight flows over a multimodal network has attracted much interest in the recent years. An implementation of the International Freight Simultaneous Transportation Equilibrium Model (IFSTEM) that developed in United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA), to the goods trade through the ports and lands of Sultanate of Oman is presented. The transportation network is usually modeled in a simplistic way (bipartite network) and these models rely to a large extent on the supply and demand functions of the producers and consumers respectively. Although some socio-economic variables, which are not available, were required for IFSTEM model calibration, some reasonable assumptions were made and it was good enough to draw the following main findings: the proposed alternative enhancement scenarios were four nested scenarios, i.e., each scenario included the previous one plus an additional enhancement. These four enhancement scenarios were analyzed against and compared with scenario (0), i.e., the reference “Do nothing” scenario. The analysis has been achieved in two stages. The first stage involved the prediction of international trade flows (imports, exports and re-exports), times and costs That would benefit from the application throughout the study period through the target year of 2040 of the 4 alternative enhancement scenarios. The results of the forecast show that Oman's projected foreign trade flows (imports, exports and re-exports) have risen by more than 504% by 2040 compared to the current situation in the base year 2012. This rise would reflect about 70 percent by 2040 relative to the "do nothing" reference scenario, assuming that during the study period from 2012 to 2040, the average increase in foreign trade flows in the "do nothing" case would be around 4 percent annually. The estimates of average total travel time and total cost per tonne showed an expected decrease of about 25 percent and 20 percent, respectively, relative to the reference scenario. Compared to the "Do nothing" comparison case, these findings are internally consistent and reflect relatively substantial changes.



Author (s) Details

Dr. Mohamad K. Hasan
Department of Information Systems and Operations Management, College of Business Administration, Kuwait University P.O. Box 5486, Safat 13055, Kuwait.

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The Development of Multiperspective of Business to Business E-commerce Maturity Application| Chapter 9 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 3

 

The majority of businesses worldwide are small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and play an important role in the economy. It is recognised that small and medium-sized enterprises are the key players in attracting domestic investment and stimulating economic expansion. They are important for economic growth and creativity, for reducing poverty, for local jobs and development and for social stability. In the current digitally linked trading economy, however, SMEs face several new challenges that are changing the way business-to-business (B2B) trading operates for SMEs. The level of B2B e-commerce implementation and usage that can promote the B2B trading process is among these challenges. The introduction of B2B e-commerce, however is classified as a framework with a high degree of complexity, because the various relationships and interactions between trading partners are complex. The relationships are not only complicated by their volume and process variability, but also by the complexity of the dependencies. ereadiness level is needed. This paper describes the development of B2B e-Commerce Maturity Application (BeMA) which involves several distinct sequential exploratory stages. In order to ensure its validity and practicality, the application was evaluated by 35 selected SMEs. Based on the evaluation results, all respondents were agreed on the model usefulness and its practicality. The research believes that the model will provide practical guidance for SMEs to clearly define appropriate method of measuring e-readiness and the recommendation approaches to improve their B2B ecommerce maturity level. The research proved that the theory and findings have thus supported the B2B e-commerce maturity model. With the adoption of the proposed B2B e-commerce maturity model, SME is hoped to be better prepared to manage B2B business transaction in a more efficient way.



Author (s) Details

Norjansalika Janom
Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia.

Mohd Shanudin Zakaria
National University of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.

Noor Habibah Arshad
Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia.

Siti Salwa Salleh
Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia.

Syaripah Ruzaini Syed Aris
Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia.

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Monitoring Investor Behavioral Finance: Examining Its Applicability on Egyptian Investors| Chapter 8 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 3

 

Behavioral finance takes its basic concepts from the theory of economics. In the field of financial markets, behavioural finance is a novel approach. It stems from the urgent need to overcome and resolve the unresolved challenges faced by conventional investors in today's new financial environment. Thus, it is said that, through certain financial models, certain investors who do not have perfectly fair clarification of certain financial circumstances and problems will better understand these issues. Similarly, investors are considered to be unable to put their values up to date in the right way in a variety of behavioural finance models. In general, the essence of behavioural models has combined psychological beliefs with the neoclassical style of economic theory. Other models, however, indicate that in some situations, investors make dubious choices. This paper thus introduces behavioural finance, outlines the study's context and priorities and objectives, and it The standards of behavioural finance are set out. Investors in Egypt will make use of the findings that suggest that anchoring suits their financial conduct. A duration of three consecutive days of past stock market results is regarded as a catalyst that changes the view of investors about market trends.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Sharif M. Abu Karsh
Faculty of Administrative and Financial Sciences, Arab American University, Jenin, Palestine.

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Assessment of Human Capital Management, Organizational Climate, Commitment and Performance in Latin America | Chapter 7 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 3

 

The aim of the research was to confirm the validity in 4 countries of the Latin American region of the analytical model originally proposed by Kopelman, Brief and Guzzo[1]. Cincel, Colombia's top organisational research institution, adapted the original model and organised this report. The research objectives included the establishment of various comparisons and relationships between certain productive sectors and the countries of the region. The empirical model of Cincel suggests that the Perceived Organizational Performance (POP) can be predicted by Human Resource Management Strategies (HCMP), but also that this relationship is moderated by the Organizational Environment (OC) variables and at least 3 staff engagement types: Affective Commitment (AC), Consistency Commitment (CC) and Normative Commitment (NC). A total of 4491 participants from Chile (CL), N = 799, Colombia (CO), N = 2083, Mexico (MX), N = 874, and the Dominican Republic (DO), N = 735, are included in the study. The SPSS. The moderation review validated the model in general, with significant variations for the sectors included. In predicting POP in every field, HCMP and OC were successful. In the services and education sectors, AC was a good predictor of POP, while CC could only predict POP in the education sector, and NC was a good predictor of POP only in the industrial sector. In both the industry and service industries, the relationship between OC and CN was able to predict POP. In addition, among the assessments in the various countries, we found major variations, confirmed by study of variances (ANOVA). In the assessments, CO performed better in almost every factor for each industry. In the Industry and Services sectors' assessments, DO was second. In the education sector, MX was second, and CL was third in the service sector. The fact that performance predictors and staff engagement are different should be taken into account by the human resource managers of each country.


Author (s) Details


Emmanuel Silvestre
Research Department, ISFODOSU, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.

Fernando Toro
Cincel, Medellín, Colombia.

Alejandro Sanin
Cincel, Medellín, Colombia.

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Study on External Reserves Management and Economic Growth in Nigeria (1985-2013)| Chapter 11 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 3

This study examined the connection between the management of external reserves and the economic growth of Nigeria over the period from 1985 to 2013. As the dependent variable, the model was defined using external reserves, while the explanatory variables are gross domestic product, exchange rate, monetary policy rate, foreign direct investment and inflation. Secondary data was collected from Nigeria's Central Bank and calculated using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller, Johansen co-integration and multiple regression studies. The study revealed that a major long-term relationship exists between external reserves and the development of the economy of Nigeria. It was further shown that explanatory variables were clarified and 90% differences in the dependent variable were accounted for, which is proof of a strong model fit. The multiple regression findings have also shown that GDP, MPR and FDI are extremely statistically relevant, whereas IFR and EXR are statistically insignificant. This means FDI, MPR and GDP are contributing At a pace of 5%, which also means that the economy's good output is a positive indicator for the inflow of foreign direct investment that affects the economy's reserve status. The study recommended that good policies should be placed in place to develop a good relationship with foreign investors, and idle reserves should be invested domestically to produce competitive exportable goods for more foreign currencies earning in the region.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Akinwunmi, Adeboye Akanni

Department of Banking and Finance, Achievers University, Owo, Nigeria.

Ajala, Rosemary Bukola

Department of Banking and Finance, The Federal Polytechnic, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria



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A Descriptive Study on Data Profiling: Focusing on Attribute Value Quality Index | Chapter 5 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 3

 Companies are concentrating on securing artificial intelligence (AI) technology in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution to increase their productivity through machine learning, which is AI's core technology, and to allow computers to acquire a high level of quality data through self-learning. Securing big data of good quality is becoming a very significant asset for businesses to boost their competitiveness. It is anticipated that the amount of digital information will expand rapidly around the world, reaching 90 zettabytes (ZB) by 2020. The value quality index on and data attribute is very important to present as it can be beneficial to determine the data quality for a user with regard to whether the data is acceptable for use from the point of view of the user. As a consequence, this helps the user to decide whether or not the data is taken on the basis of the data quality index. In this analysis, we propose a Model calculation of the quality index with structured and unstructured data, as well as the attribute value quality index (AVQI) and structured data value quality index (SDVQI) calculation process. Using the attribute value quality index (AVQI), SDVQI was measured. As unstructured data increases, the estimation of the unstructured data quality index is expected to be useful for assessing the utility of unstructured data. We expect to finish the data profiling model using neural network and statistical analysis (DPNS) in the future.

Author (s) Details

Won-Jung Jang
Department of Intellectual Property for Startups, Catholic Kwandong University, 24, Beomil-ro 579, Gangneung-si, Gangwondo 25601, Korea.

Sung-Taek Lee
Department of IT Policy Management, Soongsil University, Sangdo-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea.

Jong-Bae Kim
Department of IT Policy Management, Soongsil University, Sangdo-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea. He received his bachelor's degree of Business Administration in University of Seoul, Seoul (1995) and master's degree (2002), doctor's degree of Computer Science in Soongsil University, Seoul (2006). Now, he is working as a professor in the Startup Support Foundation, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea. His research interests focus on Software Engineering, and Open Source Software.

Gwang-Yong Gim
Department of Business Administration, Soongsil University, Sangdo-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Korea.


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Investigating the Effect of Campaign Advertising Expenditures on Candidate Quality Signaling in an Election| Chapter 4 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 3

 In terms of candidate quality characteristics, the electoral market has asymmetric information between candidates and voters, and asymmetric information creates an adverse selection issue in the electoral market. In an electoral market, poor-quality candidates will push good-quality candidates out of the electoral market if voters can not differentiate between good-quality and poor-quality candidates before voting: this is known as the electoral lemon issue. That is, candidates of good quality will not win the election against nationalist candidates of poor quality. Because of adverse selection, this electoral lemon issue can be eliminated or decreased by screening by voters or signalling by high-quality candidates. Voters can check the consistency of candidates, or candidates can give voters a signal. We try to analyse candidates' signalling model to reassure voters that through campaign ads and its investments, they are of high quality. To justify the empirical model, we analyse a signalling model An inefficient product of higher spending. Campaign spending will improve the competitiveness of voters. The advertisement campaign for candidates serves to recognise candidates with high-quality features. In fact, campaign spending may be expended by candidates for the purpose of sending a signal to the personal quality of the candidate. However, quality signalling is often unproductive and therefore contributes to an inefficient outcome. The variable that represents the quality of the applicant is not clearly observable and thus, immeasurable. Attempts to quantify its impact would suffer from skewed assessments in the absence of a good measure of candidate efficiency. For this purpose, further research should concentrate on the production of an estimation technique to assess the quality of candidates.

Author (s) Details

Sung-Kyu Lee
Department of International Trade, Andong National University, 1375 Gyeongdong-ro, Andong-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 36729, South Korea.


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Investigating the Celebrity (“Tiger Effect”) and Other Impacts for Golf Participation in USA | Chapter 3 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 3

 

This paper explored whether the influence of the success of Tiger contributed to the increase in golf involvement during his first decade (1996-2005) or whether there was some other, stronger, explanatory factor there. The rise in real household income (inflation-adjusted income) and the return on the S&P 500 over the same duration are alternative reasons discussed. There are many issues facing the golf industry. The decline in golf participation and the reduction in the number of courses followed, but were definitely aggravated by, the Great Recession of 2008-2009. The golfing establishment saw Tiger Woods as a business-as-usual interruption, and assumed that his turning professional in 1996 would have a beneficial ripple impact on golf participation and the industry as a whole the so-called "Tiger Effect." Stakeholders of the golf course bought into the hysteria of the early Tiger Woods era and believed that the increased TV viewing and Tiger-related discussion would be. Profitableness. The continued involvement never materialised and the availability of golf courses easily exceeded the need. The authors investigated the effect on participation of Tiger's off-course earnings (a form of celebrity control, we call the "Tiger Effect") using data from multiple sources. Specifically, our study used the components of total U.S. golfers (defined as the number of core and occasional players) as the dependent variables. For the three participation classes, the results of Tiger's off-course earnings, real U.S. household income and the return on the S&P 500 were used as explanatory variables using regression. The findings show that there seemed to be a Tiger Impact on the surface in the late 1990s, but the rising economy was actually a key factor in the rise in participation. Golf also faces much of the same problems as decreasing participation (2015 saw a further fall year-on-year and the closure of golf courses (A net loss of 172 courses was shown in 2015). There are many challenges, and relying on Tiger is no longer necessary.   An choice, and it probably has never been.

Author (s) Details

Thomas Willey
Grand Valley State University, SCB 3153, 50 Front Street, Grand Rapids, MI 49504, USA.

Douglas Robideaux
Grand Valley State University, USA.


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Do Agriculture Commodities Spill over onto LatinStock Markets?| Chapter 2 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 3

 It is necessary to resolve the spill-over volatility of agricultural commodities for at least two reasons. Second, the volatility of the prices of agricultural commodities seems to have risen over the last few years. Second, there is a clear need to consider, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization, the possible negative) effects of food instability on food security. The goal of this paper is to investigate the existence, size and persistence of spillovers of volatility between five stock market indexes for agricultural commodities (maize, sugar, wheat, soybean and bioethanol) and five stock market indexes for Latin America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru). A spillover index (and thus the direction), the key sources, and the recipients of the spillovers can be established. It was the periods, that is: corn  Chile, corn  Colombia, and corn Peru; sugar  Colombia and sugar  Peru; and, finally, wheat  Chile and wheat  Peru. Overall, Latin American stock market volatility continues to grow when a negative shock reaches the commodity market. For example, this happens with the relationships between maize and Chile and Colombia, and from wheat to Peru and Chile.

Author (s) Details

V. Candila
MEMOTEF Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.

S. Farace
Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche and CELPE, University of Salerno, Italy.

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Assessment and Analysis of Trading Volume and Return Volatility Relationship on Dow Jones IndexUsing Stable Paretian GARCH and Threshold GARCH Models | Chapter 1| Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 3

 In finance, several models are also based on the premise that a Gaussian distribution is followed by random variables. It is now well known that there are always extreme values in empirical evidence and can not be modelled with the Gaussian distribution. Due to their success in modelling financial data departing from the Gaussian distribution, the stable distributions, a class of probability distributions that allow skewness and heavy tails, have received great attention in the last decade. By employing stable Paretian GARCH and Threshold GARCH (TGARCH) models, this paper explores the volatility of Dow Jones Industrial Average stock returns and the trading volume. Our conclusions They suggest that the volume of trading contributes greatly to the volatility of returns on stocks. In addition, with negative shocks having a greater impact on volatility than positive shocks, significant leverage effects occur. The use of stable Paretian GARCH and TGARCH models over Gaussian models supports the probability ratio tests and goodness of fit.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Atsuyuki Naka
University of New Orleans, USA.

Dr. Ece Oral
Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, Turkey.

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Assessing the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) Strategy in Poverty Reduction in Nigeria| Chapter 6 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 3

 Studies have shown government programmes to tackle poverty in developed countries in the past and in recent times, but such efforts have produced little or no meaningful results. In such countries, therefore, poverty has been on the rise. One of these schemes in Nigeria is the NDE, which was set up to fix the issue of unemployment and poverty. Studies have shown in several years of its service that the issue of poverty has yet to be properly taken care of. In view of this the present study aims to use data from a secondary source and content analysis as its approach to evaluate its activities. The paper, therefore, addresses its priorities, mandates and tactics. It even looks at stuff  Any of the agency's successes and other obstacles impair its effectiveness. The paper argues that NDE is a good strategy that can be used in Nigeria to reduce poverty, but the key problem lies in what might be called 'Nigerian factors,' which suggests that many Nigerians have negative attitudes towards achieving national growth.

Author (s) Details

Dare Ojo, Omonijo
Department of Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria and Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria.

Dr. Michael C. Anyaegbunam
Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

Dr. Ikenna Godwin, Joe-Akunne
Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

Dr. Chidozie Beneth, Obiorah
Department of Political Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

Nneka Ifedichinma, Nwangwu
Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

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Detailed Study on the Mechanism of Metabolic Influences on the Endogenous GLP-1 by Oral Antidiabetic Medications in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus| Chapter 15 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 In most economically developed nations, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is now the most prevalent type of diabetes mellitus. Incretin-based therapy for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is now a prevalent treatment choice. It has been associated with substantially good results in the management of cardiac or nephron-benefit hyperglycemia. In several clinical recommendations, it is recommended for people with cardiovascular disorders for this purpose. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has many metabolic advantages as an incretin hormone, such as improving energy use, maintaining body weight, sustaining β cell preservation, and preventing neurodegeneration. Recent research, however, show that oral antidiabetic medicines interfere with endogenous or endogenous products.

GLP-1-exogenous. Since these drugs are transported to portions of the distal intestine, there are questions as to whether these oral drugs specifically activate GLP-1-releasing intestinal L cells or whether they do so by indirectly inhibiting the function of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV). The metabolic relationships between oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs from the stomach, microbiota, hormones, β-cell function, central nervous system, and other cell mechanisms are explored in this study. The results of these studies provide the basis for new drugs or formulations to be established that can ensure a better metabolism of glucose.


Author (s) Details

Thiquynhnga Nguyen
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China.

Min Gong
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China.

Song Wen
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China.

Xinlu Yuan
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China.

Chaoxun Wang
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China.



Jianlan Jin
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China.

Ligang Zhou
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201399, China.

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Letter to the Editor: Streamlined Upper Airway Collapsibility Measurement for Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP): Perspectives | Chapter 14 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 Dilating a narrow airway may be an effective treatment aspect of therapy as a surgical solution for the treatment of adults with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), but may not be a primary surgical objective. The surgical aim must be to stabilize the upper airway in patients with OSA against dynamic collapse that threatens its patency. For this reason, it would be useful to test pharyngeal collapsibility (critical pressure: Pcrit) for individual OSA patients in particular for streamlined Pcrit measurements before and after surgery.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Yoichi Nishimura
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan

Alan R. Schwartz
University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States and Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.

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Does Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty Change the Airway Volume?| Chapter 13 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 The risk of developing heart disorders and hypertension is enhanced by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) syndrome. Successful care of OSA patients is therefore, important. The goal of this study was to investigate changes in the morphology and volume after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) of the velopharyngeal and glossopharyngeal airway in three adult OSA patients who had bilateral broad tonsils using three-dimensional computed tomography. Case Report: All three patients with a history of extreme snoring and prolonged daytime sleepiness (one male and two female) were tested with overnight nocturnal polysomnography, suggesting mild to severe OSA. UPPP was supposed to widen the pharyngeal airway since all patients had large tonsils. Polysomnography and three-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) scanning, both before and 3 months after UPPP, were performed and compared. 

Results: Unexpectedly, although the morphology of the glossopharyngeal airway clearly changed after UPPP, the volume changes in the velopharyngeal and glossopharyngeal airways were negligible. In conclusion, in our patients, the morphology of the velopharyngeal and glossopharyngeal airway changed after UPPP; however, the volume did not change. Further analysis of 3D CT images could contribute to our understanding of changes in morphology and air volume in the upper airway that are caused by UPPP.


Author (s) Details

Dr. Yoichi Nishimura
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan

Sarah D. Moral-Ramos
Center for Snoring and Sleep Disorders, The Medical City, Philippines.

Misato Nishimura
Department of Radiology, Second Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan.

Mahmood A. Hamed
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.


Wael A. Ahmed
Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.


Masatoshi Hirata
Department of Sleep Technology, Second Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan.

Naoko Fujii
Department of Radiology, Second Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan.

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Discussion on a 5 Year Retrospective Study of Pattern of Maternal Mortality in a Tertiary Care Hospital in South India| Chapter 12 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 Introduction: One of the most challenging public health issues in India remains maternal mortality. One mother dies every minute because of complications related to pregnancy and child birth. In developing countries, women are 30 to 40 times more likely to die as a result of pregnancy and childbirth than their counterparts in developed countries. Even today India accounts for 20 per cent of global maternal deaths. In India, the total maternal deaths are around 63,000 per year, approximating one death per minute.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective study of 78 cases of maternal mortality in tertiary care hospitals over a 5-year period from January 2007 to January 2012 was analyzed, with specific focus on parity, cause of death and admission interval. Results: Hemorrhage was 26.92 percent of the leading cause of maternal death, followed by 23.08 percent of sepsis . Pre-eclampsia accounted for 20.51% of maternal deaths. Anemia accounted for 17.95 percent of the deaths. The age group in which most maternal deaths occurred (74.36 percent) was 21-30 years of age. When comparing women's parity, it was seen that most maternal deaths accounted for more than half of maternal deaths in multi-para (56.41 percent). Most women (62.5 percent) died within 24 hours of admission, followed by several women dying 12.5 percent in the next 24-48 hours.

Conclusion: In India, the rate of maternal mortality at referral hospitals is very high. The precise estimate of maternal mortality is primarily based on a sound system of vital registration and proper reporting of maternal death. The precise estimate of maternal mortality is primarily based on a sound system of vital registration and proper reporting of maternal death. 3Ds are the solutions to the problems: delay in diagnosis, urgent care and decision to move, delay in transport to enter the right hospital and delay in treatment. Most of the deaths in our sample were prevented if adequate antenatal treatment, early detection, prompt intervention, and early referral with well-equipped transport facilities were reported and obtained.



Author (s) Details

Dr. Pravin N. Yerpude
Department of Community Medicine, Chhindwara Institute of Medical Sciences, Chhindwara (M.P.)-480001, Gujarat, India

Dr. Keerti S. Jogdand
Department of Community Medicine, Chhindwara Institute of Medical Sciences, Chhindwara (M.P.)-480001, Gujarat, India


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Mitochondrial Function in the Formation of Sexual Constitution of Men| Chapter 11 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 A brief description of mitochondrial functions and factors contributing to the development of mitochondrial dysfunction is given in the article. In the prenatal phase and early ontogenesis, the sexual constitution of an individual is established. The effect of mitochondrial function on sexual constitution formation is indicated by reasoned evidence.

Author (s) Details

A. M. Ashurmetov
Department of Medical, Administration of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Central Clinical Hospital, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

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An Overview of Schwannomas –ATypical Presentation and Challenges | Chapter 16 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 Introduction: Schwanomma and neurofibroma are neurogenic tumors. In the head and neck, they occur sometimes. Nevertheless, their existence on the vagus is unusual. In order to order imaging for pelvic lesions that present atypically, a high index of suspicion is required. Discussion: Schwanommas are T1 hypointense and T2 hyperintense heterogeneously on MRI. The histopathological appearance is characteristic of the Schwanomma with Antoni type A and type B. Conclusion: Schwanommas are benign tumors that are slow-growing and that are separable from the parent nerve. After resection, recurrence is rare. Schwannomas originating from the vagus nerve cause bradycardia, and during surgical excision, the anesthetist must be attentive. Constipation can occur with pelvic schwannoma. For their issues and unusual presentations, we present our cases.

Author (s) Details

Dr. R. Vijai
Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

J. Ruban Kumar
Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

R. Arihanth
Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

Manoj Prabu
Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

Narayanasami Bharath
Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

Khalilur Rahman
Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

Arcot Rekha
Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, India.

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Update on Ketamine Infusion Therapy for Sustained Opioid Cessation for Chronic Pain and for Depression | Chapter 9 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 Objectives: Opioid abuse and opioid use disorders (OUD) continue to threaten the veteran population of America with chronic opioid use estimates of over 28 percent for non-cancer pain . Long-term opioid cessation is the primary consequence of the original analysis using ketamine-assisted opioid detoxification, whereas secondary results are evaluations of opioid withdrawal, pain relief, and side effects of ketamine. The composite outcomes to date are also checked in this update. Design: Preliminary retrospective analysis requiring a systematic examination of a database that has been collected prospectively. Setting: Veterans Affairs Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee; report from Franklin, TN, private practice clinic. Subjects: 41 veterans with chronic non-cancer pain and chronic opioids who underwent opioid detoxification aided by ketamine; update contains 114 patient results. Methods: The authors analyzed a real-time data set of forty-one patients who met the criteria for inclusion. Data collected over a 28-month period April 2016-July 2018) was reviewed by the authors. Following detoxification and the initial ketamine infusion sequence, patients were tracked for up to 12 months after infusion at regular intervals, extending this monitoring duration to October 2018 to ensure that all patients had at least 3 months of follow-up results. 

Results: Long after therapy, most veterans stayed opioid-free: 83%, 75%, and 58% at one, three, and six months, respectively (p=0.0001). Seventy-six percent of patients reported either no or moderate severity of opioid withdrawal. At one and three months, median pain declines were 50 percent and 40 percent respectively. The frequency of alarming side effects of ketamine was poor.

Conclusion: Overall, this update offers new proof that the use of a standardized procedure for ketamine infusion combined with rapid detoxification of opioids is quite successful, results in a high rate of sustained reduction of opioids, reduces chronic pain, minimizes withdrawal of opioids using purely non-opioid analgesics, and reduces depressive symptoms. A randomized controlled trial may be used in future research, but blinding patients and clinicians could be difficult. Opioid detoxification aided by ketamine tends to be a safe and efficient method for targeting opioid addiction and has the potential to decrease opioid consumption, deaths associated with overdose, and chronic pain.


Author (s) Details

Randall J. Malchow
VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, USA and AMG Ketamine and Wellness Center, USA.

Jennifer W. Baker
VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, USA

Ashley P. Yost,
VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, USA.
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Factors Underlying Stigmatization of Epilepsy: Case Study of Abasuba and Ameru Communities, Kenya | Chapter 8 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 Objectives: To recognize factors that underlie the stigmatization of people with epilepsy (PWE) in the communities of Abasuba and Ameru, Kenya. Study Design: In this study, cross sectional design was used. Place of research: The study was performed in the sub-districts of Abothuguchi, Miriegameru and Nkuene in the sub-districts of Meru Central and Central, Gwasi and Mbita in the sub-districts of Suba in Kenya. Methodology: It was a cross-sectional, descriptive analysis. A updated participatory rapid evaluation approach that included the use of questionnaires, interview schedules and centered group discussions was used. Interviews were performed with family leaders, medical workers, community-based group executives, patients, parents, administrators, teachers, faith healers and herbalists. Performance: The results of the analysis show an essential statistical association between negative

Epilepsy of fear (~2 = 43.69354, df=1, p<0.05). The fear of epilepsy depends on knowledge of it almost 2 = 7.41663, df=1, p=0.00646). Except among the female respondents in the Meru Central District, occupation was not found to affect fear (almost 2 = 6.19763, df=2, p=0.04510). There was however, no important association between epilepsy apprehension and education level ( ⁇ 2 = 0.15773, df=2, p=0.092436). The idea that epilepsy resulting from a curse or witchcraft is transferable and infectious was profoundly ingrained in the culture of the two groups and that they are treated by society with resentment that results in alienation and social stigma.

Author (s) Details

Tiberry D. O. Nyakwana,
Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.

Dr. Jemimah A. Simbauni,
Department of Zoological Sciences, Kenyatta University, P.O.Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.

James O. Jowi
Clinical Neurology, Maseno University, P.O.Box 19280 Code 40123, Kisumu, Kenya.

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Saussurea costus: A Source of Anticancer Bioactives | Chapter 7 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 10

 Cancer is the world's second largest cause of death and is responsible for an estimated 9.6 million fatalities in 2018. Plant-derived products or extracts are used to treat various illnesses or diseases in folk/traditional medicine. The anticancer function of Saussurea costus and its mode of intervention have been investigated in human breast, colon, and liver cancer cells. The bio-actives developed by S. Extensively extracted costus leaves were investigated for cytotoxic activity against breast (MCF-7), liver (HepG2), and colon (HCT116) cancer cell lines in five solvents of different polarities. The highest cytotoxicity and hence the greatest anticancer effect on all the cancer cell lines studied were the secondary metabolites extracted in hexane, methanol, ethyl acetate and chloroform solvents, while butanol was comparatively less involved. Further investigations showed that the extract arrested the cells and induced apoptosis in the G1 step of the cell cycle. Elevated pro-apoptotic protein expression and decreased anti-apoptotic protein expression indicated that the intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway was involved in mediating cancer cell apoptosis upon S treatment. Extract Costus. Such outcomes indicate that the S. Cost extract is the potential source of the secondary metabolites that could be used to treat various breast, colon, and liver cancers as an anti-cancer agent. However for future research on these active ingredients, more assessments, active compound isolation, in vitro and in vivo evaluations are recommended.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Mushtaq A. Mir,
College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O.Box 3665, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia

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Reporting a Case on Good Response of Lupus Hepatitis to Mycophenolate Mofetil and Belimumab as of Lupus Exanthema to Rituximab | Chapter 15 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 We face several patients with multiple forms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in clinical practise. They are generally managed to inhibit systemic inflammatory processes with immunosuppressive drugs. Corticosteroids are often first-choice medications because they work promptly, which in emergencies such as lupus nephritis or serious neuropsychiatric disorders can be helpful. 15 years ago, a 66-year-old male patient was treated mainly for cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Local corticosteroids and the following systemic immunosuppressants were administered: methylprednisolone (MP), chloroquine (removed due to retinal bleeding), cyclosporine A and azathioprine (removed due to non-response). Methotrexate and golimumab were introduced due to polyarthralgia. In spite of a strong response, due to the production of hepatitis confirmed by liver biopsy, both drugs had to be stopped (virus serological tests were negative). A marked decrease in liver enzymes could be observed early after the start of combination therapy with 1 g mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) per day orally and 10 mg/kg belimumab intravenously at weeks 0, 2, 4, followed every 4 weeks. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been added due to insufficient lupus exanthema response.

Since it was not possible to boost skin lesions after 9 months of administration of belimumab in conjunction with MMF and HCQ, biologic therapy was moved to another Bcell inhibitor, rituximab (1000 mg intravenously at weeks 0 and 2), which is considered to be used to treat patients with lupus. Surprisingly, a rapid and marked improvement in lupus exanthema was noted following the very first infusion. Since 2003, such a change has not been seen. An excellent response to MMF and belimumab may be confirmed by systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-associated hepatitis, as well as arthralgia. Rituximab has been shown to be more effective (in conjunction with MMF and HCQ) in treating SLE-associated skin lesions in our patients, despite the fact that these medicines are not yet approved for SLE therapy. Of course, only after treatment failure or intolerance of approved drugs can such medicines be added. We want to encourage doctors to collect data on the off-label use of immunosuppressants in connective tissue diseases in order to broaden the likelihood of care in patients that are not sensitive or difficult to respond to.

Author(s) Details

O. Psenak
Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Austria.

A. Studnicka-Benke
Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Austria.

H. Haufe
Department of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria.

R. Greil

Clinic of Internal Medicine III, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Austria.

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Advanced Study on Preparation, Physical-Chemical Characterization, and Cytocompatibility of Polymeric Calcium Phosphate Cements | Chapter 14 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 

Background: Much attention has recently been paid to calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) because of their advantages in terms of in situ handling and forming capabilities compared to calcium phosphate bioceramics. Mechanical and in vitro biological physicochemical properties of novel polymeric calcium phosphate cement (CPC) formulations have been investigated.
Methods: to obtain Forms I, II and III CPCs, monocalcium phosphate, calcium oxide and synthetic hydroxyapatite were mixed either with modified polyacrylic acid, light activated polyalkenoic acid or with polymethyl vinyl ether maleic acid. CPCs were compared with zinc polycarboxylate cement (control) setting time, compressive and diametric strength. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and infrared spectroscopy were used to identify specimens. CPCs and control were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity.
Results: Hydroxyapatite, monetite, and brushite were seen by X-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of stretching peaks in the IR spectra of set cements confirmed the acid-base reaction. Rod-like crystals and platy crystals were disclosed by SEM. The cement setting time was 5-12 min. Compared with power, type III showed significantly higher strength values. High biocompatibility was achieved in type III.
Conclusions: In comparison to zinc polycarboxylate cement (control group), Type III CPC displayed acceptable setting time, substantially higher compressive, and diametral tensile strengths. For dental applications, Type III CPCs show promise.

Author(s) Details


Rania M. Khashaba
Department Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA., Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Biomaterials, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA. and Department of Dental Materials, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo 11787, Egypt.

Mervet Moussa
Department of Oral Pathology, Cairo University, Cairo 11559, Egypt. and Department of Oral Pathology, Misr International University (MIU), Cairo 11787, Egypt.

Christopher Koch
Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Biomaterials, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA.

Arthur R. Jurgensen
Savannah River National Laboratory, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.

David M. Missimer
Savannah River National Laboratory, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.

Ronny L. Rutherford
Savannah River National Laboratory, Savannah River Nuclear Solutions, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.

Norman B. Chutkan
Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Biomaterials, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA.

James L. Borke

Department Oral Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA and Department Orthopaedic Surgery, Section of Biomaterials, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA.

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