Ontogenes and Their Role in Morphogenesis | Chapter 10 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 8

 

Morphogenesis consists of the process of increasing the number of cells and the process of activation of protein synthesis in cells. Mendelian protein-coding genes are responsible for protein synthesis. As for the genes responsible for the construction of ensembles consisting of cells, they are not known. In 2000, a new class of mutations was discovered in D. melanogaster, which were called conditional. The genes responsible for the formation of these mutations were called ontogenes. Based on the results of the research on conditional mutations in D. melanogaster, we attempt to figure out the biological role of ontogenes. We conclude that ontogenes in the process of individual development control the construction of the living organisms of cells (cellular construction), which comprises the induction of cell division, determination of division plane, and the location of daughter cells after the division is completed. According to the data obtained, the morphogenesis process is controlled by ontogenes and Mendelian genes. Protein synthesis is controlled by protein-coding (Mendelian) genes. Mendelian genes are switched on by ontogenes. In terms of the two-component genome composed of Mendelian genes and ontogenes, we consider 1) the concept of biological character; 2) interspecific incompatibility; 3) ontogenesis; 4) phylogenesis; and 5) mutagenesis. Ontogenes, which control cellular construction, possess the specific features unusual for Mendelian genes, namely, 1) the activity in germ line tissue; 2) remote interaction; and 3) activity in a compacted state (heterochromatization). These specific features of ontogenes suggest that, unlike the Mendelian genes with their chemical activity, ontogenes possess another type of activity (biophysical) involving the induction of an electromagnetic field.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Boris F. Chadov
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.

Nina B. Fedorova
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v8/1230

Importance of Root-Shoot Ratio for Crops Production: A Review | Chapter 4 | Current Topics in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 1

 The root is essential for nutrition absorption, water retention, agricultural production, and stress tolerance. Unlike some partial issues, the trait "root: shoot" ratio is a problem of plant integrity, in which each species, crop, or variety has a unique original solution. The step-by-step analysis of the root system at various growth and developmental stages is critical. Over 500 scientific studies on this "ratio feature" were analysed step by step, with the goal of extrapolating the basic general trend regarding the importance of this ratio in plant production. Given the variety of crops, varieties, and growth stages, an attempt has been made to capture the basic general trend of importance and application of this feature. For these reasons, despite the uncommon unconventionally, little unscientific approach to the problem in the text, quotations are not included. A detailed examination of a single species, crop, or variation is a whole other scenario. The root: shoot ratio is another key basic feature that can be used to determine overall plant health, complex overall physiological levels, and genotype health. It's crucial to look at how the root:shoot ratio changes during the vegetative period in connection to other plant features to gain a sense of how this ratio affects metabolic processes, growth, and development.

During the vegetative period, the growth rates of roots and shoots react to changing environmental conditions and the plant's "genetic programme" for growth and development. Fertilization and irrigation, for example, can have a significant impact. If this ratio is high, there is a good chance that the plant will be able to take more nutrients from the soil, which will aid to enhance above-ground biomass and, most likely, resistance to stress (drought conditions, low level of nutrients in the soil).

Author (S) Details

Ladislav Bláha

Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CTAS-V1/article/view/3882