A Review of Epidemiology of Viral Hemorrhagic Fever | Chapter 10 | Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

The pathophysiology, aetiology, diagnosis, treatment, symptoms, and indicators of virus hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are all covered in this review article. Acute zoonotic diseases known as viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) initially appear to be related to platelet malfunction or destruction. The term "Viral Hemorrhagic Fever" (VHF) describes a severe feverish sickness characterized by aberrant vascular control, vascular damage, and hemorrhagic symptoms. Multiple viruses belonging to distinct families are the cause of this illness. The viruses that cause VHF are categorized into seven distinct families according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses' most recent classification: Hantaviridae, Nairoviridae, Filoviridae, Phenuiviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Arenavidae, and Flaviviridae are the families involved. The concept of virus hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) originated in the 1930s when Soviet researchers were studying hantaviral hemorrhagic fever (HF) with renal dysfunction. Dengue fever/Dengue haemorrhagic fever and Kyasanur forest sickness are the two most common viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) in India, that are transmitted by arthropod vectors. There is currently no effective cure for VHFs. Some people have responded well to ribavirin treatment for Lassa fever or HFRS. The diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CCHF) in India is greatly hampered by the co-occurring symptoms of hemorrhagic fevers such as dengue, Kyasanur forest sickness, Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever, and other illnesses such as leptospirosis, meningococcal infections, and malaria. The pathophysiologic features of VHF include microvascular instability, increased vascular permeability, and poor hemostasis, albeit the underlying processes differ depending on the virus. Additional randomized controlled studies are needed to find out more about the best way to treat viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). We want to investigate viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) further.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mr. Yash Srivastav (Assistant Professor)
Azad Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Lucknow, U.P, India.

 

Mohd. Faijan Mansoori
Azad Institute of Pharmacy & Research, Lucknow, U.P, India.

 

Vipin Kumar Pandey
School of Pharmacy, Sangam University, Bhilwara, Rajasthan, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/1511

Perceptions of Risk Factors and Complications of Obesity in Female Medical Students of South India: A Cross-Sectional Study | Chapter 9 | Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

Aim: The present study aimed to find out the extent of the problem of obesity and to assess the subjects’ awareness of risk factors and complications of obesity.

Introduction: The World Health Organisation has described obesity as one of the most neglected public health issues. Initially, obesity was only a problem in high-income countries; however, at present, it is rising in middle and low-income countries as well, rapidly in India. Globally, non-communicable diseases are increasingly recognized as a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The countries of the Southeast Asia region are facing a double burden, with a heavy load of infectious diseases and an increasing burden due to non-communicable diseases. The growing prevalence of non-communicable diseases, especially in emerging nations like India, poses a challenge to the already overburdened healthcare system. Non-communicable diseases include a variety of illnesses, with obesity being a more frequent cause.

Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was carried out in November 2012. The study was conducted among all 1st and 2nd year female MBBS students of Katuri Medical College, Guntur (Andhra Pradesh). Height and weight were measured using the standard procedures suggested by Jelliffe. Body Mass Index was computed using the formula [weight in (kg) / height (m2)].

Results: Using the BMI cut-off points, the findings revealed that 23.30 % of study subjects were overweight and 12.50 % of study subjects were obese. When the girls were asked about factors contributing to obesity, an overwhelming majority (85.80%) of the subjects attributed diet to obesity. As far as psychosocial problems are concerned, nearly 59.66 of the subjects mentioned low self-esteem as a complication related to obesity. Obesity is known to increase the risk of various diseases and awareness of them is the first step towards taking steps to prevent this. While a high level of awareness is present among medical students regarding major complications of obesity but for other complications, they should also get health education.

Conclusion: The higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in this young age range necessitates immediate attention to prevention and control. Obesity has been linked to an increased risk of a variety of ailments, and becoming aware of this is the first step toward taking preventative measures. While medical students exhibit a high level of awareness regarding major complications of obesity, they should also receive health education regarding other complications. This study is significant for the scientific community due to its focus on perceptions of obesity among female medical students in South India. It provides crucial insights into the prevalence of overweight and obesity, as well as awareness of associated risks among future healthcare professionals.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Pravin N Yerpude
Department of Community Medicine, Chhindwara Institute of Medical Sciences, Chhindwara (M.P.)-480001, India

 

Keerti S Jogdand
Department of Community Medicine, Chhindwara Institute of Medical Sciences, Chhindwara (M.P.)-480001, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/1378

Flow Cytometry Indicators in Mycosis Fungoides/Sezary Syndrome: Unveiling Silent Disease | Chapter 4 | Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

Mycosis Fungoides (MF) is the most common type of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, accounting for 50% of all cutaneous lymphomas. Sezary Syndrome (SS) and MF are closely related T-cell neoplasms that are considered separately based on clinical features and cell of origin. Despite their differences, both conditions can be challenging to diagnose, particularly in the absence of clinical symptoms. Flow cytometry plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of MF and SS, with a characteristic immunophenotypic expression that includes the lack of CD7 as a common feature in all stages of the disease. This diagnostic tool is invaluable in identifying the specific markers that differentiate these lymphomas from other T-cell disorders. In clinical practice, it is not uncommon to encounter patients who are asymptomatic yet exhibit a flow cytometric profile indicative of MF/SS. Such cases are rarely documented in the literature, highlighting the need for increased awareness and detailed analysis of these silent presentations. Persistent lymphocytosis, for example, can be an initial finding that warrants further investigation through flow cytometry. The immunophenotypic profile of MF/SS typically includes bright positivity for markers such as smCD3, CD4, CD2, TCRαβ, and CD5, with dim positivity for CD8. Conversely, markers such as CD7, TCRγδ, CD25, and CD26 are usually negative. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio is often altered, reflecting the underlying pathophysiology of these lymphomas. Despite the absence of clinical symptoms, such as those required by the International Society of Cutaneous Lymphomas (ISCL) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) for staging MF and SS, the presence of a typical immunophenotypic pattern on flow cytometry is significant. It underscores the importance of utilizing advanced diagnostic techniques to uncover and manage silent diseases effectively. By understanding the flow cytometry indicators and their implications in the context of MF/SS, clinicians can better identify and treat patients who might otherwise remain undiagnosed until the disease progresses to more advanced stages. This knowledge is critical for early intervention and improved patient outcomes in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.

 

Author(s) Details

Dr. (Ms). C. C. Kariyawasan (MBBS, Diploma in Pathology, MD in Haematology)

Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Thalapathpitiya Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.

 

B. L. T. Balasuriya (B.Sc in Medical Laboratory Sciences (Special), M.Phil. (Haematology-reading)
Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Thalapathpitiya Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.

 

S. A. C. D. Ranatunga (B.Sc in Medical Laboratory Sciences (Special), M.Sc in Molecular Pathology)

Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Thalapathpitiya Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.

 

Please see the book here :- : https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/983

Prevalence of Hypertension Disorders among Adolescent Students in Ghana | Chapter 1| Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

Aims: The main purpose of this study is to investigate the prevalence of hypertension, associated risk factors, and its effect on physical activity in young people aged 14-19 years.

Study Design: This is a Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology between June 2009 and July 2023.

Methodology: A multistage sampling method was used to select 909 youth from three secondary schools (three towns in the Ashanti region of Ghana). The follow-up study was conducted on 142 people with high blood pressure. Anthropometric and blood pressure were measured with approved devices. Measurement of physical activity and dietary intake via survey. Blood pressure was measured using a validated automatic sphygmomanometer, with participants seated comfortably and resting for at least five minutes before measurement. Three readings were taken at one-minute intervals, and the average of the last two was recorded to reduce the impact of stress or short-term changes. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were the main parameters recorded. Additionally, the study evaluated cardiovascular parameters (heart rate, echocardiography, ECG) and renal parameters (serum creatinine, GFR, urinalysis, BUN).

Results: Research shows that the prevalence of high blood pressure is 9.1% and the incidence of prehypertension is 24.8%. The prevalence of high blood pressure is significant by school choice. A majority of men have higher blood pressure than women, with 10.6% having high blood pressure, 46.6% having prehypertension, and 42.6% having high blood pressure. Data shows that 81.6% of participating parents are self-employed. The results show that there is little work, 72.73% of hypertensive patients are not working, while 40.32% and 59.97% of inactive and hypertensive patients are still sedentary. The results showed that MCV was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (r=-0.230, r=-0.183), while MCHC was negatively correlated with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.171). showed., r = 0.256). RDW-SD was found to be negatively associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure. There was a negative correlation between P-LCR and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (r=-.185, r=-.167).

Conclusion: The research found that blood pressure distribution varied among students in different schools, with the highest levels in KASS (57% hypertensive) compared to KOSS (19%) and BONWIRE (7%) (X^2 = 32.993, df = 4, p < 0.001). Despite examining cultural and lifestyle factors, no significant determinants of hypertension were identified. Lipid analysis also showed no significant differences between blood pressure groups. These findings highlight the need for further research to explore other potential causes of high blood pressure and to develop effective prevention and management strategies.

 

 

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abena Sekyere
Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/909

Prevalence of Malaria among 1-15-Year Children and the Awareness and Acceptability of Malaria Vaccine in Nsukka Local Government Area, Enugu State, Nigeria | Chapter 6 | Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

Background: Malaria is still a serious threat to health, especially for children living in endemic areas. Effective control of malaria requires understanding the local epidemiology and community attitudes towards vaccination and other preventive measures.

Aim: This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium infection in children between 1 and 15 years and to evaluate the knowledge and acceptability of the malaria vaccine.

Study Design: Cross-sectional.

Materials and Methods: Prevalence of malaria parasite in 250 children from 1-15 years attending Akulue Memorial Hospital, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria was detected using microscopy. Simultaneously, detailed questionnaires were sent to parents/guardians to assess their knowledge and perspectives regarding malaria vaccination.

Results: Of the 250 children examined, 92.4% tested positive for the Plasmodium parasite. The malaria prevalence was high (>85%) in the three age groups, (1-5), (6-10), and (11-15) years although they were not significantly different (p>0.05). It was not also significantly different between male and female children. This study showed that most parents/guardians were found in favor of introducing a malaria vaccine. The findings highlighted the significance of focused measures to strengthen malaria prevention tactics, such as intensive community education and advocacy efforts to raise vaccination rates.

Conclusion: The results showed that the target children had a high prevalence of malaria infection. Reducing the illness burden among children and attaining sustainable malaria control requires addressing misconceptions and promoting favorable attitudes towards malaria vaccination.

 

Author(s)Details

Elijah Sunday Okwuonu
Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

 

Emmanuel Uzoma Anyaoha
Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

 

Chinaza Blessing Ukwueze
Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

 

Nenrot Sandra Gopep
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

Department of Public Health/Mph, Georgia Southern University, USA.

 

Uchenna Athanasius Ubaka
Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.

 

Emmanuella Chigozirim Agbedo
Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

Chiamaka Lovelyn Nwankwo
Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

 

Patra Chisom Ezeamii
Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.Department of Public Health/Mph, Georgia Southern University, USA.

 

Ogochukwu Ruth Abasilim

Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, USA.

 

Blessing Chinenye Amoke
Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

 

Ikem Chris Okoye (Professor)
Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/1171

Predicting Prognosis of Acute Pancreatitis Patient in a Tertiary Centre with Help of BISAP Scoring | Chapter 8 | Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

Introduction: Acute pancreatitis is an acute inflammation of the prior normal pancreas. Gallstones are its leading cause, followed by alcohol; other etiological factors are hyperlipidemia, hereditary, hypercalcemia and post ERCP, etc. Its pathogenesis involves the activation of intrapancreatic digestive enzymes and the injury of acinar cells. Many scoring systems are available to assess the severity of acute pancreatitis, e.g., Ranson’s criteria, Glasgow score index, APACHE II and CTSI, but they have important limitations. BISAP score is a valuable tool in predicting severe Acute Pancreatitis in the early hours. BISAP score appears cheap, quick, and simple and hence, we conducted this study.

Material and Methods: This prospective observational study was carried out in 83 patients at SGT Medical College, Gurugram, India from September 2018 to March 2021. Patients with an established diagnosis of acute pancreatitis as per the revised Atlanta classification and definition by the International Census 2012 were included in the study. BISAP scores were calculated from laboratory values and radiological findings.

Results: In our patients with BISAP scores of 0, 1 and 2, there was no organ failure or mortality. At a score of 3, there was 1 (07.1%) organ failure and 1 (07.1%) mortality. At a score of 4, 4 (80.0%) patients had organ failure and 1(20.0%) patient died. We observed that the higher the BISAP score, the higher the percentage of severity, necrosis, organ failure, mortality and hospital stay. Our study revealed that with the cutoff value set at 3, the BISAP score has 39.6% sensitivity, 92.8% specificity, 60.3% PPV and 84.7% NPV.

Conclusion: Our study recommends that at the time of admission, if the BISAP score is low, our worry is less, if the BISAP score is high, we should counsel the patient and attendants about possible severity, necrosis, organ failure and mortality in acute pancreatitis. Patients should be meticulously managed. The present study concludes the increased accuracy of the BISAP score for risk stratification.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Dr. Kanwar Singh Goel (Professor & Head), M.S. (General Surgery)

Department of General Surgery, SGT Medical College, SGT University, Budhera, Gurugram, Haryana, India.

 

Dr. Nikhil Goel (Associate Professor and HOD)
Department of Psychiatry, Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College, Nuh, India.

 

 

Dr. Sapna Singla (Assistant Professor)

Department of Pathology, Shaheed Hasan Khan Mewati Government Medical College, Nuh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/1247

Factors Associated with Febrile Treatment-seeking Behaviour among Expectant Mothers in Ssekanyonyi, Mityana District, Uganda | Chapter 2 | Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

Background: Febrile disease is very common among pregnant women in developing countries and sometimes not given relevant due diligence and perceived as a minor or common malaria situation. However, febrile disease most times is accompanied with some major disease condition which is life threatening to the pregnant women. This is a serious health problem that contributes greatly to morbidity and mortality in most developing economies including Uganda. In Mityana District of Uganda, 4 in 10 pregnancy deaths are malaria related and mothers who do not seek treatment in health facilities when they experience febrile illnesses. This is a major health challenge.

Aim: The present study was undertaken to identify factors associated with treatment-seeking behavior among pregnant women suffering from febrile illnesses suspected to be malaria in Ssekanyonyi Sub-County in Mityana District, Uganda.

Methods: A cross-sectional study in which questionnaires were administered to 198 expectant mothers to generate data on their socio-demographics and treatment seeking behaviour. SPSS software version 20.0 was used for data analysis and a Logistic Regression model was fitted to identify factors that independently influenced their treatment-seeking behavior. Relevant REC authorization and standard operating procedures of the Uganda Ministry of Health were duly followed.

Results: Out of the198 expectant mothers enrolled in the study, 42.9% were aged 15-25 years, 73.7% had achieved Secondary education, and 46.5% were married. The treatment-seeking behavior was found to be standing at only 56.6%. Among the different factors studied, health education on malaria (AOR = 3.68, P = 0.000), the attitude of midwives (AOR = 1.45, P = 0.003), patient care (AOR = 0.33, P = 0.030), and attitude of the pregnant mother (AOR = 5.38, P = 0.000) were found to be statistically significantly associated with treatment-seeking behavior among pregnant mothers with febrile illnesses. The results show that the attitude of midwives is significantly associated with treatment-seeking behavior for febrile illnesses assumed to be malaria among pregnant mothers.

Conclusion: The study concluded that health education and awareness on malaria, attitude of midwives and pregnant mothers, and how the pregnant mothers are handled are the most important factors in positively affecting treatment seeking behavior among pregnant mothers with febrile illnesses.

Recommendations: Health education on malaria, midwives' attitudes, patient treatment, and pregnant mothers' attitudes must all be addressed in order to prevent febrile infections. The Ministry of Health and other responsible stakeholders must reinforce health education programs for women of reproductive age about the dangers of febrile illnesses during pregnancy. It is also critical to assist midwives in addressing issues related to their attitudes toward pregnant mothers.

 

Author(s) Details

 

 

Nanjobe Uniah
Department of Public Health, Bugema University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

David R. Mutekanga
Department of Public Health, Bugema University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Christopher Ddamulira
Department of Public Health, Bugema University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Stephen S. Kizza
Department of Pathology/ Non-Communicable Diseases, Central Public Health Laboratories, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Lawlence Sserwanga
Department of Public Health, Bugema University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/12289F

Aberrant CD Expression in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia- A Cohort Study in Sri Lanka | Chapter 5 | Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

Background: Acute leukaemia is defined as the presence of over 20% of blasts cells in the blood or bone marrow. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) are the 2 main types. Acute myeloid leukaemia is a cancer of the myeloid lineage of blood cells and it is the commonest form of acute leukaemia in adults with a median age of 65 years. AMLs have characteristic morphological findings and molecular features with different surface and cytoplasmic cluster of differentiation (CD) markers. These CD markers are determined by immunophenotyping/flow cytometry on leukocytes which helps with accurate diagnosis and reproducibility of AMLs. Flow cytometry plays an important role in the diagnosis, sub classification and monitoring of patients with AML. AML generally shows aberrant CD expression or co- expression in relation to normal myeloid cells.

Objective of the Study: Objective of the Study was to evaluate the frequency and the pattern of aberrant CD expression in AML patients referred to a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka in comparison to other published data. There was no comparative data available in respect of Sri Lanka.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study including 26 cases of AML diagnosed over a period of 12 months were analyzed. Diagnosis of AML was made by morphology of peripheral blood, bone marrow, trephine biopsies, Sudan Black B stain and the immunophenotypic analysis by multiparameter flow cytometry on bone marrow aspirates or peripheral blood. The markers used in flow cytometry were CD 45, CD34, CD19, CD7, smCD3, cyCD3, cyMPO, cyCD79a, CD20, CD15, CD10, CD5, HLADR, CD64, CD13, CD117, CD33, and CD14. The identification of blasts cells was performed using forward scatter (FSC) versus side scatter (SSC) parameters and CD45 intensity versus SSC dot plots.

Results: Diagnosed AMLs were morphologically classified according to the French-American-British (FAB) Classification (FAB Subtypes). Among the 26 AML patients, 15 cases (57.69%) had the conventional CD antigen expressions of myeloid lineage. Other 11 cases (42.3%) were AML with aberrant expression of CD markers. Aberrancies of cyCD3 and CD7 were observed in 54.5% and 45.4% AML cases, respectively. smCD3 in 1 case out of 11 aberrant AML cases. Co expression of T lymphoid markers with myeloid markers occurred in 23% cases in our study. CD13 was not expressed in 1 case out of 5 AML- M4 cases and 1 case out of 7 AML- M1. CD33 was not expressed in 1 case out of 2 AML -M0 cases.

Conclusion: We conclude that aberrant expression of CD markers is seen in a significant population of AMLs. cyCD 3, CD7 and smCD 3 were the aberrant markers present in our study population with cyCD3 showing highest frequency.

 

Author(s) Details

Dr. (Ms). C. C. Kariyawasan (MBBS, Diploma in Pathology, MD in Haematology)

Department of Hematology, Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Sri Lanka

 

B. L. T. Balasuriya (B.Sc in Medical Laboratory Sciences (Special), M.Phil. (Haematology-reading)

Department of Hematology, Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Sri Lanka.

 

S. A. C. D. Ranatunga (B.Sc in Medical Laboratory Sciences (Special), M.Sc in Molecular Pathology)

Department of Hematology, Sri Jayewardenepura General Hospital, Sri Lanka.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/984

Reliability of the Fitness Gram test in Assessing Physical Fitness among School Children in Guwahati, North-east India | Chapter 3 | Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

Background: The physical fitness is an integrated measure of the body functions involved in the performance of daily physical activity and physical exercise. Childhood and adolescence are crucial periods of life, where physiological and psychological changes take place at these age. Both cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in children are important for positive health behaviour.

The assessment of physical fitness using a specific tool has become an important part to find out the fitness level of children and adolescence. Fitness gram is a health-related fitness test that utilizes criterion-referenced standards on health-related components. Through the years research has shown that Fitness gram has become one of the most widely used programs in the United States, though its use in India is not popular.This study aims to evaluate the interrater reliability of the Fitness Gram test, a widely used tool for physical fitness assessment, among school children in the urban society of Guwahati, North-East India.

Methods: A sample of 70 school children aged 5-14 years was assessed using the Fitness gram test battery. Students were randomly allocated for physical fitness test where 62 students have completed the test.Two trained raters independently scored the tests. Statistical analysis was done by Cronbach’s Alpha value has been computed for the Interrater reliability.

Results: Sixty-two students with both gender (male 56.3% and female 43.7%, age -10.12±2.72) were assessed for physical fitness using Fitness gram test battery. All the test variables showed an excellent reliability (Cronbach’s alpha =0.91-0.95).

Conclusions: Fitness Gram test demonstrates high interrater reliability for assessing physical fitness in school children in Guwahati. These findings support its use as a reliable tool in school-based fitness assessments, potentially aiding in the development of targeted fitness programs.

 

Author(s) Details

Dr. Pranjal Gogoi
Department of Physiotherapy, Downtown Hospital ltd, Guwahati, Assam, India.

 

Nirmal C. Bhattacharyya
Department of Pediatric Surgery, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/953

COVID-19 Vaccine-induced Parsonage-turner Syndrome: A Case Study | Chapter 7 | Disease and Health Research - New Insights Vol. 1

 

The risk of neurological adverse effects is present in all contemporary vaccines. Parsonage-Turner syndrome (PTS), an uncommon peripheral nerve condition associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunization, has been reported in only a few cases. A concise literature review and the case of a 78-year-old male with no recent trauma or infection presented with chest pain and bilateral hand weakness following COVID-19 vaccination. 21 days following the initial dose, the patient received a second dose of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine three weeks before the onset of symptoms. The physical examination revealed significant weakness in the right-hand grasp and wrist flexion. The diagnostic workup revealed no underlying diabetes mellitus, infections, or other autoimmune diseases. The bilateral first dorsal interosseous and right deltoid, biceps, and triceps muscles exhibited decreased motor unit recruitment in nerve conduction investigations, including needle electromyography, confirming PTS. Occupational therapy and oral prednisone were administered to preserve the patient's range of motion. The pathophysiology and etiology of PTS are not entirely comprehended. Various factors, including genetic, environmental, and immunological predisposition, may contribute to the development of the syndrome. Infections, vaccines, and injuries are the most common causes of non-hereditary forms. No test can definitively corroborate or disprove the existence of PTS. Imaging modalities and electrodiagnostic studies are instrumental in eliminating alternative differential diagnoses.

 

 

Author(s)Details

Mohammad Asim Amjad
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Texas Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.

 

Zamara Hamid
Internal Medicine, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan.

 

Yamini Patel
Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Educations, Scranton, PA, USA.

 

Mujtaba Husain
Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Educations, Scranton, PA, USA.

 

Ammad Saddique
Internal Medicine, The Wright Center for Graduate Medical Educations, Scranton, PA, USA

 

Adnan Liaqat
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mclaren Health/Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA.

 

Pius Ochieng
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Geisinger Community Medical Center, Scranton, PA, USA.

 

Please see the book here- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrni/v1/1189

Genes chi of Native Bacillus thuringiensis Strains from Maranhão Active against Aedes aegypti Larvae | Chapter 6 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 7

 Bacillus thuringiensis is visualized as a multifaceted microbial factory for the production of several biomolecules. The Cry and Cyt proteins are used in commercial products sold worldwide as the most important bioinsecticides. However, there is increasing interest in lesser-known metabolites synthesized by B. thuringiensis, including Chi (chitinases) proteins. Several studies have observed that Chi proteins increase the insecticidal activity of Cry proteins, as these proteins degrade the peritrophic membrane, which is mainly composed of a chitin structure and proteins like those of Aedes aegypti larvae, allowing greater access of Cry proteins to their respective receptors on midgut cells. This research carried out a survey of strains of B. thuringiensis that amplified to the chi gene in combination with the cry and cyt genes and were pathogenic to Ae. aegypti larvae. The genomic DNA of 322 B. thuringiensis from different regions of the Maranhão, isolated from soil and water samples, were screened by PCR with primer pairs specific for the endogenous chitinase gene and 28 B. thuringiensis isolates were amplified, 14 of which were isolated from soil (published data) and 14 from water. Seven isolates killed 100% of the larvae within 24 hours and ten amplified for all the dipteran-specific cry and cyt genes. Ten isolates may be potential candidates to expand the alternative means in which these bacteria can be produced industrially as a biopesticide for the control of Ae. aegypti due to its high pathogenicity rate and great variability of the cry and cyt genes. However, more studies are needed for specific biotechnological applications and to potentially help in vector control, including determining the levels of chitinase synthesis in qualitative and quantitative assays to select B. thuringiensis isolates with a high level of protein production that could be a useful component of B. thuringiensis based biopesticides.

 

Author (s) Details

 Dr. Maria Cleoneide da Silva
Entomopathogenic Bacteria and Molecular Markers Laboratory, Maranhão State University (UEMA), Campus Caxias, Caxias, MA, Brazil.

 Jeverson Renato Moraes Brito
Entomopathogenic Bacteria and Molecular Markers Laboratory, Maranhão State University (UEMA), Campus Caxias, Caxias, MA, Brazil.

 Emanuelle Cristine Pereira de Sousa
Entomopathogenic Bacteria and Molecular Markers Laboratory, Maranhão State University (UEMA), Campus Caxias, Caxias, MA, Brazil.

 Dalton Kaynnan de Prado Costa
Complex Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Maranhão State University (UEMA), Campus Caxias, Caxias, MA, Brazil.

 Alessandra Maria Silva Vidigal
Complex Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Maranhão State University (UEMA), Campus Caxias, Caxias, MA, Brazil.

 

Please see the link :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v7/1061

Regulatory Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Volume in the Heart in Response to Physiological and Pathological Stimuli | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

In addition to the critical role in energy metabolism, mitochondria participate in regulating ion homeostasis, redox state, cell proliferation, differentiation, and lipid synthesis. Central to these functions is the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), which is crucial for mitochondrial metabolism and overall function. The IMM is densely packed with proteins, comprising over 70% of its mass, that are essential for the electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, energy transfer, and ion transport. The volume of the mitochondrial matrix is a pivotal factor in the structural and functional adaptation of the IMM, both under normal conditions and in response to pathological stress. Various ion transport mechanisms, particularly those involving potassium (K+) and calcium (Ca2+), regulate the osmotic pressure and volume of the matrix. Minor fluctuations in matrix volume can significantly impact the IMM’s plasticity and stimulate mitochondrial bioenergetics through multiple pathways. However, excessive matrix swelling can disrupt the structural integrity of the IMM by deforming the cristae, potentially leading to cell death mediated by mitochondria. This process is often linked to the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, a phenomenon triggered by elevated matrix Ca2+ levels. Despite extensive research, the exact molecular identity of these pores remains unknown. In contrast to Ca2+, increased matrix K+ levels do not induce pore opening in the absence of elevated Ca2+ and may even provide protective effects. Despite significant research efforts, the detailed molecular mechanisms that govern matrix volume changes and IMM structural remodeling in response to energy demands and oxidative stress remain elusive. This review aims to synthesize and discuss existing studies that elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial matrix volume, the remodeling of the IMM, and the interplay between these processes.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Xavier R. Chapa-Dubocq
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.

 

Keishla M. Rodríguez-Graciani
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.

 

Joseph Capella Muniz
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.

 

Jason N. Bazil
Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1046, USA.

 

Nelson Escobales
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.

 

Sabzali Javadov
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v7/992

Kerosene: Use, Misuse and Clinical Implication of Repeated Exposure | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Kerosene, a colorless, thin liquid generated through fractional distillation of petroleum is a combination of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. This hydrocarbon fuel produced through distillation of petroleum is invaluable for many reasons. In comparison with other fuel types, it is comparatively cheap to produce. The results of various studies indicate that exposure to kerosene is toxic to different physiologic and biochemical processes in experimental animals, which is a clarion call for nations in the regions where kerosene is more frequently used and misused to enact laws for the safe packaging and sale of this product. Misuse of kerosene comes in different forms. Kerosene has been reported to be potent in the treatment of several ailments. There are indications that it has been inappropriately used in the treatment of leg ulcers, arthritis, snake bites, gastrointestinal disorders, burns, and foot rot. Therefore, a concerted effort is required to educate both the sellers and users of this product about the danger of constant exposure.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ayobola Abolape Iyanda
Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Osogbo, Nigeria.

John I. Anetor
Department of Chemical Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v7/743

Harad (Terminalia chebula Retz.): A Potential Candidate for Reversible Contraception in Male | Chapter 8 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Aims: The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the contraceptive potential of Harad (Terminalia chebula Retz.) with respect to dose and reversibility in male albino mice.

Study Design: Aqueous bark extract of Harad was administered orally at 100 (G III), 300 (G IV) and 500 (G V) mg/kg BW to males for 35 d. At the end of the experiment, partially anesthetized animals in treated groups (G I-V) were sacrificed at 24 h after the last treatment, while those in recovery groups (G VI-VII) were sacrificed together at 42 d after the last treatment after recording their final body weights.

Methodology: A total of 35 adult (age 12-14 w) male laboratory albino mice of proven fertility belonging to the Parkes (P) strain weighing 28-38 g were used in the investigation. The effect of Harad treatment was studied by evaluating alterations in the histology of the testis and accessory sex organs, sialic acid and fructose levels, sperm, and fertility parameters. Toxicological and recovery studies were also carried out.

Results: Harad treatment caused dose-related histological alterations in reproductive organs accompanied by reductions in weights, a decrease in the height of germinal epithelium as well as the diameter of stage VII tubules, and an increase in the percent frequency of affected seminiferous tubules in testes. Treatment showed an adverse effect on biochemical and sperm parameters; libido was not affected, but fertility was suppressed significantly in Harad-treated males compared to controls. However, 42 d after treatment withdrawal, alterations in reproductive end points and fertility recovered to control levels. Body and organ weights, histoarchitecture of vital organs, levels of ALT, AST, and creatinine, and hematological parameters remained unchanged after Harad's treatment.

Conclusion: The results suggest that Harad causes dose-dependent reversible contraception in male albino mice without any toxicity.

 

Author (s) Details

Mr. Prakash Chandra Gupta (Assistant Professor)
Department of Zoology, Keshav Prasad Mishra Rajkiya Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Bhadohi-221 301 (Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith), Varanasi, India.

 

Prof. (Dr.) Laxmi Yadav
Department of Zoology, Keshav Prasad Mishra Rajkiya Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Bhadohi-221 301 (Affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith), Varanasi, India

 

Please see the link :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v7/1054

Determination of Plants Diversity and Similarity in Selected three Communities of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl | Chapter 3 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Aims: to know and determine plants diversity and similarity in three communities of S. jamaicensis habitat.

Study Design: Explorative and descriptive.

Place and Duration of Study: Research in Gajahrejo Village, Pasuruan, East Java Province was conducted in August 2012; in Kepala Jeri Islands Batam, Riau Island Province in October 2014; and in Bissoloro Village, South Sulawesi Province conducted in October 2016.

Methodology: The study used exploratory and descriptive methods. Sample plots of 1m x 1m were determined and put around S. jamaicensis, which was found along the edge of village roads during exploration (purposive random sampling). Vegetation analysis was carried out to determine the composition, dominance, diversity, evenness and similarity of the species in each S. jamaicensis growing place by counting the Important Value Index, Similarity Index, Shannon Diversity Index, Domination Index, and Evenness Index.

Results: Assosiant plant species found in the three sites growing area of S. jamaicensis were 84 species, 74 genera and 28 families. There were six plant species obtained in the three sites growing area of S. jamaicensis, i.e., Ageratum conyzoides L., Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv., Centrosema pubescens Bth., Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H. Rob., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers and Mimosa pudica L. Axonoppus compressus was the most dominance species in Kepala Jeri Island and Bissoloro Village, whereas Panicum brevifolium L. was the most dominant species in Gajahrejo Village. The difference in floristic composition between the sites may be caused by environmental factors, human activity, land use systems and disturbance on fields where S. jamaicensis obtained.

Conclusion: The plants' diversity and similarity in the three sites growing area of S. jamaicensis habitat were different. There were 84 species, 74 genera and 28 Families found in three sites growing area of S.jamaicensis. There were six plant species obtained in the three sites growing area of S. jamaicensis, i.e., Ageratum conyzoides L., Axonopus compressus (Swartz) Beauv., Centrosema pubescens Bth., Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H. Rob., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers and Mimosa pudica L. Axonoppus compressus (Swartz.) Beauv. was the most dominant species in Kepala Jeri Island and Bissoloro Village, whereas Panicum brevifolium L. was the most dominant species in Gajahrejo Village.

 

Author (s) Details

Solikin
Research Center for Ecology and Ethnobiology, National Research and Innovation Agency Jl. Raya Jakarta Bogor Km 46, Cibinong, Bogor West Java 16911, Indonesia.

 

Please see the link :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v7/775

Estimation of Low Radiation Doses Effects by Using Tumor Markers | Chapter 4 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

The concern regarding the impact of radiation on workers in various occupations, especially in terms of cancer risk as a stochastic consequence, is significant. This chapter aims to explore the influence of minimal radiation exposure on tumor marker tests among those working with radiation. It also aims to elucidate how certain factors such as exposure dose, smoking habits, Hospital locations, and job type affect tumor marker levels. The study analyzes tumor marker data spanning from 2013 to 2019 from four government hospitals, alongside exposure dose records obtained from the Energy Department. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered to gather associated independent variables alongside tumor marker data, with 78 radiation workers participating in the study. The analysis indicates a general trend of tumor marker elevation within normal limits over the years, with Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) showing an approximate 57% increase among radiation workers. Notably, there was a significant statistical difference in CEA levels among smokers. However, no apparent correlation between radiation doses and tumor markers was found. This study marks the first attempt to investigate the relationship between tumor markers and low radiation doses in occupational settings. The researchers suggest that these findings bridge existing gaps in understanding low-dose effects and underscore the importance of medical tests in anticipating such effects. Further studies are warranted to refine these findings.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Areej Dahdol (Medical Imaging Technician)
Palestinian Ministry of Health, Salfit, Palestine. Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine.

 

Mohammad Hjouj (Associate Professor)
Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Professions, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine.

 

Please see the link :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v7/751

Assessing Planulae Recruitment in Degraded Coastal Coral of Panjang Island Jepara, Central Java-Indonesia | Chapter 7 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

Successfulness The successfulness of planulae metamorphosis to become juveniles commenced succession toward the formation of a new coral community following a stress. The better the remnant, the more similar the recovered community will be. Coral remnants may provide attachment preference for benthic organisms including its planulae and indeed served as a nursery ground, even a habitat for various species. This study aimed to evaluate the recovery of the coastal coral community in Panjang Island, Jepara-Indonesia based upon several variables of water quality, recruitment through the succession stages, survivorship and the overall growth of the coral. During the first week of June 2013 until the end of October 2013 after a west monsoon, six slate collector devices were immersed between the slope and plain of the continental shelf at the north, south and eastward of Panjang Island at ca. 1.5" " m depths. Data collected comprised of bacteria, macro- and micro-periphyton including planulae, along with salinity, temperature, depth, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, orthophosphate and nitrate of the water, as well as inorganic and organic content of the sediment. Recorded genera in the collectors were Porites, Acropora, Pocillopora and Platygira. Results suggested that coastal coral in Panjang Island is inclined to extinct, in particular, due to severe sedimentation load. Planulae recruit considered low with metamorphosis ability to become juveniles only at 5 colonies. M2. Month-1 at the southward and 1.3 colonies. m^(-2). Month-1 at the northward of the island. Dissolved organic materials in the sediment prompt the increase of nitrate to cause macroalgal bloom, which in turn may cover the whole coral surface and induced the spread of pathogenic bacteria, i.e., Pseudomonas spp. and Phormidium corallyticum amongst the recruited planulae. It can be concluded that factors causing difficulties in recovering coral in Pulau Panjang, in particular planulae recruit are: 1) physical damage due to coastal development and tourism-related activities, 2) pollution and runoff from urban areas nearby, 3) agricultural activities which that introduce pollutants such as chemicals and sedimentation, and 4) coral diseases that may decreased resilience to other stressors. Addressing these factors through conservation efforts, sustainable management practices and law enforcement may help protect and restore damaged coastal corals in Panjang Island.

 

Author (s) Details

Norma Afiati
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia.

 

Pujiono W. Purnomo
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, Indonesia

 

Please see the link :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v7/7875E

Identifying New Species of Cassava Mosaic Begomovirus and Ageratum Leaf Curl Cameroon Virus on Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Togo | Chapter 1| Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 7

 

The most damaging and economically important diseases of crops, especially in tropical and subtropical regions are caused by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses. These viruses are included in the genus Begomovirus of the family Geminiviridae and are responsible for causing crop losses ranging from 30% to 100%. Cassava mosaic disease caused by the white fly transmitted begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae) is a major threat to cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production, which can be intercropped with other plants such as pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). This study aims to identify cassava begomoviruses on other crops in cassava intercropping systems. Thus, foliar samples showing typical symptoms of virus diseases in cassava intercropping systems were collected from pepper and submitted to PCR analysis and direct sequencing. Total DNA was extracted from collected leaves using the DNA minipreparation method. Three begomovirus species ACMV, EACMV and ALCCMV were identified and characterized in samples. Isolates of these species shared respectively 90%, 93%, 74% and 80% nucleotide identities with begomoviruses. These findings show that cassava begomoviruses can infect other crops and will help in understanding the epidemiology related to white fly transmitted begomoviruses in cassava intercropping systems. The occurrence of new begomovirus species on pepper could lead in case of mixed infections with already known begomoviruses infecting this crop to recombinant actions. This study suggests a change in Bemisia tabaci population or its feed habit. Further investigations need to bring more information about cassava mosaic begomoviruses and their relationships with pepper.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Kodjovi Atassé Dansou Kodjo

Laboratory of Plant Virology and Biotechnology (LVBV), Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie (ESA), University of Lome, Lomé, Togo and Laboratory of Agroecology, Ecophysiology and Integrative Biology (AEB), Unit EDYSAN FRE 3498 CNRS/University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.

 

Assion Setu Mivedor

Laboratory of Plant Virology and Biotechnology (LVBV), Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie (ESA), University of Lome, Lomé, Togo.

 

Kossikouma Djodji Adjata
Laboratory of Plant Virology and Biotechnology (LVBV), Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie (ESA), University of Lome, Lomé, Togo.

 

Jerome Duclercq
Laboratory of Agroecology, Ecophysiology and Integrative Biology (AEB), Unit EDYSAN FRE 3498 CNRS/University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.

 

Yawovi Mawuena Dieudonne Gumedzoe
Laboratory of Plant Virology and Biotechnology (LVBV), Ecole Supérieure d’Agronomie (ESA), University of Lome, Lomé, Togo.

 

Please see the link:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v7/7571C

An In silico Analysis of Deleterious Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Human Lysozyme C Gene |Chapter 1 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Background: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) play a critical role in

influencing a person's susceptibility to diseases and in determining how an

individual reacts to various treatment options. It is crucial to differentiate and

characterize damaging SNPs from neutral ones and the aim of this study was to

predict the deleterious SNPs of the lysozyme C (LYZ C) gene via an in silico

analysis. LYZ C is an important antimicrobial peptide capable of damaging the

peptidoglycan layer of bacteria leading to osmotic shock and cell death.

Methods: The missense nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) of the LYZ C gene were

subjected to different computational tools- SIFT, PolyPhen v2, SNAP, PROVEAN, 

PhD-SNP, and SNPs & GO. Deleterious SNPs as predicted by these tools were

examined by I-Mutant 3.0 and ConSurf. GeneMANIA and STRING tools were used

to study the interaction network of the LYZ C gene. The impact of variations on the

structural characteristics of the protein was studied by HOPE analysis. The

structures of variants and wild types were predicted by the SWISS-MODEL web

server and the TM-align tool was used to predict the root mean square deviation

(RMSD) and template modeling (TM) scores.

Results: Eight missense nsSNPs (T88N, I74T, F75I, D67H, W82R, D85H, R80C,

and R116S) of the LYZ C gene were found to be potentially deleterious. I-mutant

3.0 determined the variants that decreased the stability of the protein. ConSurf

predicted rs121913547, rs121913549, and rs387906536 nsSNPs to be conserved.

Interaction network tools showed that LYZ C protein interacted with lactoferrin

(LTF). HOPE tool analyzed differences in physicochemical properties between

wild type and variants. TM-align tool predicted the alignment score and the protein

 

folding was found to be identical. PYMOL was used to visualize the

superimposition of variants over wild types. 

Conclusion: The present study ascertained the deleterious missense nsSNPs of

the LYZ C gene and could be used in further experimental analysis. These high

risk nsSNPs could be used as molecular targets for diagnostic and therapeutic

interventions.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Harini Venkata Subbiah

Human Genetics Research Centre, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher

Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600100, India.

 

Dr. Usha Subbiah

Human Genetics Research Centre, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher

Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600100, India.

 

Please see the link here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/3602G

Antimicrobial Properties of Homo Fermenting Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Isolated from Kunu-Zaki (A Spontaneously Fermenting Nigerian Cereal Beverage) | Chapter 8 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Aim: The present study aimed to determine the antibiotic reaction and adhesion

pattern of antimicrobial homo-fermenting LAB strains in the fermenting slurries of

kunu-zaki, Nigeria.

Background: Lactic acid bacteria are usually found in decomposing plants and

lactic products. Lactic acid is the major metabolic end-product of the carbohydrate

fermentation. LAB is a large group of fermentative, anaerobe aero-tolerant

microorganisms that are usually present in the gut of humans and other animals,

raw vegetables, meat and meat products, and cereal.

Study Design: Samples were obtained directly from the 72-hour fermenting mash

of the kun-uzaki made from each cereal type. The Pour plate technique was used

to isolate the organisms. The pure colonies isolates were examined according to

their colony morphology, catalase reaction and gram reaction. Inhibition of

indicator lawn used ≥10mm inhibition as antibiotic susceptible. Adhesion was

measured by staining and quantifying grains of Digitariaexilis (acha), Sorghum

bicolour (sorghum) and Pennisetum americanum (millet) in composite and non

composite proportions. LAB isolates were obtained on MRS agar. Homo

fermenting isolates were identified at species level using the API 50 CHL test kit.

Antibiotic sensitivity testing on the identified isolates followed the modified

standard Kirby-Bauer procedure on MRS agar (pH 7.4) using the disc diffusion

technique with selected antibiotics. For quality control of the antibiotics, sensitive

reference strains S. aureus ATCC 25923 and E. coli ATCC 25922 obtained from

the Nigeria Institute of Medical Research were used. Adhesion properties were

determined by differential staining of the bacterial cells that bound to intestinal

epithelial cells as observed under light and phase contrast microscopy. 

Results: Antimicrobial substances produced by the eight LAB isolates inhibited

the growth of four selected human pathogens in vitro. All eight LAB isolates were

resistant to amoxicillin, gentamycin and ciprofloxacin. L. plantarum126, L.

paracasei sub sp paracasei339 and Pediococcus damnosus32 were resistant to

erythromycin whilst all others were susceptible. L. plantarum126 and L.

paracaseisubspparacasei339 were resistant to all antibiotics tested. All LAB

isolates demonstrated high in-vitro intestinal epithelial cell adhesion potential. The

result of this study documents findings on the antibiotic resistance pattern of these

eight homo-fermenting lactic acid bacteria present in ready to drink kunu-zaki. If

these homo-fermenting strains are to be used in kunu-zaki as starter cultures, it is

important that they should be further carefully examined for inability to transfer

antibiotic resistance genes to food pathogens.

Conclusion: When used in conjunction with these antibiotic treatments, kunuzaki

may not have an impact on the antibacterial activity of LAB. To ensure that these

LAB strains cannot pass antibiotic resistance genes to food pathogens, they must

be thoroughly screened if they are to be used as kunu-zaki starter cultures.

 

Author (s) Details

S. O. Oluwajoba

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria and Department of Biological Science, Yaba College of Technology, Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria.

F. A. Akinyosoye

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

V. O. Oyetayo

Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Please see the link - https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/211

Meat Starter Culture | Chapter 5 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Meat starter cultures are maturation and surface starters used to accelerate the

fermentation process, maximize the quality, and guarantee uniformity and safety

of the product. This review discusses the beneficial role of meat starter cultures

in the acceleration and promotion of the fermentation process by rapid matrix

acidification, standardization of the product properties, improvement in

organoleptic properties, enhancing microbiological and chemical safety by

inhibiting the growth of pathogenic organisms and limiting the formation of

biogenic amines, nitrosamines, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.  The

recent advances in genomics and molecular biology of industrially useful

microorganisms with the desirable functional and protective features and rational

improvement of the starter strains to develop product-specific starter cultures

have been highlighted.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Rajendra Nath Borpuzari (Professor)

Department of Livestock Products Technology, Assam Agricultural University, College of Veterinary

Science, Khanapara, Guwahati - 781022, India.

 

Dr. Trishna Borpuzari (Professor (Retd.)

Department of Livestock Products Technology, Assam Agricultural University, College of Veterinary

Science, Khanapara, Guwahati - 781022, India.

 

Dr. Rashmi Rekha Saikia (Assistant Professor)

Department of Livestock Products Technology, Assam Agricultural University, Lakhimpur College of

Veterinary Science, Joyhing, North-Lakhimpur- 787051, India.

 

Please see the link :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/8092E

Microbial Challenges in Fresh-cut Produce: A Comprehensive One Health Approach | Chapter 7 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 

Food safety is a paramount concern for public health globally, particularly with the

burgeoning food markets and complex manufacturing chains. With the increasing

popularity of ready-to-eat foods, such as freshly chopped fruits and salads, the risk

of foodborne illnesses escalates, necessitating a comprehensive approach from

farm to fork. This chapter underscores the importance of adopting a One Health

strategy to prevent and control the spread of foodborne pathogens, especially in

minimally processed fruits and vegetables consumed raw. Despite their health

benefits, these foods pose significant microbiological risks due to inadequate

disinfection and oversight of transmission routes. The chapter synthesizes existing

knowledge on microbiological contamination, notable outbreaks, bacterial strains,

and mitigation strategies, spanning from production to consumption. It also

addresses challenges associated with food modification, disinfection, and

contamination sources at various stages, offering insights valuable to researchers

and food producers invested in enhancing food safety and quality.

 

Author (s) Details

Maria Isabel Santos

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CECAV—Centre of Animal and Veterinary Science, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal.

 

Madalena Grácio

Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.

 

Mariana Camoesas Silva

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal.

 

Laurentina Pedroso

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CECAV—Centre of Animal and Veterinary Science, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal.

 

Ana Lima

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal.Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, CECAV—Centre of Animal and Veterinary Science, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal.

Please see the link :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/8496E

Computational Approaches for Prediction of Conformational Epitopes for Birch Betv 1 and Hazel Cor A1 Targeting B-cells | Chapter 3 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 

Through targeted interactions mediated by receptors on antibodies, B-cells

effectively neutralize invading pathogens by binding with remarkable precision to

specific molecular regions, called epitopes. This study focuses on enhancing B

cell epitope predictions via computational methods. Antigen sequences are

fragmented into peptides and docked against IgE antibodies to identify top

scoring interactions. Peptides with the highest scores undergo further analysis to

assess bond interactions. By examining overlapping sequences within the

antigen model, the positions of predicted epitopes are determined. Residues

involved in bond interactions are documented for these overlapping peptide

sequences. Validation is achieved through antigen-antibody docking studies to

confirm the predicted epitope sites. Ultimately, the integration of computational

and experimental methodologies holds promise for the rational design of

immunotherapeutic interventions targeting Birch and Hazel allergens, paving the

way for precision medicine in allergy treatment. 

 

Author (s) Details

Praveen Kumar Vemuri
Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 

Varshitha Katta
Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Anupama Ammulu Manne
Department of Civil Engineering, PVP Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Kanuru, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Kanaka Durga Devi Nelluri
KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 Suryanarayana Veeravilli

Department of Humanities and Basic Sciences, Aditya University, Surampalem, Andhra Pradesh, India.

 KRS Sambasiva Rao

Department of Pharmacy, Mangalayatan University, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Please see the link :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/187

Dermatophytosis: A Report from Tertiary Care Hospital in Davanagere, Karnataka, India | Chapter 4 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 

Background: Dermatophytosis refers to superficial fungal infection of keratinized  tissue caused by Dermatophytes. It is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical  countries including India where heat and moisture play an important role in  promoting the growth of these fungi. Dermatophytosis though not life threatening,  its severity should not be underestimated as it can cause great discomfort and at  times cause disability and disfigurement. So laboratory investigations are  important for correct diagnosis, management and minimizing cost.  Objective: The present study was undertaken to know the clinico-mycological  profile of dermatophytic infection, prevalence of various species, the co-relation  between the site of involvement and causative agent and to compare KOH smear  positivity with culture positivity.

Design: Prospective observational study.

Methods: Samples from total of 200 clinically diagnosed cases of  dermatophytosis were subjected to microscopy with 10%KOH, fungal culture on  SDA agar and further identification of the species based on standard tests. 

Results: Out of 200 cases, Tinea corporis 89 cases (44.5%) was the commonest

clinical presentation followed by Tinea cruris. The common species isolated was

Trichophyton rubrum 86(65.2%) followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes

28(21.2%).

Conclusion: The present study gives valuable insight into the clinical and  mycological pattern of superficial fungal infections in this region as well as shows  the importance of mycological examination of dermatophytosis samples for  planning effective management.

 

Author (s) Details

G.K. Mangala

Department of Microbiology, J.J.M. Medical College, Davanagere - 577 004, India.

 

N.R. Chandrappa

Department of Microbiology, J.J.M. Medical College, Davanagere - 577 004, India.

 

V. Vijayanath
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, S.S. Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Davangere - 577 005, India.

 

Please see the link :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/265

Determination of Emitted Hydrogen (H2) from Bacterial Cultures in Closed Septum Vials by Gas Chromatography (GC) and Specific Hydrogen Sensor Techniques | Chapter 6 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 

The present study primarily focuses on the determination of emitted hydrogen

(H₂) from bacterial cultures in closed septum vials and both techniques, static-GC

as well as the sensor approach. When microorganisms are cultivated in suitable

nutrient medium in closed septum vials, their emission of hydrogen (H2) is

detected using a particular hydrogen sensor in addition to headspace-gas

chromatography. Facultative anaerobes are able to release both CO2 and H2

which are important chemicals for both types of bacteria, whereas obligatory

aerobic bacteria can only create CO2 and water through aerobic oxidation. 

Obligate anaerobic bacteria emit H2 too but need an oxygen-free atmosphere

which can be achieved if the air in the septum vial is replaced by nitrogen. The

samples under investigation, either solid or liquid samples and from smears by

wads from a cotton bud, are cultured in the headspace vials and the hydrogen

emission was monitored after the necessary time of incubation and thus microbe

contamination was detected. Antibiotics added to the bacterial culture in the vial

are found to be effective if any gas emission is suppressed. If not, they are either

ineffective or the bacteria are even resistant. Antibiotics, both synthetic and

natural, were investigated and some were discovered to be resistant or

ineffective. This technique was used to look into food contamination by bacteria,

household necessities, medical specimens, and Lyme borreliosis caused by tick

infection, as well as to diagnose and treat the disease. The borrelia bacteria that

cause infection are found in ticks and, later on, in human blood after they enter

the host. The foregoing examples show how essential oils can stop bacterial

infections in various samples but this method can also be applied in human

medicine and tick-borne Lyme disease is taken here as representative for

diagnosis and therapy of diseases caused by bacterial infections in humans. The

effect of the antibiotics applied can be examined and the progress of an antibiotic

therapy can be controlled until its final success is recognized.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Bruno Kolb

Student Research Centre, Überlingen, Obertorstrasse, Germany

 

Please see the link:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/370

Study of Spirometra Egg by Scanning Electron Microscopy: Operculum and Operculum Suture at one End | Chapter 2 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 Spirometra is a zoonotic parasite. An egg is the first stage in the life cycle of

Spirometra species. It can be used in the identification of Spirometra species.

Spirometra eggs were collected from the faeces of experimentally infected cats.

The eggs collected were used for morphological studies using light microscope

and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Eggs collected from faeces of cats

were fixed in 4% Glutaraldehyde, then post fixed in 1% Osmium tetroxide,

dehydrated in ethanol series. Dehydrated material was dried to a critical point

with carbon dioxide in a Polaron Critical Point Dry (CPD 7501). The dried

material was mounted on aluminium stubs. The specimen was gold-coated in a

sputter coater (B10-RAD). Then eggs were examined in a Philips SEM 515.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the presence of

operculum and operculum suture at one end of the egg.

Author(s) Details

Nicholas Jairo Kavana

Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, St. Francis University College of

Health and Allied Sciences, Ifakara, Tanzania. 

 

Please see the link - https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/3682G

Multidrug and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolated from Clinical Samples | Chapter 10 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 3

 

Aim: The present study aimed to detect inducible clindamycin resistance,

vancomycin resistance and mupirocin resistance among MRSA isolates.

Background: Multidrug and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a

widely spread problem in clinical environment, therefore current information

regarding antimicrobial susceptibility of the pathogen is very important for the

treatment of patients and in control and prevention strategy. S. aureus, a

common pathogen, well known for its multidrug resistance. Existence of MRSA is

further worsened by inducible clindamycin resistance and emerging glycopeptide

resistance. 

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for a period of 6 months from

May to October 2010. A total of 100 non-repetitive S. aureus isolates from

various clinical specimens were included in the study. A total of one hundred

non-repetitive isolates were subjected to routine antibiotic susceptibility testing by

Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method including cefoxitin disc for MRSA. Inducible

clindamycin resistance was detected by D-test, E-test for vancomycin MIC and

mupirocin resistance by disc diffusion.

Results: Twenty three (85.2%) isolates showed inducible clindamycin

resistance, one (3.7%) showed constitutive resistance and three (11.1%) showed

MS phenotypes. Inducible clindamycin resistance (35.7%), constitutive

resistance (2.3%) and MS phenotype (7.1%) were found to be higher in MRSA

as compared to MSSA. Only one isolate with vancomycin MIC 4µg/ml by E-test

was considered as VISA. In our study, only one strain, which had MIC 4µg/ml

has been considered as VISA. VISA may demonstrate heteroresistance or there

may be subpopulations that are resistant. Screening for hVISA requires

additional testing to reveal its hetero-variant phenotype and these methods are

more labor intensive and costly than routine susceptibility testing. Our study

detected mupirocin resistance in 11(26.1%) MRSA and 30(51.72%)MSSA

isolates, which is a cause for concern. Study showed that D-test should be

included as a routine disc diffusion test to prevent therapeutic failure with

clindamycin.

Author (s) Details

G.K. Mangala

Department of Microbiology, JJM Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India.

Ravindra. B

Department of Ophthalmology, JJM Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India.

K. Suresh

Department of Microbiology, JJM Medical College, Davangere, Karnataka, India.

Please see the link - https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpmab/v3/266