A Comprehensive Review on the Role of Promoting Elderly Care Sustainability by Smart Village—Facilities Integration through Construction of a Public Service Field with Introduction of Fall Posture Monitoring | Chapter 8 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

 

In recent years, rural communities in China have been actively exploring a novel approach to elderly care that integrates treatment with health preservation. For instance, in 2018, the number of licensed physicians and registered nurses per 1000 people in rural areas was significantly lower than in urban areas, indicating a shortage of medical professionals. This study aims to contribute to the sustainable development of rural elderly care by introducing smart technology, specifically fall posture monitoring, into public services and facilities within rural communities. There are two main types of intelligent technologies used for monitoring the health of elderly individuals in their living environments: vision-based human activity recognition (HAR) and sensor-based HAR. Additionally, the focus of this study is on addressing a critical issue in elderly medical care: the timely feedback and treatment of falls. To begin, we conducted a comprehensive review of the current status and challenges associated with the application of fall posture monitoring technology. Additionally, we examined the environmental factors that contribute to the risk of falls in public spaces for the elderly. These assessments serve as the technical and environmental foundation for developing the proposed service framework. Our research was conducted from two primary perspectives: the supply of service resources that combine treatment with health preservation and the identification of risk factors associated with outdoor public spaces in the community where falls are likely to occur. Data for this study were collected through behavior mapping and field interviews. In conclusion, we presented a constructive logic for the development of a public service field that effectively combines treatment with health preservation. This logic encompasses the integration of technology applications, resource coordination, and improvements to the physical environment. The findings from this study provide a scientific basis for the construction of public service fields in “smart villages” and serve as practical references for similar villages striving to adopt this innovative model. This approach has the potential to improve the quality of care for elderly individuals in rural communities and promote the integration of medical treatment and care. By leveraging the insights gained from this research, it is expected that rural communities would be better equipped to address the challenges of elderly care and facilitate the widespread adoption of this integrated care model.

 

Author(s) Details:-

 

Jingting Meng
Department of Environmental Design, College of Art and Communication, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.

 

Ling Yang
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China and Center of Urban and Rural Development, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China.

Hao Lei
School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Haidian, Beijing 100084, China.

 

Please see the link here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v2/8539E

Behavior of Framed Masonry and Lightweight Concrete Walls under Lateral Cyclic Loads Analysis by Numerical Models | Chapter 6 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

 Infill wall frames are widely used structures, including in earthquake-prone locations. The role of infill walls is often neglected in frame planning. However, infill walls play a role in improving frame performance under cyclic lateral loads. The material forming the infill wall, the type of connector between the column and the infill wall, and the connector distance determine the behavior of the frames. These things need to be analyzed to understand the performance of the frames. This research aimed to obtain the performance level of framed masonry wall (FMW) and framed lightweight concrete wall (FCW) structures to withstand cyclic lateral loads. The research was carried out using finite element-based software. The research results showed that FMW and FCW were highly ductile. FCW had a higher strength than FMW. However, it was not more ductile than FCW. The cumulative energy dissipation of FCW was 56.85% greater than FMW because it could bear lateral cyclic loads better. This indicates that masonry and lightweight concrete have the potential to infill walls for frames in earthquake-prone areas.

 

Author(s) Details:-

 

Siti Aisyah Nurjannah
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia.

 

Saloma
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia.

 

Anis Saggaff
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia.

 

Arie Putra Usman
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia.

 

Mona Fadila Rachmah
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia.

 

Titanio Erick Law
Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sriwijaya, Indralaya, Indonesia.

 

Please see the link here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v2/12834F

Sustainable Homes for All: Mass Timber Construction | Chapter 4 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

 

With the explosion in increased population migrating to cities, housing infrastructure poses one of the biggest challenges in India as well as other countries. The need for a safe space to live which transforms the quality and well-being reducing environmental challenges is a necessity. This article advocates for a paradigm shift in construction methodologies, emphasizing the adoption of emerging technologies to build faster while delivering superior quality homes at an economically viable scale. Central to this transformation is the utilization of Mass Timber Construction within a sustainable construction framework. By harnessing the potential of mass timber technology, we aim to mitigate the environmental impact of traditional construction practices and usher in a new era of carbon-neutral buildings and faster construction.

 

Author(s) Details:-

 

Architect Bharathi Prem
RNS School of Architecture, Bangalore, India.

 

Please see the link here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v2/5308B

Using Public Key Algorithms in Cloud Computing Security | Chapter 3 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

 

Centered on its inherent data sharing and low latency features, cloud infrastructure is considered as an effective alternative to conventional information technology. Cloud service providers (CSPs) like Amazon, are capable of providing cloud users with various services by integrating powerful data centers. Users may utilize high-quality software to move their local data processing systems to cloud storage and save considerable investments in their local infrastructures. Annotation techniques by utilizing the pairs of meaning attributes are usually more descriptive, as they provide more details than the untyped methods. A new solution to use more concise queries with such annotations is the "pay-as-you-go" querying technique in data spaces.

 

Author(s) Details:-

 

Masarath Begum
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar, India.

 

Komal
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar, India.

 

Shilpa Tarnalle
Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar, India.

 

Please see the link here:   https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v2/12215F

Determination of Sugarcane Bagasse Fiber Reinforced Low Density Polyethylene Composites | Chapter 5 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

 

The purpose of this research highlights about cellulose and cellulignin fibres obtained from sugarcane bagasse (SCB) waste can be used as reinforcing filler in a thermoplastic polymer matrix. Natural fiber composites are one of the most appealing replacements for non-biodegradable glass and carbon fibers in the fabrication of thermosetting and thermoplastic composites. In the recent decade, there has been an increase in global warming, environmental changes, and other issues. Environmentally friendly products, such as natural composite materials, are being developed by researchers and academics to protect life on the planet. The injection method was used to create the low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and sugarcane bagasse (SCB) composites. Fiber loading was set to be varied from 10 to 30 wt%. To improve interfacial bonding, the fibres were chemically modified using an alkali treatment, and the effects on the fiber/matrix interaction were evaluated using scanning electron micrographs (SEM). Tensile, impact, and hardness were used to determine the mechanical properties and corrosion tests. The study found that sugarcane bagasse fibers, like other natural fibers, reinforce polyethylene. The treated SCB fibers' tensile strength and modulus were found to be greatly increased by around 13% and 196%, respectively, when compared to plain LDPE. This was owing to the observed improvement in interfacial adhesion between the fiber and matrix. The impact resistance and hardness of the composite enhanced by 55.28% and 26%, respectively, over neat LDPE. According to SEM analysis, the alkali treatment affected the morphology of fibers.

 

Author(s) Details:-

 

Dalia Saber
Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt and Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

 

Mohamed A. El-Meniawy
Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.

 

Ayman M. Abdelhaleim
Mechanical Design and Production Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.

 

Asmaa H. Abdelnaby
Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.

 

Kh. Abd El-Aziz
Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt and Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

 

Please see the link here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v2/8578E

The Long-term Evaluation Method of MBR Membrane | Chapter 7 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

 

The permeable volume and trans-membrane pressure difference of all 3520 days, from October 2011 to November 2021, in an A2/O-MBR RWTP (recycled water treatment plant) in Xi'an Siyuan University have been indiscriminately used to study an evaluation method of MBR hollow fiber membrane. The 1 m³permeable volume of 1000 ㎡membrane area at 1 day and 1 kPa trans-membrane pressure (TMP) difference is defined as one industrial permeability, 1 VMD.  The VMD of every day is directly calculated by using the daily computer’s records of the RWTP.  After excluding some anomalies from the original data, an arithmetic average of each 25 days (as a group unit) effective VMD was calculated.  Then, group units are reduced into annual units.  After four years, a power equation is fitted into the annual VMD attenuation equation of the previous four years of RWTP operation.  The calculation of the annual VMD attenuation equation is straightforward, simple, and convenient.  The VMD declined annually by about 0.78.  The TMP increased annually by about 0.66 kPa.

Author(s) Details:-

 

Li Dong
Energy and Chemical Engineering Research Center, Xi' an Siyuan University, Xi'an 710038, China.

 

Zhang Xuemei
Energy and Chemical Engineering Research Center, Xi' an Siyuan University, Xi'an 710038, China.

 

 

Ma Qinghua
Energy and Chemical Engineering Research Center, Xi' an Siyuan University, Xi'an 710038, China

 

Fu Bo
Regenerative Water Plant, Xi 'an Siyuan University, Xi' an 710038, China.

 

Qin Baolan
Regenerative Water Plant, Xi 'an Siyuan University, Xi' an 710038, China.

 

Hao Jingyuan
Energy and Chemical Engineering Research Center, Xi' an Siyuan University, Xi'an 710038, China and School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, No. 28, Xianning West Road, Beilin District, Xi’an 710048, China.

 

Please see the link here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v2/8441E

Fine-Tuning Crop Classification: A Deep Dive into Hyperparameters for Long Short-Term Memory Networks | Chapter 1 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

 

Remote sensing (RS) data and crop classification techniques provide useful information for crop yield estimation and prediction. Deep learning (DL) has seen a massive rise in popularity for remote sensing (RS)-based applications over the past few years. However, the performance of DL algorithms is dependent on the optimization of various hyperparameters since the hyperparameters have a huge impact on the performance of deep neural networks. The impact of hyperparameters on the accuracy and reliability of DL models is a significant area for investigation. The study region Charsadda is located in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, province of Pakistan. Five dates were chosen for satellite imagery in this investigation to capture the reflectance of crops at various growth stages. In this study, the grid Search algorithm is used for hyperparameters optimization of long short-term memory (LSTM) network for the RS-based classification. The hyperparameters considered for this study are optimizer, activation function, batch size, and the number of LSTM layers. In this study, over 1,000 hyperparameter sets are evaluated and the results of all the sets are analyzed to see the effects of various combinations of hyperparameters as well as the individual parameter effect on the performance of the LSTM model. The performance of the LSTM model is evaluated using the performance metric of minimum loss and average loss and it was found that classification can be highly affected by the choice of optimizer; however, other parameters such as the number of LSTM layers have less influence. This study shows that tuning the hyperparameters improves the model performance. The LSTM model for RS data yields the best performance with Adam, Nadam, RMSProp, and Adamax optimizers whereas it does not perform well with SGD, Adagrad, and Adadelta.

 

  Author(s) Details:

 

Nasru Minallah
Department of Computer Systems Engineering, National Center for Big Data and Cloud Computing (NCBC), University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.

 

Madiha Sher
Department of Computer Systems Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

 

Tufail Ahmad
Department of Computer Sciences, National Center for Big Data and Cloud Computing (NCBC), University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.

 

Waleed Khan
Department of Computer Systems Engineering, National Center for Big Data and Cloud Computing (NCBC), University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.

Please see the link here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v2/7320C

Instance Segmentation for Accurate Lane Detection and Fitting with Hour Glass Network | Chapter 10 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

 A novel approach is proposed to improve lane marking identification in autonomous driving systems by combining deep learning-based segmentation with traditional lane detection methods. This approach aims to address challenges faced by each technique individually, such as CNNs struggling with precise localization and traditional methods facing scalability issues. By integrating segmentation with handcrafted features and specialized fitting, the proposed method enhances network convergence speed and location accuracy. A unique lane fitting method based on convergent line prediction is introduced, particularly beneficial for challenging highway conditions. Experimental evaluations on four datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach, showcasing notable improvements in robustness and accuracy in lane marking detection.

 

Author(s) Details:-

 

Rajesh S
Department of Informtion Technology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India

 

Jeyapriya R
Department of Informtion Technology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.

 

Kaviya Varshini K
Department of Informtion Technology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.

 

Meenalochini V
Department of Informtion Technology, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India.

 

Please see the link here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v2/8307E

The Impact of Heat Input on the Microhardness and the Micro-structure of a Welded Carbon Steel and the Modeling of its Micro-crack | Chapter 2 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

 The welding process induces changes in the Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) owing to thermal effects. This implies alterations in mechanical properties and microstructure based on the magnitude of absorbed heat and cooling time. The analysis presented in this article reveals that the base metal, initially composed of ferrite and pearlite, undergoes a change in grain size after welding. During welding, the heat produced during the process can affect the microhardness and the microstructure of the material. The change in the microstructure and the microhardness can be discovered by carrying out a microhardness test on the welded sample and comparing changes in the three different zones i.e the base, the weld and the Heat affected zone (HAZ), or by carrying out a microstructural examination on the welded sample and see the grain dispersion in relation to their sizes. In this work, the weld quality of manual arc welded samples of low-carbon steel St3sp destined for bridge construction to be used in Cameroon has been investigated. After a chemical analysis of the material, a microhardness test and a microstructural examination were also done. Results show that a composition of pearlite and ferrite was seen with a composition of 20/80 respectively. For weld zone and HAZ it changes due to thermal processes. So the micro-structure analysis shows that the base metal is a ferrite and pearlite having a grain size of 11-12 on a scale corresponding to an average grain diameter ≈of 7 microns. The structure of the weld metal is also made up of ferrite and pearlite with columnar crystals of cast metal. The HAZ is made up of Widmanstätten. The width of the HAZ zone is about 1,5mm in different areas of heat affected zone and is observed fine-grained ferrite-pearlite structure with a high degree of dispersion. A micro-crack was revealed with a length of 1,7 mm in the HAZ of sample number 7 and a 1,2 mm length of micro-crack in the weld zone of this same probe was also revealed. The modeling of the micro-crack shows that the velocity of its propagation in the welded zone is higher as much than that in the heat-affected zone i.e. in the welded zone is estimated at 64.59m/s, while in heat affected zone is 0,354.1 m/s. This means that in the absence of welded and environmental defects, failure of structure will be common in the welded zone.

 

Author(s) Details:- 

 

 Mbelle Samuel Bisong
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology University of Buea, P.O. Box: 63, Buea, Cameroon and Department of Mechanical Engineering, ENSET Douala, P.O. Box: 1872, Douala, Cameroon.

 

Kevin Tsapi Tchoupou
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, National Higher Polytechnic Institute, University of Bamenda, P.O Box, 39 Bambili, Cameroon.

 

Valeriy V. Lepov
Larionov Institute of Physical-Technical Problems of the North, FRC YSC SB RAS, 1, Oktyabrskaya, 677007 Yakutsk, Russia.

 

Kisito Pierre
Department of Physics, LMMSP University of Dschang, P.O. Box: BP 96, Dschang, Cameroon.

 

Please see the link here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v2/7425B

Assessment of Errors Caused by Several Flux Limiters in Advection-Diffusion Flow Solution | Chapter 9 | Current Approaches in Engineering Research and Technology Vol. 2

 

This article discusses the errors caused by several flux limiters in advection-diffusion flow solutions. Numerous affordances have been developed to reduce the spurious oscillation during the last decade to solve various problems arising in mathematical physics. Flux limiters are widely used in numerical simulations to prevent spurious oscillation in the flow with strong property gradients. However, applying a flux limiter on flow without a strong property gradient such as advection-diffusion flow can cause errors due to the action of the limiter on the higher-order part of the flux. A method for applying one-dimensional limiters to two-dimensional unstructured mesh was also suggested. By contrasting a test case's finite volume solution with a reference solution, the error was calculated. According to the study, second-order finite volumes with flow limiters had greater calculation errors than those without limiters.

However, the error of third-order finite volume with flux limiter is less than that of second-order without flux limiter. Among the flux limiters tested in this study, Venkatakrishnan’s flux limiter produces the highest error, followed by Van Leer’s limiter, EULER and SMART limiter.

 

Author(s) Details:-

 

Adek Tasri
Mechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Andalas, Indonesia.

 

Please see the link here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/caert/v2/8563E

Introduction: Background, Aetiology and Pathogenesis | Chapter 1 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

This chapter serves to briefly introduce this book. It has four sections: a background that provides some history about the pandemic, a brief account of the aetiology of the disease, the pathogenesis and a conclusion

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Mbwas Isaac Mashor
Morbid Anatomy Department, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Richard Kelechi Samuel
Histopathology Department, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja FCT, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor University of Edinburgh Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom.

 

Simji Samuel Gomerep
Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Jos / Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH1

Covid-19 Geriatric Considerations | Chapter 17 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, moved across the globe at an unprecedented speed, and is having profound and yet still unfolding health and socioeconomic impacts in the elderly. SARS-CoV-2, a β-coronavirus, is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that causes a disease that has been termed the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clinical features in the elderly thus far indicate that COVID-19 is highly diverse, ranging from being without symptoms and mild to severe symptoms and causing mortality. The elderly risk factors including increasing age, male gender, smoking, obesity sex, and comorbid conditions are key determinants of disease severity and progression. The elderly may present with fever, myalgia, headache, nausea, vomiting, nasal congestion, sore throat cough, dyspnea, chest pain, excessive sputum production, asthenia, diarrhea, falls, ageusia, anosmia, delirium, body weakness, aphasia, hypotension, low oxygen saturation, low mood and anhedonia.

 

 Author(s) Details:

 

Kumbet John Sonny
Geriatric Medicine Subdivision of Family Medicine Department, Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nigeria.

 

Tahoma Jabbe
CBN Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, Abuja, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH17

Haematological Manifestations of Covid-19 | Chapter 14 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) grew fast to become a global pandemic and a dreaded disease since its emergence in 2019. This work looks at the hematological manifestation and its effect on some hematological disorders.

The infection through multiple pathways resulted in lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, thrombosis and multiple unique cellular changes seen following COVID-19 infections. COVID-19 can cause severe illness and death in people with a history of sickle cell disease (SCD). Patients with thalassemia are at increased risk of developing severe illness from respiratory infections, including COVID-19, than people without SCD. Individuals diagnosed with leukemias and other hematological malignancies also demonstrated increased adverse outcomes following infection with COVID-19 infections. Vaccine-induced thrombosis (VITT), a condition that has been associated with a specific type of vaccine rapidly came to light following the widespread vaccine campaign to control the spread of the virus.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Aliyu Dahiru Waziri
Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Science, Ahmadu Bello University/Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.

 

Emmanuel Akoyi Akor
Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Prozone Diagnostic Laboratory, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH14

Rheumatic Manifestations of Covid-19 | Chapter 13 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

A number of inflammatory or autoimmune manifestations linked with COVID-19 have been reported to be associated with some musculo-skelatal manifestations. These manifestations include fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, vasculitis, autoantibodies, and chilblains. The underlying mechanisms are not completely clear but are thought to be directly or indirectly linked to circulating immune complexes, inflammatory cytokines and levels of complement proteins.

 

  Author(s) Details:

 

Pam Stephen Dung-Gwom
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Chinemelum Adaora Onodugo
Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor, University of Edinburgh, Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH13

Corona Virus-19 Infection and Psychiatric Illnesses | Chapter 19 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) primarily affects the respiratory system, however, the clinical presentation of patients is usually multi-systemic due to the immunologic response to the virus. Neuropsychiatric symptoms occur in one-third of patients during the acute phase of the infection and represent initial symptoms in a small number of patients. The exact mechanism by which COVID-19 causes Neuropsychiatric symptoms is not fully understood, however, researchers have suggested the roles of the hyperactive immune response and the affinity of the virus to some receptors in the brain, among other possibilities. There are pathognomonic neuropsychiatric symptoms specific to COVID-19, nevertheless, commonly reported and/or observed presentations include, delirium, anxiousness, depression and sleep problems. The majority of patients have mild to moderate symptom severity with optimal response to short-course of appropriate psychotropic medications and other psychosocial interventions.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Ejike Chukwuma Nwokwor
Department of Psychiatry, Missouri University Hospital, Columbia MO, USA.

 

Muhammad Gidado Ibrahim
Department of Psychiatry, Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH19

Gastrointestinal and Liver Manifestation of Covid-19 | Chapter 15 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

COVID-19 is caused by a respiratory virus and infected millions of people worldwide leading to a pandemic. Its origin was linked to seafood and wet animal markets therefore the likelihood of having gastrointestinal and liver manifestations is high. GI symptoms are common and mostly self-limiting but where they occur in combination or as a marked symptom, it tends to portend a worse outcome.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Chikodili Crystal Umejiaku
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH15

A Review of Sars-Cov-2 Pharmacotherapy | Chapter 18 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

The Coronavirus viral disease 2019 (COVID-19) is arguably the most important medical and public health challenge of the current decade. This has resulted in tens of millions of deaths and disturbed socio-economic lives across the globe.  Clinicians and scientists have been assessing many potential anti-virals for effective control of SARS-CoV-2. Many drugs have been repurposed and granted emergency authorization for use in the treatment of COVID-19 cases. Some of the drugs that have been assessed include Remdesivir, Ribavirine, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, biologics and the anti-parasitic ivermectin. Dexamethasone significantly cut mortality among severe and critical SARS-CoV-2 cases. There were no clinical benefits with the use of hydroxychloroquine and Lopinavir/ritonavir in the RECOVERY Trials. Early observational studies and a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in Nigeria demonstrated the possibility of the efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of SARSCoV-2. Overall, effective and efficient pharmacotherapeutic interventions will be important in achieving SARS-CoV-2 control. There is also evidence that the COVID-19 vaccine was effective in curtailing the effects of the pandemic. Different generic vaccines available are DNA vaccine, mRNA vaccine, and non-replicating viral vector vaccines

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Olumuyiwa Elijah Ariyo
Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State/Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria.

 

Joshua Gini
Stroke Medicine United Lincolnshire Hospital, Lincoln County Hospital, United Kingdom.

 

Oladipo Vincent Akinmade
USAID Integrated Health Program Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor University of Edinburgh Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH18

Paediatric Manifestations of Covid‐19 | Chapter 16 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

COVID-19 manifests in children with or without symptoms, for the ones with symptoms, constitutional symptoms like: malaise, headache and fatigue. They may also present with Fever, Cough, tachypnea, tachycardia myalgia, nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, sore throat, headache, dizziness, seizure, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Patience Ungut Kanhu
Department of Paediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Kumbet John Sonny
Geriatric Medicine Subdivision of Family Medicine Department, Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH16

Covid-19 and the Endocrine System | Chapter 5 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

When SARS-CoV-2 virus, the agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), made its first appearance in the later part of the year 2019, it was popularly known for primarily causing respiratory symptoms such as cough and shortness of breath. These symptoms were sometimes severe enough to require hospitalization and intensive care. Due to the novel nature of the virus at that time, very little was known about its extrapulmonary effects. It is now clear to the world's scientific community that the virus also affects virtually every system in the human body and not just the respiratory system.

The Endocrine system is one of the various systems affected during COVID-19 infection, and almost no endocrine gland is spared. Endocrine glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas and gonads are all known to be affected in varying degrees in individuals with COVID-19 virus. The aim of this review article is to provide a synopsis of how the virus exerts its effect on various endocrine cells, and ultimately provide information that would be useful in addressing potential endocrine and/or metabolic complications that may arise, following COVID-19 infection.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Beatrice Nelson-Ogbonna
Department of Internal Medicine, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria.

 

Jones Uwakwe
Department of Internal Medicine, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH5

COVID-19 and the Nervous System | Chapter 4 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

The nervous system is believed to be affected at different stages of infection by the SARS-CoV2 virus which causes the corona virus infection. Various neurological manifestations of the infection have been described ranging from innocuous symptoms such as loss of smell to more severe symptoms like the development of an encephalopathy. The close relationship between COVID-19 and the nervous system is borne from the fact that the viral receptors are avidly expressed by cells in the nervous system.

The risk of death from neurological complications of the virus has been described particularly for those with more severe forms of the infection. In survivors, the possibilities of long-term complications abound. This section aims to describe the effect of the SARS-CoV2 infection on both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also tries to explain possible mechanisms of infection as well as pathogenesis.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Chindo Bala Mallum
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, USA.

 

Charles Obi Achoru
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH4

Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19 | Chapter 3 | Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

COVID-19 is a novel virus and despite the predilection for the respiratory tract, it has the potential of becoming a multi-systemic disease. With its emergence arose the need for prompt and appropriate diagnostic and prognostic molecular tests that cut across all sections of laboratory medicine. A proper laboratory diagnosis is critical in order to aid clinical management and control the disease transmission.

The ideal specimen for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 is bronchoalveolar lavage but this is quite an invasive specimen to obtain. There is a high risk of infecting the caregiver via aerosols generated during the procedure. Instead, the WHO recommends nasal and oropharyngeal swabs for routine testing using flocked nylon swabs. Lung biopsy is reserved for post-mortem cases.

During sample collection, it is crucial that appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn and that the procedure is performed in a room with adequate ventilation. The best transport medium is the viral transport medium (VTM) stored on ice.

Sample processing should be performed in a biosafety level two (BSL-2) laboratory facility (or higher) due to the high infectivity of the virus. The widely accepted test for the early detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA is the Nucleic Acid Amplification Test (NAAT) using reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Other modalities include antigen-based tests and viral cultures.

Concurrently, samples should also be obtained for biochemical tests due to the “cytokine storm” associated with severe COVID-19 infection. Hepatic and renal biomarkers including inflammatory markers such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) should be assayed as they could be elevated in severe manifestations of the disease.

The organ in the eye of the storm are the lungs and they were extensively studied during the pandemic. In COVID-19 infection, they may grossly appear to be heavy, congested and edematous with cut sections that show patchy areas of hemorrhage and focal areas of vascular plugging. Generally, the pulmonary pathologic features appear to be consistent with early/organizing diffuse alveolar damage (DAD).

The utility of laboratory tests for screening, diagnosis, monitoring and prognostication of COVID-19 is central to the management of this emerging infectious disease.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Khadija Abimbola Abdulraheem
Department of Medical Microbiology, National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria.

 

Richard Kelechi Samuel
Histopathology Department, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja FCT, Nigeria.

Selowo Temitope Toluse
Department of Chemical Pathology, Benue State University Teaching Hospital, Makurdi, Nigeria.

 

Mbwas Isaac Mashor
Morbid Anatomy Department, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

 Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH3

Ocular Manifestations | Chapter 7 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

COVID-19 infection affects the eyes in a variety of ways.  Ocular manifestations have been reported in some individuals, especially health workers. With the infection spreading to every country in the world, this pandemic has far-reaching consequences and implications on the economy of many nations and the mental health of people. The mechanism of infection by the SARS Cov-2 virus has been attributed to its affinity to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Reports suggest that this enzyme is expressed in the conjunctival epithelium, cornea, and retina. The ocular involvement in COVID-19 infection therefore involves structures in the eye that have angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 such as the optic nerve and nerves controlling ocular motility. The involvement of ocular adnexal tissues is sparks interest in research.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Olabisi Olayemi Yeye-Agba
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Teaching Hospital Lokoja, Nigeria.

 

Ejike J. Egbu
Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital, Warri, Delta State, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor University of Edinburgh Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom.

 

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH7

Otorhinolaryngologic Manifestation of Covid-19 | Chapter 8 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

Background: The Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is an ongoing viral disease that emerged from East Asia and rapidly spread to the rest of the world including the less developed African countries. The most common presentations of COVID-19 include dry cough in about 67.8% of cases, fever (43.8%), sore throat (13.9%), smell disturbances and taste abnormalities. Other symptoms include rhinorrhoea, sneezing, dyspnoea, tonsil oedema, enlargement of cervical lymph nodes and occasionally dizziness. Guan et al. documented that tonsil oedema was seen among 2.1% of the Chinese patients studied while cervical lymphadenopathy was seen in 0.2% of the same population. Labyrinthine presentation in the form of dizziness was recorded in 16% of the 51 subjects with COVID-19.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Abdullahi Musa Kirfi
Department of Otorhinolaryngology / Head and Neck Surgery, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University/ Head and Neck Surgery Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH8

Oral Manifestations | Chapter 11 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

COVID-19 infection is a threat to the global healthcare system due to its high mortality profile, especially among persons with existing comorbidities. Though the commonest symptoms are fever, cough, sore throat, myalgia, arthralgia, headache, dyspnea, and sputum production, there are variable orofacial manifestations ranging from the more common features (dysgeusia, xerostomia, and oral mucosal lesions) to the less common manifestations (facial paralysis, trigeminal neuralgia, macroglossia, pain and swelling of the masticatory muscles). The tongue is the most common intraoral site affected followed by labial mucosa and palate.

Maintaining a good oral hygiene practice has been associated with a reduction in the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and the treatment for the orofacial manifestations includes the use of topical or systemic corticosteroids, diphenhydramine. Additionally, the use of mouthwash, antibiotics and sometimes no treatment at all, in which case the lesions resolve within 3 to 21 days, can also be explored.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Adeyemi, Tope Emmanuel
Department of Child Dental Health, Bayero University, Kano/Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.

 

Afeez Abolarinwa Salami
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

 

Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH11

Cardiovascular Manifestations of Covid-19 | Chapter 10 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

COVID-19 enters the human cell via angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 which is prevalent in the heart, lungs and blood vessels and as such, it’s cardinal manifestations are found in these organs. Cough and difficulty in breathing are the commonest cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19. Other manifestations include chest pain, arrhythmias, thromboembolic events, heart failure, myocarditis and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Physicians have to be on the look out for these cardiovascular manifestations and address them, as COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular manifestations have a 5 fold higher mortality rate.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Patrick Oyigebe Idoko
Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

 

Velji Samuel Gomerep
Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Oladimeji Adebayo
Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan / Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/10

The Chest and Radiological Features of Covid-19 | Chapter 9 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

Originally reported as a respiratory disease, but with more understanding of the condition, systemic components have been fairly described. Features could be mild, moderate and severe. SARS-CoV-2 has been reported to bind ACE 2 receptors which ultimately results and in an eventual ARDS due to increased pulmonary surface tension.

Radiologic features are essential of the chest and serve as surrogate diagnostic markers and for prognostication. Computed tomography (CT) is the radiological test. Conventional X-ray on the other hand is less sensitive and specific compared to the former but usually, it is the first-line imaging modality used for suspected Covid-19 cases. Findings may be normal in early or mild disease severe cases show abnormal signs which may be categorized as probable/classic, intermediate for Covid-19, non-Covid-19, or normal (note that normal does not exclude Covid-19). These abnormalities are usually bilateral, involving the lower lobes with predominant air space opacification, interstitial infiltrates, or patchy consolidation.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Kenis Shedrack Felangu
X-Ray Group, A Subsidiary of Integral Diagnostics, Victoria, Australia.

 

Chidozie Valentine Adiukwu
Pulmonology Subdivision Department of Internal Medicine, Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital, Lafia, Nigeria.

 

Abdulkarim Ibrahim Dahiru
National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS), Nasarawa State Office, Nigeria.

 

Khadija Abimbola Abdulraheem
Department of Medical Microbiology, National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor University of Edinburgh Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH9

Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach | Book Publisher International

 

As the book title implies, this is a review of the Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 from the lenses of different specialists in human medicine. The aim of this work was to provide a one-stop documentation of the clinical manifestations of COVID-19.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor University of Edinburgh Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom.

 

Khadija Abimbola Abdulraheem
Department of Medical Microbiology, National Hospital Abuja, Nigeria.

 

Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.

 

Oladimeji Adebayo
Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan/ Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Simji Samuel Gomerep
Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Jos/Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH0

Public Health Perspectives and Manifestations of Covid-19 | Chapter 2 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 Paraphrasing from common parlance, “a virus’ name precedes it”. Due to the name of its causative organism; most would consider COVID-19 as a primarily respiratory illness. This is substantiated by the readily obvious respiratory symptoms and the popular use of facemasks as a means of prevention.COVID–19 presents as a respiratory disease with a multi-systemic representation, multi-sectorial importance and a multidimensional impact on humanity.

This chapter brings to bear, the public health manifestations of COVID-19 providing an overview of the anthropologic, epidemiologic, Global Health, etiologic, pathogenetic, diagnostic and health system concerns and perspectives since the virus was discovered in the last days of 2019.

 

Author(s) Details'

Oladipo Vincent Akinmade
USAID Integrated Health Program Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor University of Edinburgh Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH2

Skin Manifestation of Covid-19 Infection | Chapter 6 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

COVID-19 has been shown to have various manifestations across systems but the cutaneous manifestations serve as indispensable clues to the occurrence, and worsening of COVID-19 as well as useful markers for prognosis.

Maculopalular manifestations of COVID-19 have been reported to have a higher frequency compared to other manifestations. The severity of COVID-19 can be predicted by the acroischemia in COVID-19 while livedoid eruptions have also been reported to have the highest mortality.

For prompt diagnosis, better management and prognosis; intentional attention to the skin through the involvement of Dermatologists is key to better health for the patient.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Sebastine Oseghae Oiwoh
Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital Irrua, Nigeria.

 

Ademola Olusegun Enitan
Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH6

Kidney Manifestations of Covid-19 | Chapter 12 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) virus causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease is primarily a pulmonary disease but with multisystem (extra-pulmonary) manifestations, of which the kidneys are involved. Affection of the kidney is caused by the direct invasion of the virus or as a consequence of the immunological response to the presence of the virus. The resultant manifestation could range from an asymptomatic proteinuria to an acute kidney injury requiring kidney replacement therapy. The presence of kidney dysfunction in COVID-19 increases the severity of the disease and the risk of mortality.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Abdul-Karim Olayinka Shitu
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

 

Daniel Gilbert Uchendu
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH12

Synthesization and Characterization of the N-substituted Tetrahydrocarbazole Compounds by Molecular Docking Method | Chapter 5 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 1

 

The objective of the study was to synthesize and characterize the N-substituted tetrahydrocarbazole compounds, along with molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds associated with the evaluation of anti-bacterial activity by the agar cup method. Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. The heterocyclic compounds named tetrahydrocarbazoles have significant biological properties. The recently created substituted tetrahydrocarbazole compounds were made by refluxing substituted cyclohexanone and phenylhydrazine in glacial acetic acid. These intermediates were ultimately transformed into N-substituted tetrahydrocarbazoles through a reaction with substituted aromatic acid chlorides in alkaline conditions.  Fifteen compounds are synthesized and characterized by their melting point (MP), IR, NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. All the compounds were subjected to molecular docking studies for Gln-6-p enzyme (1XFF) inhibition. The newly synthesized tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives were studied for anti-microbial activity using the agar cup method. In silico studies revealed that all the synthesized compounds have relatively better binding affinity as compared to the standard drug. So, it may be considered a good inhibitor of GlcN-6-P.  The anti-microbial activity was assessed by the agar cup plate method, and the results showed eight compounds having a better anti-microbial response against the bacterial and fungal strains. The study helps to expand the scope of developing these tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives, which help to promote effective anti-bacterial agents.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Sakinala Padmavathi
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Phytochemistry, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur-522503, India

 

Ramu Bhadramaraju
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Madhira Institute of Science and Technology (Mits College of Pharmacy), Palennaram, Chilkure, Kodad, Suryapet District, Telangana, India.

 

Mamatha Uddoju
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India.

 

Nosina Venkataramana
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Phytochemistry, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur-522503, India.

 

Madhukar Rajaram Tajne
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Phytochemistry, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur-522503, India.

 

Illuri Supriya
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Phytochemistry, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur-522503, India.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v1/41

AI in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Present Senario in Pharma Industry | Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 1

 

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a potential model that uses human knowledge to solve difficult problems more quickly. The field of drug discovery, pharmaceutical formulation, and dosage form testing is about to undergo a radical change because of remarkable developments in AI and machine learning. Researchers may find disease-associated targets and anticipate how they would interact with possible treatment options by using AI-developed programs that examine vast biological data like proteomics and genomics. This raises the likelihood of successful pharmaceutical approvals by allowing for an efficientive and concentrated approach to drug development. AI may also save development costs by streamlining the research and development process. AI models enable pharmaceutical companies to design, automate, evaluate, and monitor human-centric and integration-centric activities and processes, helping them to deliver novel medicines more cost-effectively and on time. It improves repeatability, control, and visibility inside the firm while also streamlining and simplifying operations. It may help pharmaceutical manufacturers quickly understand and implement procedures and systems to improve their company operations, offering them the agility they require to respond to changing situations, new legislation, and expectations for a short product delivery life-cycle. Artificial intelligence evaluates patient information and enables the personalization of medicine approaches, hence improving patient adherence and treatment outcomes. This thorough overview section delves into the many uses of AI in the creation of drug delivery, formulation development, process optimization, evaluation, and PK/PD studies. The article discusses the benefits and drawbacks of several AI model strategies applying in pharmaceutical manufacturing. However, the pharmaceutical industry's increasing research and investment in AI creates several prospects for enhancing the treatment of patients and drug development processes.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Dr. Kotha Kranthi Kumar (Associate Professor)
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Mrs. Jyothi M. (Associate Professor)
Department of Pharmaceutics, East Point College of Pharmacy, East Point Group of Institutions, Jnana Prabha, East Point Campus, Virgo Nagar, Bidarahalli, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v1/194

Impact of Covid-19 on Ear Nose and Oral Health during Pandemic | Chapter 3 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 1

 

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 is a novel coronavirus belonging to the family Coronaviridae originating in Wuhan, China has created an impact across the globe. The SARS-CoV-2, which started initially as a severe pneumonia outbreak in China, has now quickly spread all throughout the globe, COVID-19 has affected a large number of people being reported in approximately 200 countries and territories. The disease has been declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. In this review, an update on virology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation with a detailed update on oral manifestations. The main suspected mechanism is invasion of the olfactory receptors centrally or damage of the olfactory epithelium which leads to post olfactory loss. Anosmia is usually associated with frontal headache.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Srividhya Srinivasan
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

K. Saraswathi Gopal
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

P. Mahesh Kumar
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

V. Poongodi
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

R. Anitha
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v1/51