Effect of Red Mud Reinforcement on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium 6061 Metal Matrix Composites in Sea Water | Chapter 6 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 4

 

Corrosion can affect the metal matrix composite in a variety of ways, which depend on its nature and the environmental conditions prevailing. The red mud content in aluminium 6061 alloy plays a significant role in the corrosion resistance of the material. A lot of research has been done on corrosion characteristics of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites, but no concrete investigation has been made on red mud particulate reinforced with aluminium alloy 6061 metal matrix composites. The present investigation aims to evaluate the corrosion properties of red mud particulate reinforced aluminium 6061 metal matrix composites. Red mud particulates reinforced varying from two to six per cent by weight in steps of two per cent under dry conditions. Composites are prepared by liquid melt metallurgy techniques using the vortex method. Castings are cut, turned and shaped into the required size to prepare the specimens for evaluation of the corrosion properties. Corrosion tests were conducted at room temperature (230 °C) using the conventional weight loss method according to ASTM G69-80. The corrodent used for the tests was Arabian Sea water collected from Malpe beach, Udupi District, Karnataka. Weighed specimens dipped in seawater. Specimens were taken out at every 24 hours intervals up to 96 hours. Four specimens for each condition and time were immersed in the corrosive solutions. In all 16 specimens of matrix and composites were immersed in the corrodent. Corrosion rates were calculated using the formula 534DAT/W. In each case, the corrosion rate in seawater decreases with an increase in exposure time for matrix and metal matrix composites due to passivation induced by aluminium. Therefore, incorporating red mud particulates in Aluminium alloy 6061 enhances corrosion resistance, making it a more effective material for marine and other corrosive environments.

 

Author(s) Details

 

P.V. Krupakara
Department of Chemistry, Adrsha Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India.

 

H.R. Ravikumar
Department of Chemistry, M.S. Engineering College, Bangalore, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v4/4694

 

Effect of Red Mud Reinforcement on the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium 6061 Metal Matrix Composites in Sea Water | Chapter 6 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Research Findings Vol. 4

 

Corrosion can affect the metal matrix composite in a variety of ways, which depend on its nature and the environmental conditions prevailing. The red mud content in aluminium 6061 alloy plays a significant role in the corrosion resistance of the material. A lot of research has been done on corrosion characteristics of particulate reinforced metal matrix composites, but no concrete investigation has been made on red mud particulate reinforced with aluminium alloy 6061 metal matrix composites. The present investigation aims to evaluate the corrosion properties of red mud particulate reinforced aluminium 6061 metal matrix composites. Red mud particulates reinforced varying from two to six per cent by weight in steps of two per cent under dry conditions. Composites are prepared by liquid melt metallurgy techniques using the vortex method. Castings are cut, turned and shaped into the required size to prepare the specimens for evaluation of the corrosion properties. Corrosion tests were conducted at room temperature (230 °C) using the conventional weight loss method according to ASTM G69-80. The corrodent used for the tests was Arabian Sea water collected from Malpe beach, Udupi District, Karnataka. Weighed specimens dipped in seawater. Specimens were taken out at every 24 hours intervals up to 96 hours. Four specimens for each condition and time were immersed in the corrosive solutions. In all 16 specimens of matrix and composites were immersed in the corrodent. Corrosion rates were calculated using the formula 534DAT/W. In each case, the corrosion rate in seawater decreases with an increase in exposure time for matrix and metal matrix composites due to passivation induced by aluminium. Therefore, incorporating red mud particulates in Aluminium alloy 6061 enhances corrosion resistance, making it a more effective material for marine and other corrosive environments.

 

Author(s) Details

 

P.V. Krupakara
Department of Chemistry, Adrsha Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India.

 

H.R. Ravikumar
Department of Chemistry, M.S. Engineering College, Bangalore, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsrf/v4/4694

Determination of Free Energy as Described by the New Axioms and Laws | Chapter 10 | Novel Research Aspects in Mathematical and Computer Science Vol. 3

 Expanded Field Theory is used in this research. It transforms Classic Field Theory into a considerably broader theory with two additional axioms and eight rules. The researchers decided to take Einstein's advise and try to change their way of thinking. Through new axioms and rules, the article describes a fresh new field type. It was characterised as follows from the author's past works: Only one (first) axiom and six laws are used in this paper. Maxwell's laws (1864) are known to be based on a single postulate [1]. It claims that moving in a closed loop causes a vector E to move evenly (at a constant speed): div rot E = 0. This axiom was replaced by the author with a novel one, according to which movement in an open loop or vortex causes an uneven (varying speed) movement of a vector: [2] div rot div Vor for vortex There is a cross vortex in and a longitudinal vortex in; the cross vortex in is converted to a longitudinal vortex in via a particular transformation; the longitudinal vortex in is turned to a cross vortex in through another unique transformation. 42; a decelerating vortex generates "free energy" in the form of free cross vortices; an accelerating vortex sucks the same free cross vortices, and so on. Cross vortices are visible to outside observers because they reflect the sun's rays. Longitudinal vortices, on the other hand, are invisible because they refract rather than reflect the sun's beams. E is not a simple vector. It becomes a complicated vector: E = A + As a real portion, it can have amplitude A or velocity V. Cross vortices can produce two types of vortices: a vortex created by amplitude A and a vortex generated by velocity V. Both of them may accelerate or decelerate, and they are both generators. They are material particle prototypes. The temperature falls as the accelerating vortex absorbs cross vortices, while the temperature increases as the decelerating field emits cross vortices. The velocity of the electromagnetic field inside the conductor is constant (v max = c) . It slows down near the outskirts due to resistance from the conductor wall. As a result, increasing the size of the voltage merely increases the size of the current, but not the velocity. This study introduces a novel sort of field acceleration. It absorbs "free energy" from the environment in the form of free cross vortices. The Positive Feedback mechanism converts the acceleration process into a generating process. A bound electron's state differs significantly from that of a free electron. Scientists can detect the mass of a free electron with a decelerating cross vortex (E2D-) inward but not a connected electron with an accelerating cross vortex (E2D+) inward.

Author(S) Details

Valentina Markova
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMCS-V3/article/view/6817

Presence of a New Space-Time in Which the Path S (Along the Motion Spiral) is a Constant: A Descriptive Study Approach| Chapter 7 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol. 2

In this article, open accelerating longitudinal vortices are described in 3D. It establishes the existence of a unique space-time in which the route along the motion spiral is always the same (Sconst).

Every near vortex flows and spreads uniformly, according to Classic Field Theory (or theory of close vortices) [1]. According to the Theory of New Axioms and Laws, any open vortex in 2D and 3D is either accelerating or decelerating (or the theory of open vortices). The decelerating open vortex emits decelerating vortices into the environment, which convert to free vortices (according to Law5), and the accelerating open vortex sucks these free vortices in and accelerates faster and faster in each subsequent step by adding them to itself (according to Law6) [2,3].

When two speeding open vortices are near enough together, they will naturally draw each other in. The less accelerated vortex, the more accelerated vortex sucks. What makes this motion unique is that the quicker vortex has a smaller cross section that is perpendicular to the travelling direction. As a result, the quicker vortex pulls in the slower one by inserting or poking its way into it. As a result, these two open accelerating vortices resemble a funnel. When there are a large number of open accelerating vortices, it turns out that the fastest vortex is located in the funnel's core.

The fastest vortex has the highest vortex acceleration, the smallest cross-sectional radius, the fewest sucked vortices, and the fewest loops with the smallest diameter. It comes out that if the route in the direction of movement of the vortex curve remains constant, the quickest vortex will be expanded (Sconst). As a result, the quickest vortex's height will be at its maximum, and it will appear first in time T 1.

The funnel's edge is home to the slowest vortex. The slowest vortex has the smallest vortex acceleration, the biggest cross-sectional radius, the greatest number of sucked vortices, and the greatest number of loops. The height of the vortex is minimal or the slowest vortex is maximum diminished if the route in the direction of movement is constant (Sconst). The slowest vortex will appear last in time Tn because the vortex has shrunk to its smallest size.

The open accelerating vortex will form sequentially from the centre in time T1 to the periphery in time Tn because the accelerating funnel is packed on the concept of a constant route in the direction of movement (Sconst). From the centre to the perimeter of the accelerating funnel, they will create the characteristic blade.

The sucking Gravity Funnel is demonstrated by the speeding funnel. The accelerating Gravity Funnel sucks in both directions: from the bottom to the top, following the movement of the vortices, and from the outside to the inside, perpendicular to the flow.

 

Author(s) Details:

V. Markova,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V2/article/view/6609

CFD Simulation of Mixing in Rotary Energy Recovery Device | Chapter 8 | New Approaches in Engineering Research Vol. 6

 In desalination, the rotary energy recovery device (RERD) is commonly used to reduce system energy usage. Simulation was used to examine the fluid dynamics and mixing performance of a standard structure RERD and a visualisation apparatus of an RERD (V-RERD) in this work. It had been studied the influence of rotating components on fluid dynamics and mixing. The flow fields in the device duct show a whirling flow, according to simulation results. The swirling flow changed its rotating direction near the centre of the duct in the RERD example, whereas it remained unchanged in the V-RERD case. Then, to quantify the degree of swirl intensity, a swirling number Sn was employed, and the formation mechanism in RERD was discussed. The Q criteria was also used to view three-dimensional flow configurations and locate vortex forms in the duct. The evolution of vortices during the manufacturing process was studied. Vortices were discovered to have a substantial impact on mixing performance, and a detached vortex could cause excessive turbulence and mixing in the duct. Reduced flow turbulence and a reduced volumetric mixing rate can be achieved by suppressing vortex shedding.

Author(s) Details

Kai Liu
College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China.
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.

Lixing Zheng
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
School of Electric Power, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030013, China.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/NAER-V6/article/view/2492

Air Entrainment Vortex Occurrence at Intakes | Chapter 5 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

Water depths in intake structures that are high, increased vortex occurrences. The study showed
decay response function of pumps affect vortex occurrences. Relationship between response function
and time duration of air-entraining vortex occurrence was established. Relationship showed an
increased head loss if air-entraining vortex duration increased. Representation showed pump
response function will peak and fall at specific change in flow rates.

Author(s) Details

B. C. Okoro
Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/247