Delineation of Fractured Aquifer Using Numerical Analysis (Factor) of Resistivity Data in a Granite Terrain | Chapter 8 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

 

In hard rock terrain, fractured aquifers comprise the major source of groundwater availability where the phreatic aquifer is de-saturated. It is essential to understand the interconnectivity between phreatic aquifer and deep fractured aquifer, for better water management strategy. Identification of fracture zones in hard rock terrain and potential groundwater source delineation had been a perennial problem in hydrology in the recent past. In concurrence to this, understanding the groundwater flow through fracture system has also been a challenge to hydrologists and geophysicists. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the study executed over a small watershed area, in a granite terrain, wherein an attempt was made to delineate and map the fractured aquifer using numerical (factor) analysis of the conventional vertical electrical sounding (VES) data. Delineation of fracture zones at depths and mapping their geometry were obscure due to limitations in 1D interpretation of VES data through curve matching technique. Factor analysis for the same VES data was carried out and as a result, fractured granite aquifer was deciphered. Also, based on the factor analysis, a fault was deciphered in the study area bifurcating the fractured aquifer into two segments which was later confirmed based on satellite photo data and 2D resistivity imaging survey. This numerical approach of resistivity data interpretation in concatenation with resistivity imaging or other techniques would prove to be an effective tool in groundwater exploration.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Rolland Andrade
Central Water & Power Research Station, Pune-24, India.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/eieges/v6/8128A

Seasonal Variability of Mixed Layer Depth in the Red Sea | Chapter 1 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

 

Mixed layer depth (MLD), one of the most important oceanographic parameters, has been investigated in the Red Sea using in situ profiles. A monthly climatology record of MLD in the Red Sea has been derived based on in situ temperature profiles. Deep MLDs have been observed during the winter and shallow during summer. Transitional MLDs have been found during the spring and fall. Deeper MLDs were observed in the northern end of the Red Sea associated with the winter cooling of the high-saline surface waters. Further, the region north of 19 °N experienced deep mixed layers, irrespective of the season. Wind stress plays a major role in the MLD variability of the southern Red Sea, while net heat flux and evaporation are the dominating factors in the central and northern Red Sea regions. Tokar gap winds and ocean eddies significantly changes the MLD structure in the Red sea.

 

Author (s) Details

C. P. Abdulla
Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.

 

M. A. Alsaafani
Department of Marine Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia.

 

T. M. Alraddadi
Department of Marine Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia.

 

T. T. M. Asharaf
Applied Research Center for Environment and Marine Studies, Research Institute, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia.

 

A. M. Albarakati
Department of Marine Physics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia.

  Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/eieges/v6/7654A

Ecological Approach on Investigating the Open Pit Lakes Developed in Oltenia Mining Region: A Case Study of Urdari Lake, Romania | Chapter 2 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

 

This study aims to present some ecological aspects regarding these lakes, and, as case study, we chose the lake formed in the remaining gap of Urdari open-pit (within the Rovinari Mining Basin). Artificial lakes, resulting either from damming watercourses or by flooding of gaps resulting from excavations are often found all over the world.

Formation of so-called open-pit lakes has become an increasingly common practice in Romania (more precisely in the Oltenia Mining Basin, where the lignite deposit contained in Dacian and Romanian formations was and is extracted through open-pits). The flooding process of the remaining gaps is in general a natural one, as water comes from underground sources (phreatic and pressurized aquifers) and from precipitations (including runoff waters from the surrounding terrains). This practice is considered to be a type of ecological reconstruction of former exploitation areas and has been applied worldwide for quite a time (in Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Spain, USA, Australia, etc.). The modifications of the physical and chemical properties of the biotope are the consequence of the activity of the biocenoses. There is an interdependence between the biotope and the biocenosis, the interrelationships are close and the influences are mutual. However, the authors consider that given the multitude of similar conditions (bioclimate, geology, topography, etc.) in which they form, the preliminary conclusions of this study can be extrapolated for other lakes in the area (existing, such South Peșteana and Moi, or planned, such as Roșia and North Peșteana). This study presents data on the existing biotope and biocenoses (restricted to species identification), without going into specific details

 

Author(s) Details:

Dr. Eng. Florin Faur
Department of Environmental Engineering and Geology, University of Petrosani, University Street, No. 20, 332006, Petrosani, Romania.

 

Dr. Eng. Izabela-Maria Apostu
Department of Environmental Engineering and Geology, University of Petrosani, University Street, No. 20, 332006, Petrosani, Romania.

 

Dr. Eng. Maria Lazăr
Department of Environmental Engineering and Geology, University of Petrosani, University Street, No. 20, 332006, Petrosani, Romania.

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/eieges/v6/7278C

Estimation of foF2 Using Global Model of Ionospheric Slab Thickness (GMIST) During January 15, 2022 Tonga Eruption | Chapter 7| Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

 

The performance of the global model of ionospheric slab thickness (GMIST) in terms of F2 layer critical frequency (foF2) estimation is evaluated during ionospheric disturbances caused by Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) eruption on January 15, 2022. Hourly values of foF2 estimation using GMIST with TEC input of global ionospheric map (GIM) are compared with foF2 observations from ionosonde stations. For this purpose, the correlation coefficient and deviation are calculated at different locations of ionosonde stations. The GMIST foF2 and ionosonde foF2 at the nearest HTHH have the largest at about 5MHz and the longest deviation during about 14 hours. The trend of the deviation decreases as the distance of ionosonde stations from HTHH increases. The trend indicates the effect of HTHH eruption on the ionosphere involves neutral wind that causes total electron content and foF2 are decrease in different levels. Meanwhile, the correlation coefficients between GMIST foF2 and ionosonde foF2 are not influenced by HTHH eruption. The results show that the HTHH eruption affects the GMIST foF2 performance, especially near the epicenter. Overall the daily mean absolute deviations vary from 0.3 MHz – 1.55 MHz. Hence the GMIST model is feasible to be used for HF communication prediction, especially during quiet ionospheric conditions, and necessary to be updated using real time ionosonde observation, especially after extreme vulcano eruption.

 

Author(s) Details:

Buldan Muslim
Geospatial Research Center of National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia.

 

Prof. Mukhamad Nur Cahyadi, S.T., M.Sc., PhD
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya, Indonesia.

 

Haris Haralambous
Frederick University, Cyprus.

 

Christina Oikonomou
Frederick University, Cyprus.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/eieges/v6/7256C

Morphological Uniqueness of Beach Sindhudurg District, Maharashtra, India | Chapter 10 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

 

This chapter represents the beach morphology in a section of the coast of Maharashtra. The coastline of Maharashtra extends over a length of 720 kms. From Dahanu in the north to Redi in the south along the Goa border. The present study confines attention to the extreme southern section of this coast. The selected area for this study was district of Sindhudurg which extends between 15°45’ N latitude and 16°30’ N latitude It has a general orientation north-northwest to south- southeast. The coastline has a total length approximating to about 100 kms. The study area forms the talukas of Devgad, Malvan and Vengurla of the Sindhudurg district.

To study the variations in beach morphology, a field work was carried out in October-November 1989 after the end of the monsoon season to collect sand samples for textural analysis and chemical analysis. The pH values of the beach sand samples were also determined in the laboratory. A study was also carried out to find out if there was any relationship between texture and angle of the beach. Fourteen samples taken from different locations spread all over the shores of the study area. Beaches are composed of sediments derived from the disintegration of the land – sand and gravel eroded from terrestrial rocks. The composition of beach sediments reflects the nature of the source rocks and often can be used to assess relative contributions and transport paths from the sources to the beaches. Waves and nearshore currents continuously rework the accumulated beach sediment, rounding the particles and sorting them by size, shape and density. The beach takes on a form that reflects the totality of water and sediment movements. Most of the beaches reveal a fine sand proportion of a preponderant percentage ranging between 55% and 90%. Trap country beaches are associated with acidic reaction, while quartzites have comparatively higher pH value ranging between 6 7 and 8. From the scattergram and trend of the regression line it is noted that there is a direct and positive relationship between the percentage of sand and the gradient angle of the beach.

The overall morphology of the beach reflects the composition of its sediments and the physical processes of waves, currents and sediment transport.

 

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Charlotte Maria Braganza
S K Somaiya College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Maharashtra, India.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/eieges/v6/6916B

Retreat of the Shoreline in the Gulf of Castellammare di Stabia (Gulf of Napoli, Southern Italy) | Chapter 3 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

 The results of this study have allowed to verify that longshore sediments transport along the coast of Napoli Gulf (southern Italy) takes place from Northwest to Southeast. The current analysis describes the results of an integrated sedimentological and geomorphological study of the neapolitan coastal area.

A sedimentological and morphosedimentary study was carried out by bathymetric survey and sampling of bottom sediments. The analysis of modal isodensity curves shows that all the sediments are moved by longshore currents parallel to the coastline from NW to SE.

The morphological evolution of Castellammare di Stabia Gulf coastal area, based on historical coastline changes, starts from 1865, when the sandy littoral was wide and in its natural state. Since the construction of the Torre Annunziata harbour in 1871, sediments carried by a NW-SE longshore drift have become trapped, inducing the genesis of a new wide triangular-shaped beach on the updrift side (NW) of the harbour breakwall.

This process induced a significant shoreline retreat of the littoral to SE, in the whole coastal physiographic unit of Castellammare di Stabia Gulf (delimited by two ports), slightly marked in the southern portion. We can note a slight rotation of the shoreline towards East and a general trend for regression, with typical overall accentuation of shoreline concavity, and significant widening of the triangular shaped-beaches at the end of the falcate. This reduced sediment input removed from the sedimentary budget a significant sediment share - hardly restorable due to the scarce solid contribution by the Sarno river and its tributaries.

 

  Author(s) Details:

 

Micla Pennetta (Associate Professor)
Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy.

 

Giuseppe Pecoraro (Public Administration Officer)
Giunta Regione Lombardia, Milano, Italy.

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/eieges/v6/7142B

Foraminifera Proxy of Short Core Samples: A Retrospective Study of Ecological Development of Surabaya and Bali Semi-enclosed Bay, Indonesia | Chapter 4 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

 

Retrospective overviews are essential in development planning and/or environmental health monitoring based on geological perspective through paleoecology. The studies are using various indicators, one of which is using recent foraminifera. Within last decades, the semi-enclosed bays of Lamong Bay in Surabaya and Benoa Bay in Bali have had enormous physical development. To ensure the continuity of existing infrastructure, it is necessary to discover the threats of natural and/or anthropogenic hazards through retrospective studies. Therefore the aim of this study is to reveal the ecological development of semi- enclosed bays using benthic foraminifera as a proxy over time periods. The research was conducted in March 2017, included analysis of absolute age and sedimentation rate using the Pb-210 isotope and recent foraminifera indexing from short core samples. The Ammonia-Elphidium index (A-E index) as a proxy of hypoxia and the planktonic/benthic ratio (P/B) as a proxy of open ocean flow were used in the study. The foraminiferal indeces revealed that both sites have experienced different ecological changes in the last few decades. Over the past 87 years, the Lamong Bay has undergone ecological changes, from the aquatic environment that was strongly influenced by the open sea and supports the benthic life, to shallow oligotrophic waters that cannot support benthic life. In contrast, Benoa Bay was shallow waters for 50 years and supports benthic life without any significant threat as the other coastal waters especially for the semi-enclosed bay. The research results showed that massive development in coastal areas will affect the ecological development/change of the area. Natural factors

 

Author(s) Details:

 

R. Rositasari
Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency Jl, Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur, Jakarta Utara, 1440, Indonesia.

 

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/eieges/v6/6874E

 

Exact Solution of Far-Region Scattering Electromagnetic Fields by a Dipole Antenna Located on a Planar Multi-Layered Earth | Chapter 6 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

 

A model of three-dimensional electromagnetic (EM) scattering from a vertical magnetic dipole (VMD) antenna placed on a planar multi-layered earth within homogeneous-layered or vertically inhomogeneous media is used to derived approximate formulas for the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) scattering in far region. Furthermore, exact solution to the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are computed in several different cases, and numerical simulations are executed to show the validity of the used method, which can be valid irrespective of the operating frequency, over the preceding solutions, in addition to its benefits in saving time over others techniques.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

H. Sh. Shoeib
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt and El-Gazeera Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology, Egypt.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/eieges/v6/1980G

The Solar Wind Impact on Magnetosphere and Identification of the IMF by Component with Use of the Ground-Based Magnetic Data | Chapter 5 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

 

A method is reported to determine, by data of the ground-based magnetic observations in polar cap, the quasi-sectorial (with periodicity from 7 to 27 days) SS* structures in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BY component. The BY effect in the polar cap magnetic variations is revealed only under summer condition, when the high ionospheric conductivity ensures availability of ionospheric current systems, responsible for appropriate magnetic disturbances. It is shown that BY structures, reconstructed from the polar cap magnetic data during summer months, are in best conformity with actual variations of the IMF By component, measured onboard the ACE spacecraft in the Lagrange point L1. The reported method can be used for identification of the actual IMF BY component coupling with the magnetosphere. A great advantage of the method over other methods, based on the satellite measurements, is permanent, on-line available information on the real solar wind parameters affecting the magnetosphere. It implies that the BY IMF component, identified by the ground-based magnetic data, can be applied to verify and to validate information on solar wind parameters (https://omniweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/), obtained by distant monitors far upstream of the magnetosphere.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

O. A. Troshichev
Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, Russia.

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/eieges/v6/8472A

Identification of Iron Ore Mine and Structural Lineaments Extraction by Using Remote Sensing Technique, Iran: A Case Study of the Sangan Khaf Iron Ore Mine | Chapter 9 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 6

 

In recent decades, the world's space technologies in the field of remote sensing satellites have grown and expanded significantly. Remote sensing has provided many applications in the exploration of mines and various mineral deposits. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the method of obtaining information and characteristics of iron minerals. The study area of the research is the Sangan mine, the largest iron ore mine in West Asia, and the images used in this research are related to the ASTER sensor. The spectral behavior of the soil is processed, and by using band ratio algorithms, the spectral behavior of each iron mineral is extracted. The areas that contain iron ore can be visually observed and analyzed. Among the spectral indices used in this research are Fe+3 - Fe+2 - Laterite - Gossan – Ferrous silicates – Ferric oxides, and the algorithms of these indices are implemented in the Google Earth Engine web system. After estimating the iron minerals, according to the output obtained from the spectral indices of iron, the results showed that in the last 19 years, the amount of iron ore in the Sangan region has been decreasing. The highest amount of iron minerals is related to the areas of the Sangan mineral complex and the central areas of the Sangan mountain. The map of the structutal lineamentss in the study area was carried out using the accuracy assessment for the correctness of iron ore calculations by the structural lineaments map and the output of the Ferrous silicates index, and the RMSE shows about 0.14%, which indicates that the accuracy of the iron ore is acceptable.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Sajad Mehri
Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Iran.

 

Sara Vahidi
Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Iran.

 

Vahid Hatamzadeh

Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Iran.

 

Paniz Nouri
Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Iran.

 

Afshin Afshinfar
Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Iran.

 

Ahmad Pourheidari
Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Iran.

 

Amir Shahrokh Amini

Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Iran.

 

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/eieges/v6/8421A