The Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change on Land Use in Port Harcourt: Nigeria | Chapter 13| Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

Land is a natural resource which is a scare commodity. It is therefore important to classify land and
Land Use. The city of Port Harcourt has experienced a lot of changes on Land Uses and Land Cover
which has had an impact on the spatial pattern of the city. This study hopes to identify how the varying climatic changes and elements have affected the spatial pattern of Port Harcourt and to ensure that there is sustainable development. The methodology used was Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing which provided a cost effective and accurate alternative to understanding landscape dynamics. Digital change detection techniques based on multi-temporal and multi-spectral remotely sensed data was also used. Objectives of the Study are to examine the spatial pattern of Port Harcourt between the periods of 1984 –2014. To ascertain how climatic factors have affected the spatial pattern in Port Harcourt. To determine the present state of Land Use and Land Cover in Port Harcourt and how it has been affected by climatic elements. The result of the study showed that there have been climatic deviations in rainfall and temperature values and very obvious changes in the spatial pattern of Land Use and Land Cover between 1984 to 2014. The Built – Up area showed an increase from 16.50% in 1984 to 51.38% in 2014. A lot of development has taken place using up most of the Gallery Forest, Vegetation area and the Water Bodies. Development of Built – Up area needs to be controlled so that all of the vegetation is not used up because the city needs some vegetation to allow the city breath.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Augusta Ayotamuno
Institute of Geosciences and Space Technology (IGST), Rivers State University, Nkpolu-Oroworukwo, (RSU), Port Harcourt, P.M.B. 5080, Nigeria.

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Strategies to Reduce the Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Mobile Sources on the Orizaba Valley, México | Chapter 12 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 The Orizaba Valley is a Mexican region, located at the geographic center of Veracruz State, having

Orizaba City as the main demographic population surrounded by other municipalities, becoming the
fourth metropolitan populated area of Veracruz State. This region has the third position on economic,
historic and cultural relevance at Veracruz State, just after the Veracruz Port and Xalapa City. It was
one of the main places with a vast economic growing during the Viceroyalty of the New Spain, being
an obligatory passing route and resting place between Veracruz Port and Mexico City.
In this project we estimate the magnitude of the Greenhouse Gas emissions coming from mobile
sources at the Orizaba Valley. It includes the urban region of the municipalities of Ixtaczoquitlan,
Orizaba, Río Blanco, Camerino de Mendoza and Nogales. The collected data was processed
according to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change methodology and it was possible to
make the following projections: 1) One baseline scenario and 2) Three scenarios under hypothetical
mitigation strategies that promise to achieve a reduction of GHG emission of 30% from the year 2020
to 2050. Beyond this, also there is a significant reduction in fossil fuels consumption due to the
efficient use of energy. All projections were made by using the Long-range Energy Alternatives
Planning system software.
In addition of the achievement on the GHG emissions reduction goal, it is possible to glimpse an
economic recovery, if and only if, the decision makers of the governments decide to participate in the
international trade of carbon market.

Author(s) Details

Joaquín Pinto-Espinoza
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, México.

Adán Reyes-Pavón
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, México.

Angélica M. Bello-Ramírez
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, México.

Marco A. Benítez-Espíndola
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, México.

Gustavo Alvarado-Kinnell
Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Department, TecNM/Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, México.

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Comprehensive Study on Soil Water and Nitrogen Balance of Maize Using CERES Maize Model in DSSAT | Chapter 14 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

Simulated studies indicated that early sowing i.e 15th April (D1) predicted highest grain yield during all
the years from 1986-2013. Under irrigated conditions increasing levels of N predicted increased grain
and stover yield from N levels up to 90 kg N ha-1. Under irrigated and mulched conditions increased
level of N predicted increase in maize grain and stover yield upto 120 kg N ha-1. Whereas under unirrigated mulched conditions highest grain and stover yield was predicted at 60 kg N ha-1. Maize yield
was also simulated at different sowing dates and in combination with variable spacings and it was
predicted that under irrigated condition closer spacing 40 cm × 20 cm at 15th April sowing recorded
highest grain and stover yield of maize. Under un-irrigated mulched conditions highest grain yield was
predicted at 30th April sowing with spacing 65 cm × 20 cm. Soil water balance under simulation
studies indicated that potential ET was recorded comparatively higher with early sowing date than late
sowing date under both irrigated un-irrigated mulched conditions. Similar trend was recorded with
respect to transpiration under both irrigated and un-irrigated mulched conditions. Simulated soil
evaporation was more in wider spacing than closer spacing. Similar trend was recorded with regard to
simulated run-off. Predicted nitrate content (final) of irrigated soil decreased where under un-irrigated
mulched conditions 15th April (D1) sowing predicted lowest NO3 leaching than later sowing dates.
Under un-irrigated mulched conditions leached nitrate was nominal. Nitrogen denitrification was
comparatively more under un- irrigated mulched conditions than irrigated condition. It is concluded
that DSSAT v 4.5CERES-Maize model is very robust in predicting the growth and yield of maize as
influenced by agrotechniques and could be used in wider perspective.

Author (s) Details


Bilal Ahmed Lone
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Srinagar, India.

Asma Fayaz
Chandigarh University, India.

Sameera Qayoom
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Srinagar, India.

Zahoor Ahmad Dar
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Srinagar, India.

Sandeep Kumar
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Srinagar, India.

Najmah Andrabi
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Srinagar, India.

Mehreen Manzoor

Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Srinagar, India.

Faisal Rasool
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Srinagar, India.

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Decolorization of Biologically Treated Effluents of Waste Molasses and Piggery Wastewater by Fenton Reaction | Chapter 11 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

Waste molasses was diluted to 10%, coagulated with 800 mg/L polyaluminum chloride, and then
treated in an activated sludge sequence batch reactor with a total organic carbon (TOC) loading of 0.2
kg/kg per day. Sodium hypochlorite and 3 mmol of iron sulfate solution were added to the supernatant
in a 1:1 molar ratio. As a result, the treated water had a chromaticity of 14. Biologically treated
livestock wastewater was treated in a continuous Fenton experiment for 6 h using hydrogen peroxide
and iron powder. From an initial color loading of 653, the treated water was significantly decolorized to
84.

Author(s) Details

Hiroyuki Harada
Department of Environmental Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Nanatuka-machi 5562, Shobara-shi, 727-0023, Hiroshima, Japan.

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Impact of Climate Change on Growth and Yield of Maize UsingCERES-Maize Model under Temperate Kashmir | Chapter 15 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 Climate variability has been and continues to be, the principal source of fluctuations in global food

production in countries of the developing world and is of serious concern. Process-based models use
simplified functions to express the interactions between crop growth and the major environmental
factors that affect crops (i.e., climate, soils and management) and many have been used in climate
impact assessments. Average of 10 years weather data from 1985 to 2010, maximum temperature
shows an increasing trend ranges from 18.5 to 20.5°C.This means there is an increase of 2°C within a
span of 25 years. Decreasing trend was observed with respect to precipitation was observed with the
same data. The magnitude of decrease was from 925 mm to 650 mm of rainfall which is almost
decrease of 275 mm of rainfall in 25 years. Future climate for 2011-2090 from A1B scenario extracted
from PRECIS run shows that overall maximum and minimum temperature increase by 5.39°C (±1.76)
and 5.08°C (±1.37) also precipitation will decrease by 3094.72mm to 2578.53 (±422.12) The objective
of this study was to investigate the effects of climate variability and change on maize growth and yield
of Srinagar Kashmir. Two enhanced levels of temperature (maximum and minimum by 2 and 4°C) and
CO2 enhanced by 100 ppm & 200 ppm were used in this study with total combinations of 9 with one
normal condition. Elevation of maximum and minimum temperature by 4°C anthesis and maturity of
maize was earlier 14 days with a deviation of 18% and 26 days with a deviation of 20% respectively.
Increase in temperature by 2 to 4°C alone or in combination with enhanced levels of CO2 by 100 and
200 ppm the growth and yield of maize was drastically declined with an reduction of about 40% in
grain yield. Alone enhancement of CO2 at both the levels fails show any significant impact on maize
yield

Author(s) Details

Dr. Bilal Ahmed Lone
Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India.

Asma Fayaz
Chandigarh University, India

Dr. Purshotam Singh
Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India.

Sameera Qayoom
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar Srinagar, India.

Dr. Zahoor Ahmad Dar
Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India.

Dr. Sandeep Kumar
Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India.


Najmah Andrabi
Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India.


Mehreen Manzoor
Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India.


Dr. Faisal Rasool
Shere-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, India


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Assessing the Impact of Seasonality on Cross River Gorilla Nest Construction at Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary, North-West Cameroon: An Advanced Study | Chapter 9 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

The Cross River gorilla, one of the most endangered subspecies of western gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) is
endemic to 12 to 14 sites at the Cameroon-Nigeria border, where it is facing enormous threats from
habitat loss, bush meat trade and minor climate changes (seasonal changes). In a strive to reduce the
enormous stressors on this subspecies, this study assesses the impact of seasonality on nest
construction by Cross River gorillas in the Kagwene Gorilla Sanctuary with the objective of evaluating
the impact of seasonal changes on the nest construction. To achieve this goal, the study employed a
hunter guided survey team, as well as guides/trackers of the Wildlife Conservation Society. This team
regularly tracks and searches the forest for gorilla signs using vegetation trails, food prints, dung, and
feeding signs which are subsequently followed onwards to the nesting site. Data were collected from
January to December 2014. A total of 268 fresh gorilla nest sites were observed containing 1813
individual nests. Out of the 1813 nests recorded, 39.6% (N=718) of the nests were on the ground
and 60.4% (N=1095) on trees. The frequency of each nest type varied significantly among months
(P =0.4433). There was a significant effect of season on nest category. Ground categories (bare
earth, herbaceous, woody and mixed) were more common in the dry season (74.9%) than in the wet
season (25.1%). On the other hand, tree nests were more common in the wet season (77.4%) than in
the dry season (22.6%). Mean nest diameter for the two seasons (dry and wet) was 1.1 and 1.3 m,
respectively. The mean nest height was 12.5 m for both seasons. Cross River gorillas showed higher
preferences for tree nests within the height class interval of 11 to 15 m (49.6%). The distribution of
nests across gradient of altitudes did not vary significantly between seasons (P>0.05), and nests were
most common on steep slopes (n=810). Seasonality did not significantly affect the choice of slope
(P>0.05). There was a significant difference in the habitat types (primary forest, light gap, secondary
forest and rock) used for nesting, with primary forest being most preferred. Nest site distribution was
predominant in the northern section of the sanctuary. This study reveals that, both temperature and
rainfall play an important role in nest construction by Cross River gorilla at Kagwene.

Author (s) Details

Nkwatoh Athanasius Fuashi
Department of Environmental Science, University of Buea, Cameroon.

Akenji Lesly Nji
Wildlife Conservation Society, Takamanda-Mone Landscape Project, Cameroon.

Melle Maurice Ekane
Department of Environmental Science, University of Buea, Cameroon.

Andrew Fowler
Wildlife Conservation Society, Takamanda-Mone Landscape Project, Cameroon.

Romanus Ikfuingei
World Wide Fund for Nature, Mount Cameroon National Park, Cameroon.

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Unconsidered Role of Electric Forces in Polar Snowair Interactions | Chapter 1 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 Processes that occur inside polar snow cover significantly affect polar atmosphere but they are still

poorly understood. Most studies consider photochemistry as the dominant mechanism of chemical
transformations but recent field data cannot be interpreted only by such photochemical model. A
concept is proposed to consider electric phenomena that are well known to physics but their role was
never analyzed by snow chemistry specialists. But there is a question on how to differentiate
influences of photo effects and electric phenomena. It can be supposed that these factors are not
independent. On the contrary, they reinforce each other and act synergistically.

Author(s) Details

E. Yu. Tkachenko
Department of Antarctic Geoecology, Institute of Geological Science, NAS of Ukraine, Gonchara Str., 55-B, 01054, Kyiv, Ukraine.

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Remediation Rates of Microbes in Polluted Crude Oil Soil | Chapter 6 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

Removal rate of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Content (TPHC) of a crude oil polluted land was
investigated with field experimental data generated from the Research Farm soil at the Federal
University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. The artificially polluted soil using crude oil -
bonny light - with specific gravity of 0.8323 was analyzed. The petroleum contaminant present in the
laboratory soil was 230 mg per kilogram of soil. The other treatment variables used include: Inorganic
fertilizer -FZ (NPK 20:10:10), poultry manure -MP, cow dung -CD and a mixture of the three (ie FZ,
PM & CD) in equal proportion. In addition, natural treatment was allowed to occur as the control
experiment. However, fungi as well as bacteria played an important role in the degradation of
petroleum hydrocarbon. The identified crude oil degrading Fungi are Penicillium notatum, Mucor spp,
Rhizopus stolonifer and Penicillum caseicolum with P. notatum and P. caseicolum (penicillum spp) as
the strongest fungi degraders. On the other hand, the identified degrading Bacteria are Pseudomonas
putida and Bacillus subtilis. These can therefore be isolated and cultured and then employed on
remediation sites either as indigenous or foreign degrading microbes in the engineering of
bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil using the best engineering techniques. The treatment with
mixture of treatment variables proved to be a better option from the results obtained with 82.38 mg/kg
after 9 weeks of remediation followed by fertilizer, 83.13 mg/kg and 86.75 mg/kg for poultry manure.
Cow dung had 105.5 mg/kg and the control had least with 204.50 mg/kg.

Author (s) Details

B. C. Okoro
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

O. A. Nwadike
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology Owerri, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Nigeria.

J. C. Agunwamba

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

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Air Entrainment Vortex Occurrence at Intakes | Chapter 5 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

Water depths in intake structures that are high, increased vortex occurrences. The study showed
decay response function of pumps affect vortex occurrences. Relationship between response function
and time duration of air-entraining vortex occurrence was established. Relationship showed an
increased head loss if air-entraining vortex duration increased. Representation showed pump
response function will peak and fall at specific change in flow rates.

Author(s) Details

B. C. Okoro
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

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Global Warming, Carbon Dioxide, and Sea Level Predictions Based on Paleoclimatology | Chapter 3 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

Climate articles and publications continue to erroneously suggest a one and a half (1.5°C) to two
degrees (2°C) Celsius as an achievable global limit to climate change [1]. A comprehensive review
has found that observationally informed projections of climate science underlying climate change offer
a different outlook of five to six-degree (5-6°C) increase as “most accurate” with regard to present
trends, climate history and models, yielding the most likely outcome for 2100 [2]. A significant
causative triad from 1950 to the present has been identified: The tripling (3x) of world population; the
quadrupling (4x) of carbon emissions; and the quintupling (5x) of energy consumption. This paper
presents a quantitative, linear global temperature link to carbon dioxide levels, which has a short
temporal feedback loop. The Vostok ice core temperature and CO2 values for the past 420,000 years,
with sea level estimates have produced “Hansen’s Graph” [3]. Analysis results in an equation for
global average temperature change and an indebted sea level rise, from any CO2 change. The bestperforming climate change models and observational analysis project more warming than the averagemodel often relied upon [4]. World atmosphere, temperature, and sea level trends for 2100 andbeyond are examined. A CO2 experimental analysis proves its dramatic heat-entrapment versus air which relates to the global atmospheric system. Policy-relevant climate adaptation, including carbon capture, positive individual action, zero and negative emissions are reviewed, including Hansen (1988) projections.

Author(s) Details

Thomas F. Valone,
Integrity Research Institute, Beltsville Maryland, USA.

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A Geoelectrical Investigation of Groundwater Potentials in Dorowa and Its Environs, Plateau State, North Central Nigeria: Recent Study | Chapter 7 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

A geoelectrical investigation for potable groundwater potentials in Dorowa and its environs, Plateau
State, North Central Nigeria has been carried out. The area is part of Jos-Bukuru Younger Granite
Complex and is underlain by seven main rock types namely: Vom Microgranite (Vm), Rayfield Gona
Biotite Granite (RGB), Ngell Biotite Granite (NGB), Vom Hornblende Biotite Granite (VHB), Shen
Hornblende – Fayalite Granite (SHF), Porphyritic Biotite Granite (PBG) and Jos Biotite Granite (JBG).
Interpretation of field structures and GIS data reveal lineaments trending NW-SE and NE-SW. Vertical
electrical soundings conducted within Ngell biotite granite reveals that the area is underlain by three
geoelectric layers. The top layer is mainly made up of laterite at depth between 0 - 5 m with resistivity
values ranging from 79 – 202 Ωm, the second layer is made up of weathered granite at depth
between 3 – 16 m with resistivity between 46 - 396 Ωm and the third layer is made up of slightly
weathered to fresh granite at depths greater than 4 m with resistivity greater than 113 Ωm. The zones
of medium groundwater potential vary from 15 -16 m. Weathering depth in areas of fair water
potentials varies from 13 m – 14 m with the best water potentials on VES 10 and VES 6. Zones of low
groundwater potentials cover most part of the study area at depth less than 12 m.

Author(s) Details
 
M. O. Lekdukun
Department of Earth Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria.

F. A. Akpah
Department of Earth Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria.

F. X. O. Ugodulunwa
Department of Geology and Mining, University of Jos, Nigeria.

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Characteristics, Fertility Status and Fertility Capabiliy Classification of Vertisols along the Benue Floodplain (North Cameroon) | Chapter 4 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

Vertisols are one of the most fertile soils in the World but crop production is often limited by physical
features related to shrink-swell movements under different moisture conditions making management
strategies mostly tilted towards soil moisture control. However, most crops grown on Vertisols often
show signs of nutritional deficiencies whose causes are not yet fully understood. The main aim of the
present work was to characterize the Vertisols of the Benue floodplain of North Cameroon, to highlight
some potential causes of nutritional deficiencies and to attempt a fertility capability classification
(FCC) of those soils. The work was done in the field and in the laboratory. The main results revealed
that those soils, with a depth of 2-2.5 m above the water table, they showed a dark grey and a heavy
clayey texture. Physico-chemically, they showed a high cation exchange capacity (CEC), high sum of
exchangeable bases (S), high base saturation (S/T ratio), low organic carbon (OC), high total
available phosphorus (TAP), low total nitrogen (TN) and moderate to high C/N ratio (10-27). The
nitrogen versus pH equilibrium revealed that despite the suitable pH(H2O), close to neutrality, TN was
potentially deficient and limiting to plant growth. The Ca/Mg/K ratio revealed a cationic imbalance for
Ca, Mg and K. The other equilibrium factors like potassium versus texture, sum of bases versus
texture, CEC versus texture equilibrium and individual exchangeable bases versus CEC equilibrium
revealed a very good chemical fertility. The major constraints to crop production were heavy clayey
texture (C), waterlogging (g), organic matter depletion (m) and vertic properties (v), enabling the
Vertisols to be classified as Cgmv in the FCC system. Despite their high chemical fertility, heavy
clayey texture and cationic imbalance indicated a potentially limited nutritional uptake by plants,
suggesting that management strategies for crop production on Vertisols should not only be geared
towards water management, but also towards nutrient management. Thus, strategies to improve crop
production should include selection of appropriate crop varieties, introduction of suitable cropping
systems and chemical methods (right amounts and combination of nutrients).

Author (s) Details

Primus Azinwi Tamfuh
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon and Department of Mining and Mineral Engineering, National Higher Polytechnic Institute, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bamenda, Cameroon.

Emmanuel Djoufac Woumfo
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Alexis Boukong

Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon.

Fritz Oben Tabi
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon.

Dieudonné Bitom
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon.

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Influence of Temperature and Humidity on the Physiological Indices of Stress in the Obudu Mountain Landscape Environment, Nigeria: Global Perspectives | Chapter 8 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 Stress can be viewed in terms of the contribution of urbanization, lifestyle changes and the

ameliorating potential of nature related environments. This study explored the influence of
temperature and humidity of the mountain landscape environment on the physiological indices of
individuals. 38 respondents formed a single within-group study sample. Measures of Physiological
indices including blood pressure, pulse rate and respiratory rate as well as ambient environment
conditions were carried out both at the urban and mountain landscape environments. Findings imply
that temperature and humidity are aspects of the mountain landscape environment conditions that
combine to influence human physiological wellbeing. Therefore, Individuals confronted with many
sources of stress from daily engagements in urban environments can obtain short term relief in the
mountain landscape environment.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Henry Ojobo
Department of Architecture, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.

Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency Optimization Modelling for Akure, South-West, Nigeria | Chapter 2 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

The rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) relationship is widely used for adequate estimation of
rainfall intensity over a particular catchment. A 25 year daily rainfall data were collected from Nigerian
Meteorological Agency (NIMET) Abuja for Akure station. Twenty five year annual maximum rainfall
amounts with durations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 420 minutes were
extracted and subjected to frequency analysis using the excel solver software wizard. A total of six (6)
return period specific and one (1) general IDF models were developed for return periods of 2, 5, 10,
25, 50 and 100 years using Gumbel Extreme Value Type-1 and Log Pearson Type -3 distributions.
Anderson Darling goodness of fit test was used to ascertain the best fit probability distribution. The R2
values range from 0.982 to 0.985 for GEVT -1 and 0.978 to 0.989 for Log Pearson type -3 while the
Mean Squared Error from 33.56 to 156.50 for GEVT -1 and 43.01 to 150.63 Log Pearson Type III
distributions respectively. Among the six Geo-Political zones in Nigeria, the South – West of which
Akure is one of the cities is one of the least with IDF model development (16.7%). This is the basis of
IDF model development in Akure to help fill the gap. Is of interest to note that the South – East and
South – South have the highest percentage of IDF developed models (66.7%). The probability
distribution models are recommended for the prediction of rainfall intensities for Akure metropolis.

Author(s) Details

Dr. A. O. David
Department of Civil Engineering, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ibogun Campus, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Prof. Ify L. Nwaogazie
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria

J. C. Agunwamba
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria.

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Groundwater Quality Mapping in Crystalline Rock Aquifers of Tindivanam Taluk, Tamil Nadu Integrating with Remote Sensing, GIS and Space Models | Chapter 10 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

Determination of groundwater quality and quantity in crystalline basement terrains is a complex
problem. More than half of the surface area of the continents is covered with hard rocks. In hard rock
areas, groundwater is found in cracks and fractures of the local rocks. Hardrocks can typically acquire
water tolerable to good quality. It is a hard task to identify suitable aquifers in a crystalline landscape.
In Tindivanam Taluk, Tamil Nadu, groundwater is the major source of water for the local inhabitants.
The Taluk consists of the crystalline basement and the groundwater development through dug and
bore wells. This study focuses on the combination of remote sensing and GIS to produce
comprehensive groundwater quality zones for the study area. The water quality attribute, such as
TDS, TH, CR, and Cl, was constructed as point attributes (location wells) for contour construction.
The attributes selected for drinking (TDS), for domestic (TH), for industrial (CR) and for agricultural /
drinking (CL) purposes. TDS and TH integration was accomplished command union I and combined
CR and Cl to generate union II maps. The union III was created by the integration of union I and union
II, which is the final output map of the overlay analysis. From the final integrated map, it is inferred
that freshwater zone exists in the north and south parts, tolerable quality water covers in major parts
and the low-quality water zone exists in limited areal extent in the study area.

Author(s) Details

Dr. A. Karthikeyan
Department of Geology, Thiru A.G. Govt. Arts & Science College, Tindivanam-604001, India.

Dr. G. R. Senthilkumar
Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar-608002, India.

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Hybrid Plasmonics: Structures for Optical Sensors, Modulators and Other Applications | Book Pi International

 Hybrid plasmonic (HP) waveguides, supporting a hybrid mode between surface plasmon polaritons

(SPPs) and photonics, can enable subwavelength scale optical confinement, relatively low
propagation loss and other unique properties in bio-sensing and optical communication/interconnect
applications. Over the past twelve years, various types of HP waveguide structures have been
proposed and fabricated to enhance the functions of conventional photonic integrated circuits (ICs),
like highly confined wave guiding, sharp waveguide bends and large sensitivity to the refractive index
change of tested liquids, nonlinear or gain materials. Especially for the ones based on silicon-oninsulator (SOI) platform, the HP waveguide structures can work compatibly with conventional passive SOI devices, and compensate the lacking characteristics of Si materials. In this chapter, we will review the HP waveguides and devices considering principles of operation, structures and
applications. As an example we describe in details an ultra-high sensitivity double-slot hybrid
plasmonic (DSHP) ring resonator, used for optical sensors and modulators. Due to high index
contrast, as well as plasmonic enhancement, a considerable part of the optical energy is concentrated
in the narrow slots between Si and plasmonic materials, which leads to high sensitivity to the
infiltrating liquids. By partial opening of the outer plasmonic circular sheet of the DSHP ring, a
conventional side-coupled SOI bus waveguide can be used. Experimental results demonstrate ultrahigh sensitivity (687.5 nm/RIU) of the developed DSHP ring resonator, which is about five-times
higher than for the conventional Si ring with the same geometry. Further discussions show that a very
low detection limit (5.37 × 10-6 RIU) can be achieved after loaded Q factor modifications. In addition,
the plasmonic metal structures offer also the way to process optical and electronic signals along the
same hybrid plasmonic circuits with small capacitance (~0.275 fF) and large electric field, which leads
to possible applications in compact high-efficiency electro-optic modulators, where no extra electrodes for electronic signals are required.

Author(s) Details

Xu Sun
Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Street Roslagstullsbacken 21, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

Lars Thylén
Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.

Daoxin Dai
State Key Laboratory for Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, 310058 Hangzhou, China.

Lech Wosinski
Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Street Roslagstullsbacken 21, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.

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Design, Measurement Techniques and Application of Thermocouple Psychrometers: Historical Review

 The determination of soil water potential is useful in the establishment of irrigation guidelines for

agricultural crop management practices, and requires the use of different methods such as
thermocouple psychrometers (TCPs). TCPs have been widely used. However, this complex technique
is difficult to understand and the instrumentation needed is difficult to handle. Therefore, a profound
knowledge of the different aspects involved in the technique–which are not clearly explained in the
different studies published–is required. This review presents the different psychrometers developed
since the first instruments were built back in the 1950s, recalls the different denominations that have
been given to these instruments, and provides an updated classification of TCPs that attempts to
clarify previous classifications that were vague or unclear. Moreover, this review discusses the three
possible modes of operation of TCPs: the psychrometric technique, the hygrometric technique, and
the isopiestic technique. The isopiestic technique has been addressed in few studies and applied
under specific conditions. This review describes the evolution of the different models and instruments
used for laboratory and in situ measurements, and analyzes the problems of each model during use
(temperature gradients and fluctuations, sample size and preservation, equilibration time
measurement, vapour absorption on chamber walls, dirty instrumentation…) and the improvements
suggested to solve these problems. The review provides a detailed analysis of the different
applications of TCPs in the field of agronomy. In agronomy, TCPs were used to conduct
measurements both in the field and in the laboratory using different samples, such as plant material,
soil samples or fruits, among others. The studies have been classified based on the different
applications made and on the comparisons with other measurement methods based on psychrometry
or on other techniques. The most relevant non-psychrometric methods mentioned are the pressure
plate, the dye method or the pressure chamber, among others. Such comparisons enable the
establishment of the discrepancies observed between the different methods and their possible
causes. This review contributes a critical approach to psychrometry and suggests future research
lines from the perspective of practice and research that can be useful in the evaluation of the different
causes of the errors observed in the latest TCPs models, which have not been studied so far.

Author(s) Details
 
E. M. Martínez
Department of Agroforestry Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ingeniería, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.

J. J. Cancela
Department of Agroforestry Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ingeniería, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.

T. S. Cuesta
Department of Agroforestry Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ingeniería, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.

X. X. Neira
Department of Agroforestry Engineering, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Ingeniería, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002, Lugo, Spain.

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Flupirtine: An Exigency Call for Medication Vigilant | Book Pi International

 

The purpose of this monograph is to provide an extensive review of the drug Flupirtine clinical
applications and its safety-related issues. While existing Non- Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
(NSAIDs) and Opioids which are used in the treatment of pain had some common adverse effects this
drug is devoid of adverse effects exhibited by NSAIDs and Opioids and is routinely used in clinics as
an analgesic particularly in India. Apart from its routine clinical use recently there are growing
concerns related to this drug for its hepatotoxicity hence it is withdrawn from the market of European
unions. Therefore, this monograph helps you to analyze its chemical nature, applications, recent
issues related to hepatotoxicity events that are reported with evidences in both the literature and also
databases. So that readers can gain awareness concerning this drug and also this can pose a
challenge to the regulatory bodies in India whether this drug can be safer to continue in the market or
any still further data can be required to prove its safety and efficacy because of increasing concerns
related to hepatotoxic events in recent days.

Author(s) Details

Lakshmi Narasimha Gunturu
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Annamacharya College of Pharmacy, Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Dr. Girirajasekhar Dornadula
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Annamacharya College of Pharmacy, Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh, India.

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Glanuloplasty with Oral Mucosa Graft Following Total Glans Penis Amputation: An Overview | Chapter 5 | Innovations in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 

Glanuloplasty following amputation of the glans penis can be very daunting for the urologist. The
management of penile glans amputation depends on the duration before presentation. In the acute
phase, management usually involves auto-transplantation. The use of skin grafts, scrotal flaps and
pedicled myocutaneous flaps have been described for penile glans reconstruction following
amputation of the glans penis. However, these techniques are fraught with their own peculiar
challenges. This chapter is an overview of the management of penile glans amputation and a description of the technique of neo-glans reconstruction using oral mucosa graft.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Kwaku Addai Arhin Appiah
Kings Medical Consult (Specialist Urology Clinic), Kumasi, Ghana and Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.

Dr. George Amoah
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.

Patrick Opoku Manu Maison
Department of Surgery, School of Medical Sciences, UCC, Cape Coast, Ghana.

Edwin M. T. Yenli
Department of Surgery, Urology Unit, University for Development Studies – SMHS, Tamale, Ghana.

C. K. Gyasi-Sarpong

Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana and Department of Surgery, KSMD, College of Health Sciences, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana.

Roland Azorliade
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.

Kwaku Otu-Boateng
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.

Charles Kwame Adofo
Seventh Day Adventist Hospital, Dominase, Ghana.

J. B. Addae
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.

Benjamin Frimpong-Twumasi
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.

Isaac Opoku Antwi
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.

Dominic Annor Mintah
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.

Richard Kofi Ametih
Department of Surgery, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.

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miR-221/222 in Tumor and Their Underlying Mechanism

 MicroRNA-221/222 (miRNA-221/222, miR-221/222) is non-coding microRNA which widely distributed

in eukaryotic organisms, and deeply involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene
expressions. According to recent studies, abnormal expressions of miR-221/222 are closely related to
the occurrence and development of various kinds of malignant tumors. The role of miR-221/222 in
tumor development and their potential molecular mechanism in various cancers, including liver
cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial carcinoma etc, are
summarized and reviewed in this paper. Moreover, the potential translational biomarker role of
abnormal miR-221/222 level in tumor or blood circulation for tumor diagnosis is also discussed.

Author(s) Details

Xin Cao
Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.

Qian Song
Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.

Xiaoling Lu,
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.

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Synlabia after Severe Monilia Infections: A Case Report and Literature Review | Chapter 11 | Innovations in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 A 25-year-old woman presented with acute urine retention with overflow 6 months after an inadequate

treatment of severe monilia infections. Examination revealed complete adhesion between both labia
majora. Division of adhesion was done with reconstruction by labial flap. Complete recovery was
achieved with good cosmetic outcome.

Conclusion: Labial adhesions whatever their severity is can be surgically divided with complete
correction by locally designed flap to reconstruct the introuitus with rapid recovery, good healing, and
good cosmetic outcome.

Author(s) Details

Samia M. A. Saied
Department of Plastic Surgery, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.

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Attitudes of Women towards Birth Methods: Systematic Analysis of Studies Conducted in Turkey | Chapter 2 | Innovations in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 World Health Organization has stated the ideal rate for Cesarean delivery (CD) to be between 10%

and 15% since 1985. Rates of CD have increased over time in Turkey. This review aimed to
determine women's attitudes towards birth methods studies in Turkey. This study was a systematic
review and was conducted by performing a scan of the Turkish and English literature between
November 2019 and December 2019. A literature search of Google Scholar, PubMed, National
Thesis Center and Dergipark databases were conducted. The keywords of “mode of delivery” and
“attitude” and “Turkey” were written to the databases. The study included 28 articles and four
dissertations. Factors effecting in choosing the methods of birth in women were fear of birth, advice of
a doctor, their own decisions, a recommendation of their spouse, their mothers and their close
relatives, previous negative birth experiences and religious reasons. Women preferred VD because it
was a healthy method for the mother and the baby, and the natural way of delivery and recovery was
fast and easy in the postpartum period. The reasons for choosing CD were the suggestion of doctor,
fear of labor pain, medical indications, request of tubal ligation, avoid of labor pain, being easy and
comfortable, determining the birth date of baby, fear of perineal laceration, being safe for the baby
and history of negative birth experiences. Almost half of the women with fear of birth preferred CD on
maternal request. Women said that a safe, easy and less painful method of delivery was CD. CD rate
in Turkey is quite high, so health care professionals should encourage women to prefer VD. They
should inform women about each mode of delivery’s advantages and disadvantages, and should
emphasize the importance of VD in terms of mother and baby during pregnancy monitoring and
antenatal period.

Author(s) Details

Aslı Karakuş Selçuk
Faculty of Health Sciences, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Uncubozköy Mahallesi, Manisa, 45030, Turkey.

Nevin Hotun Şahin
Department, of Women Health Disease Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Istanbul University, Cerrahpasa Florence, Nightingale İstanbul, Turkey

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/243