The Influence of Climate Factors on the Stability of the Civil Engineering Constructions: Case of Forest Ecosystem in Southern Cameroon | Chapter 12 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

Cameroon's southern forest habitat ranges from 2° to 6°N latitude and from 10° to 16°E latitude. The key parameters of the local environment of that ecosystem have been evaluated in order to examine the impact of climate factors on infrastructure. The findings reveal that the variables are stable and have a general pattern. However, the abundance of precipitation, the substantial hydrographic network and the existence of dense forests are the key climatic constraints that can be taken into account to ensure the stability of forest ecosystem infrastructures.

Author (s) Details

Samba Assomo Philippe
High Teacher Training College, Bertoua, Cameroon.

Zo'o Zame Philemon
University of Yaoundé I, Cameroon.

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Critically Assessment of Groundwater Quality Based on WQI and Its Vulnerability to Saltwater Intrusion in a Coastal City, Iran | Chapter 11 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

Groundwater contamination, then, has become an acute concern that would intensify to a point of no return if thrust aside. The aim of this paper was to determine the groundwater quality in Behshahr (Iran) on the basis of the Water Quality Index (WQI). To research physico-chemical parameters such as pH, hardness, chloride (Cl), electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids, sixteen water samples from this coastal aquifer were collected and analyzed (TDS). The findings showed that, due to anthropogenic activities, the annual average value of TDS increased by 343 mg/l between 1999 and 2015. It was concluded, according to WQI, that the quality of groundwater declined over the last sixteen years, so that the percentage of samples classified as "good water" decreased by 18.5 percent and, on the other hand, unfortunately, the percentage of quality of "poor water" increased by almost 12.5 percent. Correspondence with the chloride-bicarbonate ratio of the WQI distribution diagram attests to the major contribution of saltwater intrusion to the deterioration in groundwater quality in this region. A detailed interpretation of the quality of water in a basin is provided by this easy but precise procedure. Its high-weight chloride sensitivity makes it a good indicator for finding the saltwater intrusion threshold in this field of research.

Author (s) Details

Salman Tavassoli
Faculty of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

Farzad Mohammadi
Faculty of Civil Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.

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Investigating the Prevalence of Environment Related Diseases in Peri-Urban Areas of Ogbomoso, Nigeria | Chapter 10 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

Aim: The research explores the frequency, prevalence, gender and spatial dimensions of four major communicable diseases-malaria, typhoid, cholera and diarhoea-in the sense of current socio-physical and housing environmental conditions.

Place and duration: The study was conducted between February and July 2008 in eighteen peri-urban communities in Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

Study Design: The study incorporated a social survey of the perception of residents and six months of hospital records of clinically diagnosed diseases linked to the environment.

Methodology: We used both primary and secondary data. In selected neighbourhoods, a total of 200 questionnaires were randomly administered to household heads to collect information on accommodation, the socio-economic characteristics of household heads, and their perception of the health effects of urban invasion. Data on clinically identified environment-related diseases was collected from six purposefully chosen health institutions. Inferential statistics were submitted to the collected data. The research is based on the hypothesis that health impacts emerge from or are exacerbated in the cities of developing countries by dangerous land use practices, population pressure on housing, lack of infrastructure and basic services such as water and sanitation, electricity, and inadequate environmental sanitation.

Results: A general shortage of essential infrastructural facilities and services was noticed in the report. While houses were mainly of the form of bungalow (72 percent) and occupied by the owner (63.5 percent), home accessibility was generally bad. A large number of houses (26.5 percent) had no toilet, while nearly 99 percent of respondents did not have access to pipe-borne water, with 80 percent using nearby vacant land as a waste dump. Malaria (53.5%) and typhoid diseases were the most common diseases (42.2 percent ). In the Abaa community in the Surulere Local Government Area, only cases of cholera (2.2 percent) and diarrhoea (2.2 percent) were reported. In all cases, women were more prone to malaria and typhoid fever (56.2% and 61.2%) than their male counterparts. It is proposed to prepare layout plans and close monitoring of peri-urban growth and to urgently provide basic facilities and services.

Author (s) Details

Adeboyejo A. Thompson
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

Dr. (Mrs) Olajoke Abolade
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

Temitope Oshinowo
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

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Study on 1D-2D Hydraulic Modeling of a Diversion Channel on the Cavally River in Zouan-Hounien, Cote d’Ivoire | Chapter 9 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

In recent years, many hydraulic infrastructure, such as bridges and drainage channels, are expected to be constructed on the Cavally River, situated on the border between Côte d'Ivoire and Liberia, on the operational perimeter of the mining company Ity. In order to ensure hydraulic activity close to the initial conditions of the river, a 1D-2D hydraulic model was built to construct a diversion channel to cut a meander from the Cavally River (water levels, flow and velocities). With a flow rate of 240 m3/s and a Manning coefficient of 0.052 m1/3.s-1 for the minor bed and 0.06 m1/3.s-1 for the main bed, this model was built. The results from the hydraulic model indicate that the hydraulic conditions in the channel before and after the diversion remain much like those of the Cavally River (water levels, velocities). Flow velocities range from 0.1 to 1.6 m/s from upstream to downstream in the Cavally Channel. Hydraulic conditions in the channel after diversion (water levels, flow and velocity) would remain substantially like the watercourse's natural state. Therefore, the diversion channel would have no major effect on the Cavally River's hydraulic activity.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Kouassi Kouakou Lazare
Department of Earth Sciences, University Jean Lorougnon GUEDE, Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Cote d’Ivoire.

Brou Loukou Alexis
Department of Geology, University Jean Lorougnon GUEDE, Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Cote d’Ivoire.

Yao Affoué Berthe
Department of Geology, University Jean Lorougnon GUEDE, Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Cote d’Ivoire.

Kouadio Zilé Alex
Department of Geology, University Jean Lorougnon GUEDE, Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Cote d’Ivoire.

Konan Kouakou Séraphin
Department of Geology, University Jean Lorougnon GUEDE, Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Cote d’Ivoire.

Konan Koffi Félix
Department of Geology, University Jean Lorougnon GUEDE, Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Cote d’Ivoire.

Koffi Bérenger
Department of Geology, University Jean Lorougnon GUEDE, Daloa, BP 150 Daloa, Cote d’Ivoire.

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Application of Nanofibres in Water Treatment | Chapter 8 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

One of the big challenges facing the planet today is water shortage. While 70% of the earth's surface is covered by water, the number of people with adequate access to safe drinking water is very small. Owing to the mixing of various forms of pollutants into water bodies through the release of industrial and domestic waste, the available water supplies are also becoming unsuitable for use. Currently, there is worldwide concern about the proper handling of waste water before it is released into bodies of water. Much attention has recently been paid to novel innovations, such as nanotechnology, that can be used to invent new water treatment methods. Membrane filtration is a modern technique, using a semi-permeable membrane for filtration, among various forms of water treatment methods. These techniques have some benefits over other techniques, such as chemical-free, high scalability, low operating temperature, low power consumption, etc. One of the applications of nanotechnology to enhance the membrane filtration process is nanofiltration. The commonly used technique for producing nanofiltration membranes is electrospinning. It is a cost-effective, flexible process that leads to the development of membranes with superior characteristics. Polymers, nanotubes, graphene oxide, etc. have been used to create nanofilter membranes. Combining various organic and inorganic compounds, thin-film composite (TFC) membranes are made. Other than that, the processing of nanofibrous membranes uses traditional ceramic metal oxides as well as mixed matrix materials (MMMs). While many of these manufactured nanomaterials have superior qualities that make them ideal applicants for the production of nanofilter membranes, they are all associated with disadvantages that preclude them from applying for commercial production. Therefore, in order to solve the limitations of these membranes and to produce ideal nanomaterials for water treatment, the potential challenge is to apply new techniques and materials.

Author (s) Details

Dr. K. D. K. Peshala Kumari
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka.

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Impact of Hydrous Ethanol-Gasoline Blend with Syngas on NOx Emission in SI Engine | Chapter 7 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

Considered to be a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, the transport sector's use of alternative fuels is a daunting and promising challenge to meet pollution limits and to protect the environment. The purpose of this chapter is to perform a comparatively experimental investigation of the emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) from an internal combustion engine, the engine is fueled by gasoline available in the Saudi Arabian market ranking octane number (RON 91 and RON 95) of syngas mixtures with 0 percent E0, 5 percent E5 and 10 percent E10 by volume of anhydrous ethanol and HE55 percent E5 and 10 percent E10 With water concentrations of 5%, 10%, 30% and 40% by volume of hydrous ethanol in the presence of the stoichiometric mixture regime, HE10 and HE10. An on-board plasma system used by the plasma-assisted fuel reformer for the processing of syngas (H2, CO, CO2) through the partial oxidation of gasoline with air. Syngas injected in a gasoline engine with a changed fuel injection system for service with some amount of syngas added. This research is a continuation of a previous study in which, in the presence of various ultra-lean mixture regimes, the engine was examined in terms of output and exhaust emissions where the engine was fueled by gasoline RON91/RON95, with an admixture of syngas and 5 percent by volume pure ethanol (E5). The experimental results showed a substantial overall decrease in NOx emissions and a small increase in fuel consumption when combining gasoline (RON 91 and RON 95), ethanol anhydrous (E5 and E10) and ethanol hydrous (HE5 and HE10) with syngas. For the inclusion of syngas, for the use of hydrous ethanol (HE5 and HE10). For both RON 91 and RON 95, 60 percent of the lowest NOx emissions in RON 91 and 72 percent in RON 95 were found at 40 percent water concentration in hydrous ethanol. For future work, we intend to investigate the impact on syngas yield and composition of the reformer plasmatorch design. We plan to change the plasmatorch anode and some other parts and then test the fuel reforming process output using these changed parts. With our engine test device, the best feasible configuration and design of the plasmatorch producing the highest hydrogen content in syngas will be used for further service.

Author (s) Details

Ahmed A. Al-Harbi
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Saud A. Binjuwair
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Ibrahim A. Alshunaifi
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Abdullah M. Alkhedhair
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Abdullah J. Alabduly
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Mohammed S. Almorat
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

Miqad S. Albishi
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, KSA.

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Studies on Communication between Nations inside Indonesian Softpower Diplomacy in the South Pacific Region | Chapter 6 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

Political, financial and organizational support for the separatist freedom movement (OPM) has been given to these small states in a spirit of unity between the Melanesian Spearhead Party (MSG). This international organization is based on the identity of the Melanesian brotherhood, which was founded in 1986 by four small states in the Pacific, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon and Vanuatu, as well as the New Caledonia Kanak National Liberation Front. These small states are linked to small developed states in numerous international forums, including the United Nations (UN). Often these small states group a surprising international platform with a hard declaration, so that they are accepted by the world, because their voting rights are equal to other members. This organization was keen enough to support the OPM liberation movement to achieve Papua's independence, which is why Indonesia tried to become a member of the Melanesian Spearhead Groups (MSG), because Indonesia tried to become a member. The emergence of political maneuvers that continue to attack the Indonesian government's sovereignty against Papua, increasing the view that there is a need for a grand strategy to increase the awareness and support of small island states in terms of free movement for Papua, especially in the United Nations forum through public diplomacy with regard to communication between nations.

Author (s) Details

Joevi Roedyati
Sahid University, Sahid Sudirman Residence 5th Floor, Jalan Jendral Sudirman, Jakarta, Indonesia.

Hafied Changara
Hasanudin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10, Makassar, Indonesia.

Michael Dua
Atmajaya University, Jalan Sudirman No. 51, Jakarta, Indonesia.

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Generation of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Using Synthetic Livestock Wastewater | Chapter 5 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

The primary treatment of livestock waste water is activated sludge, but ions such as phosphate, potassium, ammonium, nitrate, and sulphate remain in the effluent. In this research, the effects of residual ions on phosphorus recovery were investigated using the crystallisation of magnesium potassium phosphate (MPP). The potassium (K) to phosphorus (P) molar ratio (K/P) of the precipitate will deviate from the equimolar ratio if co-existing ions influence the materials. Containing 5.6-20.3 mM ammonium, 25.6 mM potassium, 6.5 mM phosphorus, 0-7.35 mM nitrate, and 0-3.06 mM sulphate, artificial wastewater test solutions were used. The optimum working pH and quantity of magnesium required for high phosphorus removal and recovery rates have been determined. A 10-L aerated and stirred reactor and a 5-L settling tank were utilised by the experimental apparatus. After using ideal conditions, the K/P ratio in the precipitate was approximately 1. A white precipitate containing about 30 g of needle-like crystals was produced by continuous 2-h therapy. The effects of differing concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and sulphate ions in the artificial effluent were also studied. The K/P ratio decreased to around 0.7 and 0.5, respectively, due to an ammonium concentration of 8 mM or more and a sulphate concentration of 3 mM or more. Even at a nitrate concentration of 7.35 mM, the difference in nitrate concentration did not affect the K/P ratio. In the reaction tank, we also studied the generation of products and the actions in the settling tank. With mixing by air agitation in the reaction vessel, primary nuclei generation occurred within 60 s and growth to secondary nuclei was confirmed. The particle-containing suspension overflowed into a settling tank and broke into particles and treated water. K+ in the MPP crystal was found to be eluted by allowing the MPP crystal in the settling tank to stand for 7 h or more. It was therefore concluded that management of the interval between the removal of solids was critical in regulating the solid's composition.

Author (s) Details

Hiroyuki Harada
Department Local Resources, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Shobara-shi, Hiroshima, Japan.

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Investigating the Characteristics and Genesis of the Groundwater Resources Associated with Oil Shale Deposits in the Azraq and Harrana Basins, Jordan | Chapter 4 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

Jordan lies in the northwestern portion of the Arabian Plate. With regard to the configuration of the Arabian Plate, the structures and sedimentation were managed by tectonic evolution. Groundwater aquifers in the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary Formations are associated with large reserves of oil shale deposits in the Harrana and Azraq Basins in terms of water characteristics and hydrochemical processes. Within the Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation, the oil shale deposits are located. The Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation represents the intermediate formation between the Lower Aquifer Amman Silicified Limestone and the overload, representing Um Rijam Chalk and Wadi Shallala Chalk's overlying Upper Aquifers. The goal of this study was to improve the understanding of the formation of Muwaqqar Chalk Marl as a sealing potential based on water quality and hydrochemical data from the various aquifers. Sixty water samples were taken from the Amman Silicified Limestone Aquifer, Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation High Grade Zone, and from the overburden of the aquifers Um Rijam Chalk and Wadi Shallala Chalk. The hydrochemistry of the groundwater samples collected represents a signature that reflects the sum of all the physical and chemical processes and reactions that influenced the characteristics of the water from the time of infiltration until the aquifer was reached. The assessment of the key hydrochemical processes influencing the quality of the groundwater was carried out by interpreting the ionic relations and the ionic relationships. On the water quality parameters, detailed statistical studies (Factor and Cluster Analyses) were carried out. Factor analysis can derive four variables from the parameters of the water quality of the Area-1 Harrana wells and Area-2 Azraq wells. These considerations are used to interpret the various geochemical processes influencing the quality parameters of groundwater. The Harrana wells were divided into three classes through cluster analyses. Cluster I included 26 wells with minimum mean cation and anion concentrations, while Cluster III included the wells with the maximum water quality parameter concentrations. Eight wells with intermediate concentrations were included in Cluster II. In three classes, Azraq Area-2 wells are clustered. Seven wells with the lowest water quality (highest concentrations) are included in Cluster I; 12 wells are included in Cluster II with the lowest ion concentrations; and five wells with moderate ion concentrations are included in Cluster III. The interpretation showed that dissolution procedures of the carbonate rocks containing traces of evaporative minerals, ion exchange and reversal ion exchange processes tended to be the key factors influencing the groundwater chemistry of Azraq and Harrana. In addition, the quality of water in the study areas is not adequate for drinking purposes.

Author (s) Details

Ali M. Obeidat
Department of Geology, Faculty of Graduate Studies, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

Omar Rimawi
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Jordan.

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Application of GIS for Urban Planning and Management in Fez (Morocco) | Chapter 3 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

Advances in information technology and management and research opportunities are contributing to the generalisation of GIS at all levels of the territory. We started with the scope and feasibility analysis of the framework in order to build the urban GIS of Fez. This strategic analysis has defined the features, challenges, needs and current capacity of urban areas, both in terms of data, equipment and staff. The focus of this contribution is on the conceptual modelling of the geospatial database, the proposed system template and the project quality assurance plan. The framework must have an architecture respecting the intervention of actors in the town, according to the feasibility study conducted during the first process. The implementation of the system therefore needs an appropriate hardware and software platform for the proposed urban GIS to function optimally. The GIS is based on a cross-cutting architecture that recognises the intervention of actors in the Fez urban areas and enables the various actors, according to their profiles, to have reciprocal access. The funding of this scenario has been suggested after determining the technological choices. A quality assurance plan was required in order to ensure compliance with the quality requirements for the project and to establish the criteria for satisfaction of the products and activities of the project. The funding strategy for this scenario was proposed after determining the technical choices. Three sections of this arrangement are structured: hardware, software and development/training.

Author (s) Details

Mr. Abdelkader El Garouani
Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d’Imouzzer, P.O.Box. 2202, Fez, Morocco.

Mr. Abderrahim Lahrach
Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d’Imouzzer, P.O.Box. 2202, Fez, Morocco.

Dr. Said El Garouani
Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Route d’Imouzzer, P.O.Box. 2202, Fez, Morocco.

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Advanced Study on the Amazon Basin in the Context of Shared Management of Transboundary Water Resources | Chapter 2 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

At the end of the 20th century and in the early 2000s, environmental concerns and the need for sustainable use of water resources again changed the approach to transboundary water resources. "Water has become one of the main issues on the political agenda, both nationally and internationally." The present research, using the Amazon River Basin as a case study, discusses the problem of mutual control of transboundary water resources. Two scenarios (current and future) were simulated to determine risks using the approach suggested by the River Basins Transboundary Waters Assessment Programme. The results obtained led to the conclusion that, taking into account all measures, the Amazon Basin is in the "moderate" risk group in the current scenario. In turn, when considering only the "governance" metric, expressed by expected tensions in water policy, the risk category for the basin becomes "high" in both current and future scenarios (2030 and 2050). It is convenient for states to set their goals and to create, jointly and by consensus, clear agreements and rules for the monitoring, use and supervision of water. This process should be carried out in an integrated manner, in accordance with international agreements, which should ensure that the management practises and instruments of the countries concerned are compatible. In conclusion, it is proposed that states should lay down specific goals and guidelines for monitoring, usage and oversight of water supplies.

Author (s) Details

Olga Kelman Brocki Calhman
Environmental Water Resources Laboratory, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Monica de Aquino Galeano Massera da Hora
Environmental Water Resources Laboratory, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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Investigation and Assessment of the Demarcation Method for Federal Riverine and Accreted Lands: Case Study of the Rio de Janeiro State Section of the South Paraíba River | Chapter 1 | Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 2

Government planning and, in particular, continuous monitoring are important to support land use and environmental planning. When there is no such supervisory intervention, in areas belonging to the federal government or in areas that should be protected, population occupation and expansion will occur, thus impairing the social and environmental balance. This study analyses the Brazilian Federal Heritage Department's riverine and accreted land demarcation system and proposes to add the flow rate corresponding to the two-year recurrence period, as suggested by the State Environmental Institute of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The case study of the Paraiba do Sul River portion of Rio de Janeiro was investigated, and the findings indicate that the system of the Federal Heritage Department does not take into account the current anthropization of the river, primarily due to the development and operation of hydroelectric power plants. Furthermore, it was found that the limnimetric scales of the studied gauging stations are affected by frequent changes in the riverbed and occupation of the riverbank, making it difficult to estimate the extent of ordinary floods. The study concludes by recommending the adoption of a flow rate with a two-year recurrence period and the simulation of runoff conditions for average ordinary flood line demarcation. It is assumed that at each gauging station or place of interest, the demarcation of the MOFL along a river should not be individually assessed because the river has its own complex flow. In order to evaluate the water levels corresponding to floods with a RI of 2 years, future studies should therefore model the hydrodynamic runoff conditions of the Rio de Janeiro portion of the Paraíba do Sul River and then validate these levels on site through topo-bathymetric surveys.

Author (s) Details

Jussara Stutz Oliveira
Programa de Planejamento Energético da COPPE, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Monica de Aquino Galeano Massera da Hora
Environmental Water Resources Laboratory, Department of Agricultural and Environmental Engineering, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Marcos Aurélio V. de Freitas
Programa de Planejamento Energético da COPPE, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

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Pragmatics: Why do We Need It? | Book Publisher International

In culture, interactions between individuals are inevitable. Many invisible meanings give space to these interactions. Whose inquiry is known as pragmatics. Pragmatics, in other words, is the linguistic area in which invisible meanings are found. The manner in which language is used is dealt with. The meaning of the speaker, the meaning of the word, or even the meaning of the sentence, the context, the understanding of the listener, the language used, are taken into account. The way that social distance is conveyed is often focused on what is communicated rather than what is said. Pragmatics considers debate as an agency. No one is able to talk the way he wants in a given situation. There are norms, say criteria to be collected for every situation to be legitimised. As meaning is not external to the context waiting to be taken, we need pragmatics as a useful tool for taming darkness in communication. Rather, it is the product of the complex behaviour of the participants of the debate, ranging from explanations, effects and implications.

Author(s) Details

Zorobi Philippe TOH
Alassane Ouattara University, Côte d’Ivoire.

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Covid-19 Crisis and Lessons to be Learnt from the Nordic Countries |Chapter 11 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

This paper offers a comparative study of how developed countries were impacted by the 2020 Covid-19 pandemic, how the Nordic countries of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland and Iceland were prepared to cope with the crisis, and what other countries might benefit from this specific model of crisis management and growth.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Rama Seth
Finance Department, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark.

Debdipto Banerjee
Finance Department, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark.

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The Tourist Perceived Risk towards Travel Intention |Chapter 10 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

The perceived risk effects on destination choices and travel behaviour were established by previous tourism scholars. The relationship between the risk perceived by tourists and the intention of tourists to travel was not much explored, especially in the Malaysian context, but current studies indicate a close relationship between them. This chapter aims to explore the impact on their travel intentions of visiting Malaysia of the perception of risks by tourists. Furthermore, it is stated in the literature that there is still not enough empirical evidence to understand how the perception of tourist risk affects the intention of travelling to visit Malaysia. Western tourists who have never visited Malaysia before will be the respondents to this survey. The data from this research will be analysed using the structural equation modelling of the least square partial (SEM-PLS). This study would help the authorities, in particular for foreign visitors, in improving shortcomings and changing the policies needed to create a better tourism experience. This research will extend the awareness of risks and travel intentions associated with this field of study in general and with Malaysia in particular.

Author (s) Details

Zaimatul Awang
Faculty of Hospitality, Tourism and Wellness, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia.

Dr. Nik Alif Amri Nik Hashim
Faculty of Hospitality, Tourism and Wellness, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia.

Dr. Derweanna Bah Simpong
Faculty of Hospitality, Tourism and Wellness, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia.

Mohd Ashraf Kamarul Zaman
Division of Administration and Finance, Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources, Malaysia.

Mursyda Mahshar
Faculty of Business and Management, Universiti Teknologi MARA Kedah, Malaysia.

Khairun Najihah Sabri
Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.

Dr. Nur Izzati Mohamad Anuar
Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia.

Dr. Ruzanifah Kosnin
Faculty of Hospitality, Tourism and Wellness, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia.

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Monitoring the Internal Resources Mobilization and Financial Control of Government Budget in Southwest Nigeria |Chapter 9 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

 The Nigerian budgeting history has been under both the military and the civilian regimes since independence. The exact stages of budgeting procedures can not really be specified under the military. The effect of the mobilisation of internal resources and financial regulation of the government budget in Southwest Nigeria was explored in this report. The research centred on all southwestern states over a 15-year period (2003 to 2017). Along with trend analysis, pooled OLS estimation, fixed effect estimation and random effect estimation were used in the research. The result showed a significant trend in the output of resource mobilisation, although the strength of fluctuation across the sampled states differed. Internally generated income, calculated in terms of revenue budgeted actual variance (0.407566,p=0.000 < 005) and expenditure budgeted actual variance (0.1694784, p=0.000 < 0.05), has a positive effect on government financial management. This study concluded that the mobilisation of internal capital has had a substantial positive effect on the extent of financial regulation of Southwest Nigeria's government budget. The study identified the significance of internally generated revenue in the implementation and control of the discussion budget in Southwest Nigeria. In order to increase the level of financial control in the government budget process, the state government in southwestern Nigeria should therefore ensure adequate revenue generation within the states.

Author (s) Details

O. Olaoye Festus
Department of Accounting, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

Akadi, Omolara
Department of Accounting, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.

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Long-Term Talent Development in Motorsports |Chapter 8 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

To produce more motorcycle racers, Spain, Italy, and Japan consider it important. Racers' contributions to the production of bikes are substantial. In exchange, this benefits the economy by providing work prospects for young people. Identification of talent starts with the identification of potential racers to the highest level, which is MotoGP, at the pocket bike level. As both a student and a racer, this paper explores the dualist nature of young talents. The goal of the study is to identify the main elements in this field that influence their career growth. The research used a qualitative approach and interviewed two racers (13-19 years old) who took part in the Malaysian Super Series and Cub Prix and two owners of the racing team. The knowledge was obtained over a span of three months. In order to recognise major trends in the nurture of motorsport talents, the knowledge was analysed. The findings revealed the main aspects of motorsports talent growth. In the identification and development of talent and in the potential career of youth talent as professional racers, attributes and enthusiasm are necessary. Their engagement in the long-term production of motorsport talent can be affected by collaborations with educational institutions (in terms of information sharing through research activities). There is a growing need for academic support to ensure the successful long-term development of youth racers from the first instance of identification to the professional level. In addition, variables such as preparation, diet, time management, and discipline are also major determinants of the success of a youth racer. Most interviewees acknowledged that racers faced career difficulties as they received insufficient and inappropriate advice to become a professional racer in the final stage of the socialisation process and specialisation. The opportunities in motor sports are big, and they need to be based on too much attention. Some concerns involve the ministry and independent organisations to take action, which will impact policy making and activities within the track.

Author (s) Details

A. R. Syarizal
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.

A. W. Norailis
Universiti Sains Islam, Malaysia.

M. N. Mohd. Firdaus
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.

A. Z. Mohd. Khir
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.

A. H. Mohd. Hafzal
Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Malaysia.

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Monitring the Total Quality Management Practices and Their Effects on the Quality Performance of Jordanian Private Hospitals |Chapter 7 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

The healthcare delivery service becomes more complicated, demanding, and sophisticated for leaders, vendors, and employees because of the competitive, nuanced, and dynamic environment in which hospitals work. This study aims to assess the level of implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) and analyse the relationship between TQM dimensions and quality performance in the accredited As the primary collection of data, the analysis used a survey questionnaire. 330 were the total respondents used, with 140 respondents from five Private Jordanian Hospitals, resulting in a response rate of 42.4 percent. To research data analyses, confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) and multiple linear regression were used. The findings showed that the degree of implementation of TQM at Private Jordanian Hospitals was high. In addition, TQM dimensions with quality performance were found to be important. The study found that dedication to leadership and quality support, strategic quality planning, data and knowledge, training and interaction, customer focus, and continuous improvement have been found to have major impacts on quality efficiency. The results presented empirical evidence that in the accredited Jordanian Private Hospitals, the TQM implementation level was high. This research will raise the interest of TQM's essential strategy, which could help managers of hospitals have an improved understanding of the benefits of TQM practise and thus enable quality performance within their hospitals.

Author (s) Details

Sultan Alshourah
Business Department, College of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan.

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Monitoring the Influence of Scale of Operation and Farmers’ Risk Aversion on Sugarcane Productivity in Nandi County, Kenya |Chapter 6 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

Aims: Sugarcane ranks among the top ten commercial crops grown in Kenya, but there has been a decline in its productivity. For agricultural products such as ethanol and by-products such as molasses that are used as livestock feed, among other applications, it is a major source of sugar for human consumption. This research examined the effect on productivity of the size of farm operations and the risk aversion of farmers. The risk aversion was focused on the perceived risks of farmers associated with new, early maturing, high yielding varieties.

Study Design: Ex post facto research design was adopted by the survey study.

Location and length of the study: The study was carried out along a sugarcane growing belt in Nandi County, Western Kenya. Between April and September, 2019, data was gathered.

Methodology: To obtain data from a sample of 198 respondents, an enumerator-administered questionnaire was used. To pick participants, purposeful and stratified random sampling techniques were used. With the assistance of SPSS Version 20, data was analysed. The Chi square test and its associated strength of association scale, Cramer's V, were used to estimate variables' relationships. To test for yield differences between classes, Welch's ANOVA (W-test) was performed. Post hoc experiments using the Games-Howell test to differentiate the means were subject to major variations.

Results: There was a strong correlation between the operating scale and the productivity of the farmers; x ² (2, N = 198) = 14.11, P = .001, V = .267. Productivity dependent on W-test (P = .001) was significantly affected by farmers' scale of activity. Per unit of land, medium-scale farms were substantially more productive than both small and large-scale farms. Sugarcane productivity was correlated with risk aversion as calculated by perceived risks of moving to new varieties; x ² (2, N = 198) = 9.25, P =.01, V = .216. There were slightly lower yields compared to low risk (P = .001) for those who considered high risks associated with new varieties.

Conclusion: The report concludes that the size of farm operations has had a substantial effect on the production of sugarcane. Compared to the medium scale, small-scale and large-scale farmers experienced poor sugarcane productivity. Risk aversion among farmers has seemed to have a negative effect on the productivity of sugar cane. Capacity building of farmers on best practises in crop management and methods for risk management is recommended.

Author (s) Details

Joseph Kipkorir Cheruiyot
School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Kabianga, Kenya.

Nelly Sang
School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Kabianga, Kenya.

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Religious Tourism Motives and Experiences of Visitors to Selected Religious Sites in Camarines Sur, Philippines |Chapter 5 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

In recent years, pilgrimage has been considered one of the world's rising activities for people. The presence of numerous religious sites and activities in the Philippines makes it more important to promote pilgrimage or religious tourism, particularly in the region of Bicol, where the home of Ina is popularly known as Our Lady of the Virgin Peñafrancia. In addition, further understanding of the intentions and behaviours of religious travellers is considered essential. This paper thus analysed the motivating factors of religious tourism (religious and secular) and the experiences of tourists to selected holy sites using a descriptive research tool. Religious motives were found to prevail substantially as very important reasons for tourists to set out on the journey compared to secular motives that are considered not to be very important motivators for travel to religious sites. This suggests that religious tourists are inspired by their innate spiritual desire, such as the fulfilment of religious beliefs and the fulfilment of religious interest (faith and practice). Their experiences were primarily studied for spiritual (religious) engagement rather than for tourism activities (secular). It can also be observed that pilgrimage destinations and/or sites have become a multifunctional nature that welcomes visitors in general with the rise of travellers for religious tourism, whether for religious or secular reasons. It is also very difficult to balance tourists who have come for religious and secular purposes, so it is crucial to consider the critical positions of church managers and a regional tourism organisation.

Author (s) Details

Niño R. Rebuya
Tourism Management Department, Partido State University—San Jose Campus, San Jose, Camarines Sur, Philippines.

Dr. Emy S. Lasarte
Partido State University—San Jose Campus, San Jose, Camarines Sur, Philippines.

Dr. Mericia Mila A. Amador
Partido State University—San Jose Campus, San Jose, Camarines Sur, Philippines.

Dr. Gina R. De la Roca
Partido State University—San Jose Campus, San Jose, Camarines Sur, Philippines.

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Descriptive Study on the New Political Economy Models on Contemporary Foreign Trade Policy |Chapter 4 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

Trade interfaces with many other areas of governance, including macroeconomic policy, intellectual property, security of the environment, health and employment. The main purpose of the article is to illustrate the latest models of the political economy of contemporary foreign trade policy. New developments in international business, the effect of rising global supply chains on the political economy of trade and the motivation of countries to cooperate in trade policies and the growing importance of bilateral agreements in foreign trade policy are the focus of the discussion and the theoretical contribution of the research programme undertaken. It should be stressed that a few multinational corporations are responsible for a large share of world trade. On the one side, in order to lower trade costs, these companies should encourage regulatory harmonisation through various Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). On the other hand, in order to discourage new entrants from entering markets, they may also oppose harmonisation and promote such non-tariff measures. It must be emphasised that WTO members must, in particular with developing countries, establish new ways of finding common ground through financial, economic and trade assistance, even because of the value of agriculture, in order to negotiate mutual benefits from international trade and, first of all, from new foreign trade policy models. This may partially explain the persistence of regulatory divergence, and indicates that regulatory convergence may be a more dynamic political economy than is often assumed.

Author (s) Details

Professor Zdzisław W. Puślecki
Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.

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Monitoring the Performance of Dividend ETFs: The Study of the Spillover and Leverage Effects |Chapter 3 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

The dividend payout policy is calculated as one of the crucial financial decisions, and shareholder interests and the potential growth of a company may be influenced by dividend payments. The purpose of this analysis is to recognise the presence of spillover and leverage impact of high yield and low yield dividend ETF returns and return volatility on the monitoring of market price indices and vice versa. Authors use the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity-in-Mean-Autoregressive Moving Average (GARCH-M-ARMA) and the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity-in-Mean Autoregressive Moving Average (EGARCH-M-ARMA) Exponentially Generalized. The six ETFs listed in the etfdb.com database's Top 100 ETFs and their underlying indices are chosen to represent the category of high and low dividend yield ETFs. The results show that in a group of low yield dividend ETFs the spillover effect on return is more prevalent, whereas in a group of high yield dividend ETFs the spillover effect on return volatility is more prevalent. In the case of the leverage effect, the negative asymmetric volatility effect is more likely to arise when considering the positive asymmetric volatility effect in all ETFs and in the market index. This study offered a summary of the relationship between return and risk management through an investment decision based on Exchange-Traded Funds dividend yield (ETFs). Some limitations remain, however, such as the identification of high and low dividend ETFs, which are still very easy. By applying some crucial approach to the yield calculation and description of the ETF, future researchers will enhance it.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Dang Trung Kien
Faculty of Business Administration, Thai Nguyen University of Economics and Business Administration, Vietnam.

Prof. Jo-Hui Chen
Department of Finance, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan.

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Assessment of Total Factor Productivity and Environmental Efficiency of the Most Important Cereals Crops in Egypt | Chapter 2 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

Despite the circumstances of Egyptian agriculture, it remains significant, in particular because of its share in the gross domestic product and the direct and indirect employment opportunities it provides to other sectors and the provision of raw materials to that sector. The aim of this paper is to estimate changes in the sources and components of the overall productivity of the key cereal crop factors in Egypt in the presence and absence of emissions of carbon dioxide and to estimate the environmental impact assessment of changes in the productivity of such crops. In addition to (Malmquist, 1953), the study applied parameter analysis methods and non-parameterized estimation methods, which is one of the most significant metrics of measuring productivity changes and relies on a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to assess efficiency and changes in TFP productivity and classify the causes of productivity changes through changes in technical competencies.

Results: wheat crop: In estimating the shift in the different efficiencies of the wheat crop with CO2 emissions, it was evident that the decrease in technological change (TC) during the study period and, thus, the decrease in the average change in the total productivity factor (TFP), while without the impact of CO2 emissions, the average change in the total productivity factor (TFPc) is indicative of an increase in the average change in the total productivity factor (TFP).

Rice crop: In estimating the shift in the different efficiencies of the rice crop with CO2 emissions, it became evident that the decrease in the mean technological change (TC) resulted in an improvement in the average change in the overall overall productivity productivity factor (TFP) of the rice crop, while, without CO2 emissions, the mean change in the overall productivity factor (TFPc) of the study areas was higher.

Summer maize crops: it was apparent that the average technological change (TC) for summer maize crops with CO2 emissions decreased during the study period and thus decreased the average change in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) but without CO2, increased the annual average change in technical efficiency (TEC) and decreased the average change in technology (TCF) and decreased the annual average change in technological efficiency (TCF) (TFPc).

The importance of technical efficiency with CO2 emissions is lower than without CO2 emissions, which means that, due to the environmental effect of emissions, the real efficiency of wheat is lower, which means that the Egyptian agricultural policy should concentrate more on increasing the pace of technological progress or innovation in agriculture.

Author (s) Details

Ahmed A. El-Rasoul
Department of Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21545, Egypt.

Alaa M. Ramadan
Department of Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21545, Egypt.

E. El-Seify
Department of Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21545, Egypt.

Sameh M. Shehab
Department of Economics and Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, P.O. Box 21545, Egypt.

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If Going From Free Markets to Free Markets Is the Science Based Approach: What is Then the Model Structure, Price Structure, Choice Structure and the Knowledge Structure and Related Gaps of the 2012 Paradigm Shift From Perfect Traditional Market to Perfect Green Market Thinking? | Chapter 1 | Insights into Economics and Management Vol. 5

They switch from free market to free market or from perfect market to perfect market to preserve or honour the concept of theory-practice continuity as paradigm shifts. The internalisation of external costs in the pricing process of the industry is a necessary and essential condition for a perfect transition to take place. And four items are supposed to happen at the same time when a change takes place: a shift in the model structure, a shift in the price structure, a shift in the option structure, and a shift in the information structure that creates differences in the process model, price, choice, and knowledge. There was a paradigm shift from perfect conventional markets to perfect green markets in 2012, which poses a very interesting question: if the science-based solution is to transition from free markets to free markets: what then is the model structure, price structure, option structure and the knowledge structure and related gaps of the 2012 paradigm shift from perfect traditional market to perfect green market This paper's main objective is to provide an answer to this issue.

Author (s) Details

Lucio Muñoz
Independent Qualitative Comparative Researcher, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

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Cutting Edge on Molecular Mechanisms of Skin Ageing and Its Rational Anti-Aging Treatments and Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis | Book Publisher International

In terms of the abnormality of the barrier and water functions in the stratum corneum and its related causes, such as ceramides and their metabolites, this book discusses the physiological and biochemical basis for atopic phenotypes. Biological effects of astaxanthine (AX) xanthophyll carotenoid to avoid UV-induced cutaneous inflammation, abnormal keratinization, pigmentation and wrinkling in a reactive oxygen-independent manner of depletion and post-irradiation therapy. The respective intracellular signalling mechanisms in human keratinocytes (HKs) and human melanocytes were determined by the analysis (HMs). The results strongly supported the hypothesis that unknown tumorigenic variables activate keratinocytes to continually produce TNF due to potential accumulated DNA damage caused by previous repeated UVB exposures. The study also showed that the upregulated activity of elastase derived from fibroblast skin plays a pivotal role in skin wrinkling and/or sagging due to impaired elastic fibre configuration and subsequent loss of elasticity in the skin. With regard to melanocyte activation mechanisms and therapeutic topical therapy, it is strongly suggested that the combined treatment of an endothelin signalling blocker and a tyrosinase inhibitor is a beneficial therapeutic inhibitor, based on the above findings of the melanocyte activation mechanism in SLs as well as the clinical efficacy obtained using an endothelin signalling blocker and a tyrosinase inhibitor.

Author(s) Details

Genji Imokawa
Professor for Center for Bioscience Research & Education, Utsunomiya University, 350 Mine Utsunomiya, Tochigi 321-8505, Japan and Visiting Professor for Research Institute for Biological Functions, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan.

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Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Business and Management Dynamics | Book Publisher International

This book covers various fields such as digital sophistication, brand management, branding, cross-country research, omnichannel, leadership style, creative behaviour, creativity, components, South Africa, Black Friday, consumer value, customer loyalty, Generation Y, cognitive resources, quality of service, dimensions of service quality, customer satisfaction, airports, structuring, quick-cash, utility maximizers, HR practitioners, recruitment, sustainability, institutional philosophy, atmosphere, policy, five main personality factors, work satisfaction, job efficiency, access to finance, infrastructure, management skills, education level, small business enterprise, entrepreneurship, youth entrepreneurship, Chad, support for entrepreneurship, marketing communication resources (advertising, personal sales, advertising), SMEs, Retail Companies, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), Professional Sport, Socially Responsible Marketing, Training Effectiveness, Training Outcomes, Testing Methodology Workshop, Public Service, Talent Appeal, Talent Retention, Financial Incentives, Non-Financial Rewards, Tertiary Institutions, Competitiveness, Destination Branding, Metrics, Nelson Mandela Bay, Tourism, Organizational Rewards, Tourism Preference for code, ethnography, linguistic environment, multilingualism, cost control, performance of organisations, small and medium-sized enterprises, budget, costing based on operation, standard costing, trade, regionalism, uncertainty, township economy, shebeen, taverns, liquor, market stakeholders, licences, market orientation, policy, strategic orientation, public, private sector, advertisement, ethnography.

Author(s) Details

Michael Twum-Darko
Faculty of Business and Management Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa.

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Sustainable Biological Life instead of Sustainable Development | Book Publisher International

It can be inferred on the basis of the evidence that such energetic and significant processes have occurred on our closed Planet since the emergence of the first living unit, quite different from the initial ones of its abiotic physical existence. The changes became more intense after the formation of the first human-like beings. The fundamental issue at present is that not only has the quantity of CO2, other substrates and heat released from various sources continuously increased, but that the processes that denature our ecosystem have also been carried out as a result of the growing number of human beings and farm animals.

Author(s) Details

Ralovich Béla
Ministry of Welfare (Retired), Budapest, Pin Code: 1054, Hungary.

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Critical Study of ŋ-Ricci Soliton on f-Kenmotsu Manifolds | Chapter 14 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

 

The objective of the paper is to study ŋ -Ricci soliton on an Einstein like Ricci tensor in f-Kenmotsu manifold. Further we have study curvature tensor R satisfying generalised recurrent , R(U₁ , U₂) . M_p= 0 and Mp (ɻ,U₁) . S = 0.

Author (s) Details

G. S. Shivaprasanna
Department of Mathematics, Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560056, India.

Md. Samiul Haque
Department of Mathematics, Acharya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru-560107, India.

G. Somashekhara
Department of Mathematics, M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru-560058, India.


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Entropy of Irreversible Processes across a Boundary | Chapter 13 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

Different from the traditional theory of irreversible thermodynamics, a novel approach has been provided for calculating the entropy associated with irreversible processes. It allows for a clear relation, in terms of observable properties, between heat and work transfers in irreversible processes and those in reversible changes. The same technique is applied to thermodynamic state construction

Functions which are not limited to reversible phenomena anymore. The results are then used to create line integrals associated with the flow of heat, function, and matter across a junction for the contribution of irreversible processes to the entropy. Relevant examples are given to explain the procedure; they relate to temperature and volume changes and to the cycling of systems across a thin membrane communicating with a reservoir.

Author (s) Details

Jurgen Michael Honig
Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.

Ross Hoehn
Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907, USA.

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The Pure Gases' Thermophysical Data Computer Aided Analysis | Chapter 12 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

In order to investigate molecular interactions and cluster parameters, a computer-aided analysis of thermophysical data from electronic databases for pure gases has been developed. As an advanced forum for education in thermodynamics, pure gases can be used. This method is based on the corresponding expansion of thermophysical values by degrees of monomer fraction density in the Mass Action Law sequence. In this process, the series expansion terms directly represent the properties of the corresponding cluster fractions, unlike the viral expansion by total density powers. Among thermophysical properties, internal energy was selected as the most informative for this process. The thermal analysis of its series expansion coefficients allows the temperature dependencies of the parameters of the pair bond, the bond energies of the clusters and the equilibrium constants, the soft structural transitions between the dominant cluster isomers, to be calculated. The application of the method to various pure gases, including van der Waals noble and molecular gases, and polar molecular interactions, brings the characteristics of unknown clusters of gases under investigation. The Thermal Area  No trivial isotopic effects are shown by the study of ordinary and heavy water vapours. In addition to dispersion forces, the unpredictable growth of pair bond energy with temperature in Alkanes points to the presence of certain unknown molecular interaction forces in hydrocarbons. High bond-energy values for polar molecular clusters open up opportunities for alternative investigative approaches, including spectroscopic methods. The complex use of computer-added methods of analysis and spectroscopy can be very productive.

Author (s) Details

Boris Sedunov
Computer and Information Systems Department, Russian New University (ROSNOU) Moscow, Russia.

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An Overview of Nature’s Particulate Matter with and without Charge and Travelling | Chapter 11 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

In wind flows, natural and anthropogenic particles can travel long distances, but negative electrical charge can increase dispersion due to friction. As can be seen by disasters such as Chernobyl in Russia with around 6000 kilometres or the Daiichi nuclear power plant disaster in Fukushima, Japan, which covers almost the entire Northern Hemisphere or more than 20,000 kilometres of flying particles, particles could move long distances. The theoretical method never calculates models for the measurement of distance transport of biological particulate matter with and without charge. Nor do we know that we are able to measure real distances If we take into account the charges on particles. Friction is encountered by objects that move through the air. Friction can be characterised in two ways; either with its viscous forces in a smooth constant way through the air, or in turbulent chaotic eddies and vortices and other flow instabilities. It may be defined as a lower Reynolds number than one in the case of only viscous forces, while In all other environments, numbers greater than or equal to one must always be represented by Reynolds. This article describes the measured effects on particles, either as a low Reynolds number and thus as a Navier-Stokes equation or Stokes' Law, or as an equivalent or higher Reynolds number according to Newton's Third Law in the case of non-laminar and complex powers. In addition, with evidence of long distance dispersion of natural particulate matter, some striking examples of particle travel are given.

Author (s) Details

Bob W. N. J. Ursem
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Botanic Garden Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.

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A Recent Study on Frequency-dependent Squeezing Generation with EPR Entanglement| Chapter 10 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

The sensitivity of gravitational wave interferometric detectors is ultimately limited by the quantum noise, which arises from the quantum nature of light and it is driven by vacuum fluctuations of the optical field entering from the dark port of the interferometer. One way to improve the sensitivity of gravitational wave interferometers is to inject squeezed vacuum into the dark port. This has been The key gravitational wave detectors (GEO, Advanced LIGO and Advanced VIRGO) have already been seen. We are researching tricks to generate a 'frequency-dependent squeezing': a typical approach is one or more optical cavities (300 m long cavities) to filter the squeezed optical field. An alternative method uses a pair of squeezed EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) entangled beams to produce frequency beams (Optical Parametric Oscillator) This text will be discussed. Without the need for an external filter cavity, this approach promises to achieve a frequency-dependent optimisation of the injected squeezed light fields. Improving the sensitivity of the GW interferometric detectors would increase the quality and quantity of GW observations, enabling a deeper study of the sky and unexpected findings.

Author (s) Details

B. Garaventa
Department of Physics, University of Genova, Italy and INFN section of Genova, Italy.

M. Bawaj
Department of Physics and Geology, University of Perugia and INFN Perugia, Italy.

M. De Laurentis
Department of Physics, University of Napoli “Federico II", Italy and INFN Napoli, Italy.

S. Di Pace
Department of Physics, University of Roma “La Sapienza", Italy and INFN Roma1, Italy.

B. D'Angelo
Department of Physics, University of Genova, Italy and INFN Genova, Italy

I. Khan
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France.

L. Naticchioni
Department of Physics, University of Genova, Italy and INFN Genova, Italy.

C. Nguyen
Department of Physics, University of Paris-Diderot, APC Laboratory, France.

V. Sequino
Department of Physics, University of Napoli “Federico II", Italy and INFN Napoli, Italy.

F. Sorrentino
Department of Physics, University of Genova, Italy and INFN Genova, Italy.

J. P. Zendri
INFN Padova, Italy.

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Negative Weight Modular Forms and Black Hole Entropy: Logarithmic Corrections| Chapter 9 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

We present a method of finding logarithmic corrections, up to an arbitrary order, of different quantities, such as black hole entropy in extreme CFT, or the entropy of p-branes compactified on a Kaluza-Klein space-time, by way of an elementary observation on the equivalent formulation of a certain asymptoticity in terms of a Bessel equation. In the more general mathematical context of negative weight modular forms, we indicate how some of the known work of physicists can be interpreted. A few minor mistakes are corrected in the literature. A good description of the paper is given in the concluding remarks in section 5.

Author (s) Details

Floyd. L. Williams
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003, United States.

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General Review of Theory, Experiment, and History of Electrogravitics & Electrokinetics Propulsion| Chapter 8 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

T can be traced to electrogravitics and electrokinetics. The first essay by Townsend Brown, "How I Control Gravity" (Science and Invention, 1929) with the "molecular gravitors" mysterious alignment. Brown stated that when the "differently charged elements" were aligned with the voltage source, the dielectrics had high propulsive power. In the article "Gravity Nullified: Quartz Crystals Charged by High Frequency Currents Lose Their Weight" that appeared two years earlier in the same magazine in September 1927, electrogravitics could also be revealed. The editors had a change of heart, but they rescinded the article in the next issue. A great deal of what we know about T. T. Brown, T. Brown

From his various patents and articles, reprinted by this author in Electrogravitics Systems Volume I, who was lucky to correspond with him when he was at the University of Florida in 1981. The out-of-print novel, Ether-Technology: A Logical Approach to Gravity-Control by Rho Sigma (1977), and the recent Defying Gravity: The Parallel Universe of T. contain a selection of his extensive correspondence. Paul Schatzkin, Townsend Brown (2009, Embassy Books). A five-minute online Brown-Bahnson Lab video also demonstrates many of the experimental models that Brown built for 1960 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rp4hygoD3RU) with colleague Agnew Bahnson. It is hoped and predicted that with the advanced technology that is anticipated from the introduction of electrokinetics and probably electrogravitics, civilian research will finally catch up with the current back-engineered propulsion systems of the black project.

Author (s) Details

Thomas F. Valone
R&D Department, Integrity Research Institute, Beltsville, MD, USA.

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Discussion on the Energy Conservation Paradox of Quantum Physics | Chapter 7 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

This paper claims that quantum theory falls into a fundamental conflict with the concepts of energy conservation inferred from the interacting systems' statistical evolution. By the principles of Lagrangian mechanics, the gist is the energy of processes, leaving their energy associated with phase flows of non-invariant phase volume out of account. The quantum theory takes this fact into account, but This is wrongly performed. By posing paradoxes and a case study, we illustrate that. The term vortex energy was invoked for classification to prove the paradoxes, but we have provided the material for rethinking traditional practise with its values.

Author (s) Details

Dr. V. E. Shapiro
Vancouver BC, Canada.

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The Emergence and Evolution of the Universe Lev Z. | Chapter 6 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

The world's cosmological representation is complemented by the incorporation of virtual objects, mass defect phenomena, entropic interaction, and bifurcation. Space is known as an infinite homogeneous multiplicity of virtual point objects with a certain energy during the time before the emergence of our Universe and are capable of transitioning into a real state of certain masses, electrical charges, and sizes once at permanent local density and energy fluctuations. THE presence of such virtual point objects is explained on the basis of the phenomenon of mass defects known in nuclear physics and the fact that, in homogeneous space, the resulting sum of all the forces acting on the object is equal to zero. It is shown that with the appearance and subsequent evolution of our Universe, the entropic changes induced by irreversible fluctuations could have contributed to bifurcation and created the "Big Bang" event. The likelihood of the bifurcation set and consequent "Big" The occurrences of the Bang, the origin of the related worlds, the time of their occurrence, and the original localization are discussed. Using the Least Action Principle and Le Chatelier's Principle, the probability of transitioning virtual objects into a real state is proven. It is shown that this is a first-order phase transition that is followed by energy radiation, symmetry violation, mass presence, electrical charge, motion, and other real-state entity attributes. The "negative" and "standard" gravity, the "negative pressure" and the "inflationary" duration of our Universe's expansion The entropic interaction between objects is explained as realisations. The' Corpuscular-Wave and Corpuscular-Field dualisms' are used to describe the evolution of the Universe, being a representation of the Concepts of Complementarity and Equivalence. It addresses the Anthropic Theory.

Author (s) Details

Lev Z. Vilenchik
Felicitex Therapeutics, 27 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA 01760, USA.

Maria Vilenchik
Felicitex Therapeutics, 27 Strathmore Road, Natick, MA 01760, USA.

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Discussion on the Problem of Eigenschaften in Quantum and Classical Mechanics | Chapter 5 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

We argue that measurements in quantum mechanics, unlike classical physics, can provide concurrent information on all relevant relative amplitudes (pure states and transitions between them) and all relevant relative phases at the same time. Because measurement changes the state of the system, simultaneity is required (in both quantum and in classical physics). We call it holographic detection of the measurement process. It is defined mathematically by a set of self-adjoint mutually commuting operators which are similar and closely related to projections. Explicit examples are given The general features of the corresponding experimental setup that we define as the quantum reference frame are discussed and discussed. There is no reason to expect that an appropriate representation of the original object will not be given by the image obtained. It seems that now we are well prepared to formulate quantum mechanics' complex (relativistic) laws. That should eventually contribute to a deeper understanding of the geometry of the continuum of space-time.

Author (s) Details

Daniel Sepunaru
RCQCE - Research Center for Quantum Communication, Holon Academic Institute of Technology, 52 Golomb St., Holon 58102, Israel.

Uzi Notev
IAI, Israel.

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Critical Study on Vector Matrices Realization of Hurwitz Algebras | Chapter 4 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

In terms of 2x2 vector matrices, we present the realisation of Hurwitz algebras that preserve the correspondence between the geometry of vector spaces used in classical physics and the underlined algebraic basis of quantum theory. A variation to the one originally proposed by M.Zorn is the multiplication rule used. We show that our multiplication is not necessarily nonassociative; the realisation is commutative and associative of the real and complex numbers, the real quaternions preserve associativity, and an alternative algebra is generated by the real octonion matrices. The-the Extending the arbitrary dimensions to the calculus of matrices (matrix elements valued with Hurwitz algebra) is straightforward. The applications of the results obtained to the extensions of the standard Hilbert space formulation of quantum physics and to the mechanical alternative wave formulation of classical field theory are briefly discussed.

Author (s) Details

Daniel Sepunaru
RCQCE - Research Center for Quantum Communication, Holon Academic Institute of Technology, 52 Golomb St., Holon 58102, Israel.

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Study on Universes Being Invisible on Earth Outside the Portals Are Visible in Portals | Chapter 3 | New Insights into Physical Science Vol. 11

 In order to justify relativistic formulas obtained therein within the space of real numbers, the developers of the new version of the special theory of relativity had to use the concept of light speed non-excess. The theory suggested that only our observable world existed and that physical material was absent in imaginary numbers. Since the theory, however, is just a postulate, i.e. an unproven belief, there has always been little legitimacy. The paper refutes the theory of imaginary numbers by the experimentally established physical fact principle. Relativistic formulas of the actual physical existence of imaginary numbers are, as follows, relativistic formulas of the present The STR version is inaccurate and clarified wrongly, and the conclusions drawn from them are mistaken. In other words, this version is inaccurate and, thus, in the 20th century, the STR was not actually developed. In addition, in the 20th century, it could not be produced, as its creation involved experimental data obtained in the 21^st century. An alternative version of the STR containing relativistic formulas corrected by experimental data obtained in the 21^st century is given in the paper. Such formulas say that, instead of the Monoverse formula, Astronomical discoveries in portals, where worlds not observable beyond portals become partly visible, have proven experimental. Constellations seen within the portals in the starry sky are also distinct from those observed in our visible universe. The revised alternative version of the STR reveals the presence of an unseen, and still considerably unknown, universe that the science of the future has yet to explore. The alternative version of the special theory of relativity can also solve other problems of astrophysics successfully. It can explain, in particular, where antimatter is located and why it does not annihilate matter, as As well as the position of tachyons and why they are not  The theory of causality is broken, etc.

Author (s) Details

Alexander Alexandrovich Antonov
Independent Researcher, Kiev, Ukraine.

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