Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine in Cardiovascular Disease | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 8

Cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease, aortic disease, peripheral vascular disease, and heart failure, contribute to significant causes of worldwide mortality despite modern advances in medicine and surgery. The use of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE, Goretex) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET, Dacron) for vascular graft implantation is common to treat patients with PAD and aortic disease. Current vascular grafts and prosthetic heart valves used to treat CVD have limitations such as the lack of growth capacity and risks of thrombosis, stenosis, and calcification. Similarly, left ventricular (LV) reconstruction surgery can reduce the dilated LV volume after cardiac remodeling, but is incapable of regenerating the myocardium. Theoretically, cardiovascular tissue engineering has the potential to address the limitations of current grafts and prosthetic heart valves. An ideal tissue-engineered vascular graft (TEVG) and heart valve (TEHV) is thrombus-free, easily handled, biocompatible, durable, and maintains mechanical integrity as the scaffold degrades and remodels into native tissue. However, small-diameter (<6 mm) TEVGs have not yet shown clinical effectiveness, and TEHVs still have limitations for clinical use. Cell injection therapies, which induce myocardial regeneration, are promising approaches for myocardial repair. Several clinical trials using human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes have been initiated. Here various advanced devices, approaches, and strategies to address current drawbacks were reviewed, focusing on current clinical studies and ongoing clinical trials for TEVG, TEHV, and myocardial regeneration based on cardiovascular medicine. Currently, the development of tissue-engineered arterial grafts seems to be trending towards biomaterial utilization rather than cell-based approaches. Contrastingly, the development of TEHVs has encountered a period of stagnation. However, as many researchers are continuing their studies, further results will be published. 

 

Author (s) Details

 

Hideki Miyachi
Division of Cardiovascular Intensive Care, Nippon Medical School Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.

 

Hirotsugu Kurobe
Department of Cardiovascular & Thoracic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, EHIME University, Toon, Japan.

 

Toshiharu Shinoka
Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Heart Center, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v8/4478

Exploring the Neurophysiological Basis of Electroacupuncture in the Treatment of Cardiovascular-related Diseases: Vagal Interoceptive Loops | Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 5

The vagal sensory neuron (VSN) is an essential interoceptive pathway that is connected to every level of the body. Its intricate genetic coding provides sustenance for physiological processes including controlling blood pressure and respiration. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a proven surface stimulation therapy that can regulate vagal nerve activity, which can effectively prevent cardiovascular diseases. The majority of existing EA clinical trials in cardiovascular-related disorders are modest nonmulticenter clinical trials, and no large-scale EA clinical trials for cardiovascular-related diseases have been reported, with only a few research studies on effective acupuncture point selection based on biological effects and causes. A growing number of studies have concentrated on the mapping of VSN codes, but little is known and the physiological background of how EA influences interoceptive has not been fully explored. Here, prior research on the mechanisms of action of EA, VSNs, and heart is reviewed, aiming to explore the potential interconnections among these three areas, i.e., possible interoceptive loops. This analysis is intended to propose novel research strategies for utilizing EA to modulate vagal interoceptive, thereby improving cardiac performance. At first, the major role of vagal nerve fibers in the control of cardiac activity is clarified. Furthermore, the complex projection patterns of VSNs across various visceral tissue levels are also clarified, which facilitates the perception of diverse stimuli and functional adaptations. The study also revealed that targeted control of multimodal interoceptive is essential for synchronizing cardiovascular function. A strategy is proposed in which the EA of the VSNs is employed to activate the interoceptive loop and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Further research studies could focus on the genetic coding of VSNs could lead to the augmented comprehension of individual afferent or efferent neural pathways and more effective therapeutic approaches for treating illnesses.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Yun Liu
Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.

 

Tiancheng Xu
Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.

 

Zhi Yu
Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.

Bin Xu
Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v5/4242

Cardiovascular Manifestations of Covid-19 | Chapter 10 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

COVID-19 enters the human cell via angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 which is prevalent in the heart, lungs and blood vessels and as such, it’s cardinal manifestations are found in these organs. Cough and difficulty in breathing are the commonest cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19. Other manifestations include chest pain, arrhythmias, thromboembolic events, heart failure, myocarditis and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Physicians have to be on the look out for these cardiovascular manifestations and address them, as COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular manifestations have a 5 fold higher mortality rate.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Patrick Oyigebe Idoko
Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

 

Velji Samuel Gomerep
Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Oladimeji Adebayo
Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan / Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/10

Study on Cardiovascular Changes in Exercise | Chapter 18 | New Frontiers in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 11

 Physical activity is the most extreme form of stress that the body is exposed to throughout daily life. The body must make rapid and integrated cellular and organ-system adaptations to fulfil the body's metabolic, thermal, and fluid demands during an acute bout of exercise. Exercise physiology is the study of the physical and chemical processes that allow chemical energy to be converted into mechanical work. Energy is required for both the contraction and relaxation processes in skeletal muscle. Exercise physiology research reveals the regulatory mechanisms that make energy available to skeletal muscles during acute exercise and allow for slower changes during training. The main goal of cardiovascular alterations during exercise is to provide enough oxygenated blood to exercising muscle at a rate that matches their metabolic needs. Cardiovascular reactions help to achieve this. The goal of this study is to see how determinants of heart performance work during exercise.

Author(S) Details

Shelja Deswal
Department of Physiology, Pt. BD Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak-124001, India.

Kiran Dahiya
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. BD Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak-124001, India.

Mridul Yadav
Department of Physiology, Pt. BD Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak-124001, India.

. Beena
Department of Physiology, Pt. BD Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak-124001, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NFMMR-V11/article/view/3704

Study on Pattern and Prevalence of Dyslipidemia and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors among the Various Ethnic Groups of Trinidad and Tobago | Chapter 10 | Issues and Development in Health Research Vol. 8

 Background: Dyslipidemia is a crucial component of the metabolic syndrome and has long been linked to the development of issues such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, there have been reports of differences in the pattern of lipid derangements, particularly between people of African heritage and their South Asian counterparts.

The goal of this study is to highlight the pattern and prevalence of dyslipidemia and other cardiovascular risk factors among Trinidad and Tobago's various ethnic groups.

Materials and Methods: Each of the 968 participants in this study had 10 mL of blood drawn after an overnight fast of 10–12 hours. Plasma and sera were tested for glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density cholesterol (HDL-c), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) (LDL). Height, weight, waist circumference, age, gender, education, occupation, ethnicity, and medical history, including medications, were all measured in each subject.

Results: Hypertriglyceridemia was found in 33.88 percent of the patients in our study, with the highest prevalence of 46.69 percent seen in South Asians. Body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were all different (p 0.05) amongst ethnic groups. However, HDL-c levels were similar across ethnic groups, with the exception that patients of South Asian descent have a trend toward non-significantly greater HDL-c levels than other ethnic groups (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: The study highlighted the well-known considerable discrepancy in lipid profiles amongst people of different ethnic groups in Trinidad and Tobago, particularly among patients with chronic noncommunicable disease (CNCD).

Author(S) Details

Idris Saleh
Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.

B. Shivananda Nayak
Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDHR-V8/article/view/5279