Cellular immunity mediates the host immune response against Mycobacterium TB (MTb), with cytokines and MTb-specific T cells playing a key role. Immunodiagnostic testing allows for the identification of MTb and the differentiation of different stages of MTb infection. However, the current tuberculosis (TB) immunodiagnostics pipeline has flaws, necessitating innovative approaches to TB control. Biomarkers that improve the clinical performance of current immunodiagnostic techniques in tuberculosis disease and therapy monitoring are needed. Because the dynamic changes and balance in key pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production can control or predict the clinical outcome of MTb infection, this study sought to determine the patterns of MTb-specific antigen-stimulated Interferon-gamma (IFN-) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) production in different clinical forms of MTb infection, as well as their concomitant changes during anti-MTb therapy (ATT). A total of 84 HIV-negative people were vaccinated with BCG, with 25 Healthy Community Controls (HCC), At enrollment (baseline) and during ATT at 2-month (ATT1) and 6-month (ATT2), 27 Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) cases and a cohort of 32 Acute Pulmonary Tuberculosis (APTB) patients were tested for IFN- and IL-10 responses (ATT2). At enrolment, there were no significant differences in age, gender, or CD4+ T counts, although there were significant differences in other socio-demographics and haematological parameters, p0.05. HCC (223.5058.11 pg/ml) had substantially higher baseline Sandwich ELISA-measured IFN- levels than LTBI (128.8241.81 pg/ml) and APTB (47.8222.05 pg/ml), with p0.0001 in each case. IFN- levels increased considerably at ATT1 (125.3716.09 pg/ml) and ATT2 (203.3523.24 pg/ml) during treatment, p0.0001. IL-10 levels increased considerably in APTB (17.536.30 pg/ml) compared to LTBI (10.712.39 pg/ml) and HCC (7.492.02 pg/ml), P0.0001, but decreased significantly in ATT1 (10.542.25 pg/ml) and ATT2 (5.251.45 pg/ml), P=0.0001. The cytokines response combination ratio revealed a ‘High' HCC, ‘Intermediate' LTBI, or ‘Low' APTB ratio that increased with effective ATT; the two MDR-TB patients had a fluctuating but consistently low ratio during ATT. Despite inter-individual variance in cytokine responses, the findings show that MTb-exposed adults have immunological competence, that IFN- and IL-10 cytokines cross-regulate, and clearly support a shift toward an IFN-mediated pro-inflammatory host immune phenotype during efficient MTb infection control. The IFN-/IL-10 response ratio is a new possible immunological biomarker for determining whether an MTb infection will settle, develop to TB, or become drug-resistant.
Author (S) Details
Benson Olu Akinshipe
Departments of Medical Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Igbinedion University & Igbinedion University Teaching Hospital, Okada, Nigeria.
Anthony Chukwuka Nwaobi
Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria.
Emmanuel Babatunde Adedeji
Environmental Biology Research Unit, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Friday Alfred Ehiaghe
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria and Lahor Research Laboratory and Medical Centre, Benin City, Nigeria.
Herbert Obi Okpala
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Igbinedion University, Okada, Nigeria.
View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NICB-V1/article/view/3355
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