Ontogenes and Their Role in Morphogenesis | Chapter 10 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 8

 

Morphogenesis consists of the process of increasing the number of cells and the process of activation of protein synthesis in cells. Mendelian protein-coding genes are responsible for protein synthesis. As for the genes responsible for the construction of ensembles consisting of cells, they are not known. In 2000, a new class of mutations was discovered in D. melanogaster, which were called conditional. The genes responsible for the formation of these mutations were called ontogenes. Based on the results of the research on conditional mutations in D. melanogaster, we attempt to figure out the biological role of ontogenes. We conclude that ontogenes in the process of individual development control the construction of the living organisms of cells (cellular construction), which comprises the induction of cell division, determination of division plane, and the location of daughter cells after the division is completed. According to the data obtained, the morphogenesis process is controlled by ontogenes and Mendelian genes. Protein synthesis is controlled by protein-coding (Mendelian) genes. Mendelian genes are switched on by ontogenes. In terms of the two-component genome composed of Mendelian genes and ontogenes, we consider 1) the concept of biological character; 2) interspecific incompatibility; 3) ontogenesis; 4) phylogenesis; and 5) mutagenesis. Ontogenes, which control cellular construction, possess the specific features unusual for Mendelian genes, namely, 1) the activity in germ line tissue; 2) remote interaction; and 3) activity in a compacted state (heterochromatization). These specific features of ontogenes suggest that, unlike the Mendelian genes with their chemical activity, ontogenes possess another type of activity (biophysical) involving the induction of an electromagnetic field.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Boris F. Chadov
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.

Nina B. Fedorova
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v8/1230

An Interference Method of Excitation of an Electrodeless Sulfur Lamp: Simulation and Experiment | Chapter 5 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 2

 This phase presents a novel approach to creating an strength-efficient power illumination source established an electrodeless sulfur lamp with cook excitation. The feature of specific an approach is applying the impedance method for creating a standing wave into an electrodynamic form by summarizing two transported electromagnetic waves. As an electrodynamic lighting method structure, one projected using an optically understandable (mesh) rectangular waveguide. The design of the electrodynamic structure guide using the impedance method is likely, and the main advantages of such an approach of inspiring the electrodeless sulfur lamp are proved.

Author(s) Details:

G. Churyumov,
Harbin Institute of Technology, 92, West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, China.

T. Frolova,
Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics, 14, Nauky Ave., 61166, Kharkiv, Ukraine.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPPSR-V2/article/view/12051

A Magnetron with Two Energy Outputs: Simulation and Experiment | Chapter 3 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 2

 This affiliate presents the theoretical and exploratory results of creating the new magnetron design with two strength outputs (or dual-production magnetron) to solve the questions for frequency tuning, develop its establishment, and extend use possibilities. Due to their extensive use in miscellaneous human endeavors, including military electronics, industry, farming, research, and medicine, magnetrons have become ultimate well-known and direct microwave alternator. The modified magnetron's primary utility has been recognized both tentatively and theoretically. The availability of a second strength output in the anode block is the basic differentiating characteristic concerning this magnetron (for instance, in contrast to the standard magnetron accompanying a single productivity). The mathematical models for the energized matter-wave interaction and the resonant anode block are depicted. The anode block's dispersion features for cavities with various shapes are provided. According to hypothesis, the interference of RF fields upset several times in the profound anode block made up of microscopic and large craters (resonators) leads to the formation of the total RF field in the interaction room. For the PIC simulation of power-wave interaction in the two-fold-output magnetron, the non-linear whole of equations is established as a self-consistent scheme containing the equation of motion (for energized matter stream), the equation of excitement (for RF field), and Poisson's equation for manipulative the space-charge field. The fundamental feature of the self-consistent whole of equations is a new treasure for determining the Coulomb interplay forces. Implementing the mathematical model made it attainable to gain new knowledge about the magnetron's material processes and determine allure output characteristics.  On the operating repetitiveness of ~ 13.34 GHz, at an anode voltage of 495 V, a magnetic field of currents of ~ 0.25 T, and with chill of the magnetron, there were obtained the following confining values: the RF production power of ~ 14.6 W and the capacity conversion efficiency of ~ 40.8%. Applying the second strength output lengthened the magnetron's functionality and executed the modes of frequency bringing into harmony (adjustment) and counterweight. The simulation results are in good contract with the experiment. As a result, these studies have demonstrated the animation of computational experiments for modeling the tangible phenomena in a magnetron's interplay space and the resonant wholes' electrodynamic features. The electrodynamic characteristics of rising-sunlight systems with miscellaneous cavity designs are fake, and the findings are likely. It is demonstrated that a rising-star system accompanying a "hole-and-slot" construction has more options when selecting an swinging's operational fad's resonant frequency.

Author(s) Details:

G. Churyumov,
Harbin Institute of Technology, 92, West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, China.

N. Wang,
Harbin Institute of Technology, 92, West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, China.

W. Li,
Harbin Institute of Technology, 92, West Dazhi Street, Nan Gang District, Harbin, China.

S. Qiu,
Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPPSR-V2/article/view/12049

Physics of Anisotropic Compact Star Models with Observational Data | Chapter 1 | Current Perspective to Physical Science Research Vol. 2

 The anisotropic component for examining dense objects like unfamiliar stars, compact objects, etc. has become different in Astrophysics. This chapter aims to resolve the physical management of some anisotropic compact star models in the back- ground of a core dark energy field. Next, we acquire the equatings of motion with the magnetic field of currents and modified Chaplygin vapor in f(T) gravity. Then corresponding conditions have been emphasize to discuss anisotropic management, stability of strength conditions, security analysis with adiabatic index, bulk, compactness, and surface redshift. It still observes the maximum energy mass and radial pressure principles for different compact stars. Finally, it is equated with the practical data in cases of differing types of compact stars.

Author(s) Details:

Pameli Saha,
Department of Mathematics, Brainware University, Barasat, Kolkata-700125, India.

Ujjal Debnath,
Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah-711103, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPPSR-V2/article/view/12047

"Electromagnetic Particles" and Electromagnetic Field| Chapter 7 | New Frontiers in Physical Science Research Vol. 5

 During the progress of the Universe individual of the primary matters for the formation of compounds in the encircling world are electric charges. Depending on the importance of the charges and structural-strength correspondence, negatively charged energetic matters formed simple "electric dipoles" and subelementary "drawing bipoles" being the creation of Nature. These "energetic dipoles" and "magnetic bipoles" were combined into "electromagnetic atoms", causing electromagnetic interplays between accused particles. In the tiny structure of stuffs, "electromagnetic particles" are in the form of bidipole configurations. This arrangement allows the implementation of a synthetic bond between like-loaded valence electrons similarly the Pauli exclusion. The interplay of "electromagnetic particles" accompanying the environment leads to vacillations in the charges of the poles with a change in their shape, generating a standing wave, which is taken in the experimental literature for the corpuscular-wave features of particles. The commonness of fluctuations in the charges of the poles of "electromagnetic pieces" depends on the conditions and type of the atoms and is expressed in the form of Moseley's standard. In addition, there is a uninterrupted dependence between the repetitiveness of fluctuations in the charges of the poles of "electromagnetic atoms" and the temperature of bureaucracy, which tells the physical aim of temperature. Depending on the repetitiveness, the appearance of standing waves with a change in the shape of "electromagnetic atoms", they exhibit thermal, ocular, magnetic, energetic, corpuscular-wave properties. The magnetic field of currents is formed by reverse "electromagnetic particles" plastered of an external force.

Author(s) Details:

Akmaral Utelbayeva Bolysbekovna,
M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Kazakhstan.

Nurlan Zhangabay,
M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Kazakhstan.

Essen Nurgalyevich Suleimenov,
M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Kazakhstan.

Bolysbek Toychibekovich Utelbayev,
A. Bekturov Institute of Chemical Science, Kazakhstan.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NFPSR-V5/article/view/8859

Determination of Free Energy as Described by the New Axioms and Laws | Chapter 10 | Novel Research Aspects in Mathematical and Computer Science Vol. 3

 Expanded Field Theory is used in this research. It transforms Classic Field Theory into a considerably broader theory with two additional axioms and eight rules. The researchers decided to take Einstein's advise and try to change their way of thinking. Through new axioms and rules, the article describes a fresh new field type. It was characterised as follows from the author's past works: Only one (first) axiom and six laws are used in this paper. Maxwell's laws (1864) are known to be based on a single postulate [1]. It claims that moving in a closed loop causes a vector E to move evenly (at a constant speed): div rot E = 0. This axiom was replaced by the author with a novel one, according to which movement in an open loop or vortex causes an uneven (varying speed) movement of a vector: [2] div rot div Vor for vortex There is a cross vortex in and a longitudinal vortex in; the cross vortex in is converted to a longitudinal vortex in via a particular transformation; the longitudinal vortex in is turned to a cross vortex in through another unique transformation. 42; a decelerating vortex generates "free energy" in the form of free cross vortices; an accelerating vortex sucks the same free cross vortices, and so on. Cross vortices are visible to outside observers because they reflect the sun's rays. Longitudinal vortices, on the other hand, are invisible because they refract rather than reflect the sun's beams. E is not a simple vector. It becomes a complicated vector: E = A + As a real portion, it can have amplitude A or velocity V. Cross vortices can produce two types of vortices: a vortex created by amplitude A and a vortex generated by velocity V. Both of them may accelerate or decelerate, and they are both generators. They are material particle prototypes. The temperature falls as the accelerating vortex absorbs cross vortices, while the temperature increases as the decelerating field emits cross vortices. The velocity of the electromagnetic field inside the conductor is constant (v max = c) . It slows down near the outskirts due to resistance from the conductor wall. As a result, increasing the size of the voltage merely increases the size of the current, but not the velocity. This study introduces a novel sort of field acceleration. It absorbs "free energy" from the environment in the form of free cross vortices. The Positive Feedback mechanism converts the acceleration process into a generating process. A bound electron's state differs significantly from that of a free electron. Scientists can detect the mass of a free electron with a decelerating cross vortex (E2D-) inward but not a connected electron with an accelerating cross vortex (E2D+) inward.

Author(S) Details

Valentina Markova
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NRAMCS-V3/article/view/6817

Properties of the New Time-Space with a Constant Path (Sconst.)| Chapter 10 | Research Developments in Science and Technology Vol. 2

It is well understood that the material universe in which we live exists in a time-space continuum with a continuous rate of change (Tconst). It is composed up of transverse vortices that propagate in space at a constant speed (Vconst.) with the only variation being the distance between them (S var.). These transverse vortices likewise have a constant tangential velocity along the motion of the vortices, according to the postulate that makes Maxwell's theory of the electromagnetic field correct [1]. As a result, they create so-called "closed vortices," in which all of their points move at the same moment (Tconst.). The transverse vortices construct so-called real time-space with T=const in this fashion.

The new time-space, as described in previous works by the same author, is composed of longitudinal (rather than transverse) vortices with a variable (Vvar.) (rather than constant) velocity, i.e. they may accelerate or decelerate [2,3]. The theory of New Axioms and Laws by the same author [4] describes these longitudinal vortices with variable velocity (Vvar.).

According to this idea, accelerating longitudinal vortices suck transverse vortices from the outside in, attracting them to one another and concentrating them into a funnel-shaped bundle. As a result, in S=const, they create an accelerating funnel. This is accomplished by placing the fastest vortex (Vmax.) at the funnel's core, which travels with the fewest and smallest coils possible. It takes the shortest time (Tmin.) to complete the fixed path (Sconst.) and hence appears first in time. However, the slowest vortex (Vmin.) is looped around the funnel's edge, with the most coils and the largest diameter. As a result, it follows the same fixed path (Sconst.) for the longest duration (Tmax.) and appears last in time.

The decelerating longitudinal vortices release transverse vortices to the exterior and resist each other by dispersing their longitudinal vortices sideways and distracting them.

As a result, in S=const, they form a decelerating funnel.

The longitudinal vortices' accelerating and decelerating funnels (in Sconst. time-space) serve as a connection between the decelerating and accelerating transverse vortex ( in Tconst. time-space).

The features of the novel longitudinal vortex formations are both surprising and quite beneficial. The gravitational pull, for example, is caused by the acceleration along longitudinal vortices rather than by space distortion. The direction of real time in time-space T=const (TrealTconst) is the inverse of real time in time-space S=const (TrealSconst), and so on.

Author(s) Details:

Valentina Markova,
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RDST-V2/article/view/6612