Ontogenes and Their Role in Morphogenesis | Chapter 10 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 8

 

Morphogenesis consists of the process of increasing the number of cells and the process of activation of protein synthesis in cells. Mendelian protein-coding genes are responsible for protein synthesis. As for the genes responsible for the construction of ensembles consisting of cells, they are not known. In 2000, a new class of mutations was discovered in D. melanogaster, which were called conditional. The genes responsible for the formation of these mutations were called ontogenes. Based on the results of the research on conditional mutations in D. melanogaster, we attempt to figure out the biological role of ontogenes. We conclude that ontogenes in the process of individual development control the construction of the living organisms of cells (cellular construction), which comprises the induction of cell division, determination of division plane, and the location of daughter cells after the division is completed. According to the data obtained, the morphogenesis process is controlled by ontogenes and Mendelian genes. Protein synthesis is controlled by protein-coding (Mendelian) genes. Mendelian genes are switched on by ontogenes. In terms of the two-component genome composed of Mendelian genes and ontogenes, we consider 1) the concept of biological character; 2) interspecific incompatibility; 3) ontogenesis; 4) phylogenesis; and 5) mutagenesis. Ontogenes, which control cellular construction, possess the specific features unusual for Mendelian genes, namely, 1) the activity in germ line tissue; 2) remote interaction; and 3) activity in a compacted state (heterochromatization). These specific features of ontogenes suggest that, unlike the Mendelian genes with their chemical activity, ontogenes possess another type of activity (biophysical) involving the induction of an electromagnetic field.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Boris F. Chadov
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.

Nina B. Fedorova
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v8/1230

Genes and Ontogenes in Drosophila: Exploring the Role of RNA Forms | Chapter 9 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 8

The independent hereditary factors, such as Mendelian genes, are not sufficient for the existence and operation of genetic systems. The hereditary factors of a different type were searched for. A new class of mutations, referred to as conditional mutations, was discovered in Drosophila melanogaster. Such a mutation dies in a restrictive genotype but survives and reproduces in a permissive genotype. Besides their conditional nature, mutations in a permissive genotype display a set of specific features that drastically distinguish them from conventional mutations, namely, they are (1) dominant; (2) as a rule, lethal; (3) drastically decrease fertility; (4) interact with chromosomal rearrangements; (5) switch the genome from a stable to an unstable state; (6) increase the basal metabolism; (7) induce modifications and morphoses; (8) their manifestation is inherited in a parental manner. The total number of experiments was performed from 2000 to recover conditional mutations in D. melanogaster is 8. As a result, 60 conditional dominant lethals were identified in the X chromosome, 10 in chromosome 2, and 4 in chromosome 3. Six mutations had visible phenotypes.

 

Four properties of these mutations—conditional manifestation together with (1), (4), and (8) suggest that the mutant genes (1) are segments of DNA, (2) their products are RNA duplexes (3) active in germ cells and (4) repeated in the genome. The emergence of morphoses in mutants suggests that the genes are involved in the control of ontogeny. Correspondingly, these genes were named ontogenes. Thus, the genetic system comprises the genes working according to a DNA–RNA–protein script and the ontogenes following a DNA–RNA script. The first entity is engaged in the production of the "building material" for the organism, proteins, while the second entity controls this process during the preparation of the individual developmental program. These different functions of genes depend on the type of transcript formed from DNA as well as the time and place of its origin in DNA. In conclusion, three independent lines of evidence suggest that an enigmatic class of non-Mendelian genes (ontogenes) is present in the genome: first, efficient screening tools and the resulting collections of mutants; second, highly unusual properties of the obtained mutations; and third, unusual temporal and tissue specificities of when these mutations work.

 

Author(s) Details

Nina B. Fedorova
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.

Eugenia V. Chadova
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.

Boris F. Chadov
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/ibs/v8/1051

The Neural Pathways and Evolutionary Supports for the Nociceptive-Sympathetic Coupling of Pain Sensation Hypothesized by the Athletes of NBA in Television | Chapter 4 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 8

It was proposed by the US athletes of National Basketball Association (NBA) in television on May 6, 2016, that the pain sensation might result from the nociceptive-sympathetic coupling after the peripheral nociceptive afferents. In this article, it is supplemented the neural pathways and evolutionary supports for this nociceptive-sympathetic coupling. For the neural circuits of pain sensation, presently it is widely accepted that the Aδ- and C-fibers relay the nociceptive signals to the laminae I, II and V at dorsal spinal horn, and in turn activate the periaqueductal grey (PAG) in midbrain sending inhibitory feedbacks via raphe to the spinal nociceptive transmission. Herein it is supplemented that, besides such feedback pain circuits, the neurons in laminae I and V of dorsal spinal horn and those in PAG can directly activate the sympathetic outputs, completing the nociceptive-sympathetic coupling. It is suggested that such nociceptive-sympathetic coupling partially contribute to the pain sensation because of the sympathetically maintained pain. Furthermore, by the evidence of somite nociceptive coupling in Drosophila, it is additionally supported by evolution the nociceptive-sympathetic coupling for pain sensation at spinal cord in vertebrates. In all, it is delineated the neural pathways and supplemented the evolutionary supports for the nociceptive-sympathetic coupling of pain sensation.

Author(s) Details:

Zi-Jian Cai,
CaiFortune TriL Consulting, No. 129, Building 6, Room 404, North Dongwu Road, Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province, 215007, PR China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V8/article/view/13517

Ontogenes and of Individual Developmental Program in D. melanogaster | Chapter 2 | Advanced Research in Biological Science Vol. 6

This affiliate described the dossier on the Drosophila ontogeny extractable from the news about conditional mutations.  In Drosophila melanogaster, a novel class of mutations famous as conditional mutations was raise. In a restrictive genotype, this type of metamorphosis dies, but in a permissive genotype, it survives and snowballs. In addition to being dependent, permissive genotype mutations exhibit any unique traits that set them apart from established mutations. The appearance of morphoses in mutants signifies that the genes regulate growth. These genes were dubbed ontogenes in agreement. These genes were given the name ontogenes in accordance. These mutations' traits were examined in the following habits: (1) Conditionality; (2) Lethality; (3) Diminished fertility; (4) The incident of morphoses; (5) A parental effect on the inheritance of the mutation phenotype; (6) Effect of chromosomal aberrations on mutation proof; (7) Long-range deoxyribonucleic acid interaction; and (8) The shift of metamorphosis-induced lethality to zygotic stage.The dossier under consideration are enough, logically affiliated, and consistent introduce that the ontogenes: (1) Are DNA regions, (2) Are alive in germ containers, (3) Encode intranuclear Deoxyribonucleic acid, (4) Induce epinucleotide (epigenetic) changes in the genome, and (5) Decide the order of developmental stages (program of development); (6) The equivalent program is read two times, namely, (a) in the germline containers (reload) and (b) in bodily cells (implementation); and (7) The first state proceeds from the conclusion of individual development to the starting point and the second read happens in the opposite direction from the first stage of individual happening to the last stage.

Author(s) Details:

B. F. Chadov,
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.

N. B. Fedorova,
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ARBS-V6/article/view/12801

Study of Developmental and Immunogenic Consequences of Silver Nanoparticles in Drosophila | Chapter 11 | New Visions in Biological Science Vol. 4

'Silver' is a magical metal that has been a part of human history since the dawn of humanity. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become more popular in pharmaceutical and consumer applications due to their potent antimicrobial properties. AgNPs' organismal toxicity is well documented, despite their widespread use in consumer items. As a result, the current work used Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to investigate the developmental and immunogenic responses of laboratory produced AgNPs. The current study used Drosophila as a model system to investigate the complete characterisation of AgNPs in order to better understand their biological repercussions, including genetic, chromosomal, and developmental biological endpoints. PVP-coated AgNPs were produced in the lab and characterised for size, shape, and surface morphology. AgNPs had dose-dependent impacts on numerous biological processes due to their direct interaction with amines. Male mate preference was found to be negatively affected by doses greater than 0.1 mM in terms of life cycle, fecundity, longevity, and courting behaviour. AgNPs were also observed to influence injury-induced melanogenesis in larvae, implying a damaged innate immune system as well as the melanin synthesising pathway. The absence of melanization was observed in adults as well. These findings show that AgNP has developmental and immunogenic effects in Drosophila, one of the most well-studied animal models.

Author(S) Details

Kanchan A. Phatak
Department of Zoology, Nowrosjee Wadia College, Pune-411001, India..

Pawan Kumar Khanna
Department of Applied Chemistry, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology (DIAT), Girinagar, Pune-411025, India

Bimalendu B. Nath
Stress Biology Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune-411007, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NVBS-V4/article/view/4303