Nutritional Assessment and its Associated Risk Factors of Adult Tuberculosis Patients in Namibia: A Cross Sectional Study | Chapter 7 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 7Nutritional Assessment and its Associated Risk Factors of Adult Tuberculosis Patients in Namibia: A Cross Sectional Study | Chapter 7 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 7

 

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a big problem for public health around the world, especially in developing countries. In Namibia, the incidence of TB is notably high and is often exacerbated by malnutrition and other socio-economic factors. Namibia is ranked 10th highest in the world, due to the incidence rate of 457 per 1000 population; with a population of about 3 million, it shared a percentage of the global TB burden. The aim of the study was to evaluate the importance of nutritional status and risk factors militating against the health and well-being of newly diagnosed TB patients in Windhoek, Namibia. This study was designed as a cross-sectional study, and non-probability, convenience sampling techniques were used. The study adopted a dynamic uncontrolled process, assessing the nutritional intake of TB patients and not testing an intervention. A total of 111 newly diagnosed TB patients participated in the study. A questionnaire-based survey was used to collect demographic information such as age, gender, education level, marital status, employment status, type of occupation, and household income level, as well as behavioural variables such as smoking habits and alcohol consumption. To get the Body Mass Index (BMI) of participants, height and weight were measured at Direct Observed Treatment (DOT) clinics. The BMI was measured and taken during the last four months of the treatment regime, taking measurements once a month as the participants were coming back for follow-up treatment. BMI evaluated their nutritional status. Males formed a significant majority, representing 67.6%, and females represented 32.4%. The study revealed that 38.7% of patients were malnourished. Malnutrition was more common in males than in females (27%). The result shows a significant association with age group (0.018), marital status (0), educational status (0.0252), and employment status (0.0106) with nutritional status. The data analysis and findings from this study highlight significant insights into the socio-economic and nutritional challenges faced by tuberculosis (TB) patients in Windhoek, Namibia. Moreover, the analysis identifies a strong correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and TB status, emphasising that lower BMI is associated with higher TB risk. Factors such as monthly income emerged as significant predictors of nutritional status, suggesting that economic stability was crucial for improving health outcomes among TB patients.

 

 

Author(s) Details

M Musuuo
Preventative Health Science Department, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 13388, Windhoek, Namibia.

 

O Awofolu
Preventative Health Science Department, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Private Bag 13388, Windhoek, Namibia.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v7/6582

Variations in Milk's Nutritionally Important Organic Components Based on Simmental Cows' Energy Status | Chapter 5 | Research Perspective on Biological Science Vol. 6

 

The quality of milk intended for human consumption directly depends on maintaining the metabolic balance of cows. In high-yielding cows, the physiological and metabolic demands of pregnancy and lactation necessitate a specialised approach to nutrition and health management to maintain equilibrium between the animal’s nutritional needs and production capacity. This chapter presents an expanded analysis of the quality of milk from Simmental cows during the peripartal period, focusing on key biochemical parameters (proteins, fats, lactose, and urea) and their relationship with the cows' energy status.

 

Special emphasis was placed on evaluating interactions among these components to identify potential dietary imbalances, ensuring high nutritional quality of milk for human consumption while preventing metabolic disorders and reproductive issues in dairy cows.

 

In the production-reproduction cycle of dairy cows, the peripartal period and early lactation are the most critical phases for maintaining optimal health and physiological balance. During this transition, cows undergo significant metabolic adaptations and endocrine adjustments to shift from late gestation to peak lactation. This period is marked by a negative energy balance (NEB) and increased risk of metabolic disorders such as ketosis, hypocalcemia, and fatty liver syndrome, requiring careful management to ensure a successful transition and sustained productivity.

 

The study, conducted on 46 Simmental cows in early lactation, involved a detailed analysis of fat, protein, and urea concentrations using enzymatic and spectrometric methods. The fat, protein, lactose, and dry matter content were analysed using the Milkoscan device (series 130, type 10900, A/S, N.FOSS ELECTRIC) in the Eko-Lab D.O.O. laboratory in Belgrade. The concentration of urea in milk was determined using an enzymatic kinetic method with the VETSCREEN analyser at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Belgrade. The findings confirm that the energy status of high-yielding dairy cows significantly influences production performance, reproductive efficiency, and overall health.

 

The study was conducted during July and August 2023 on ten farms in the municipality of Blace, involving a total of 46 Simmental cows in the early lactation phase (first 60 days). The cows were at various lactation stages, ranging from the first to the sixth, with an average daily milk yield of 22.5 litres.

 

This extended discussion highlights the practical value of monitoring biochemical milk parameters such as urea, total proteins, and fats as an effective diagnostic tool for assessing nutritional and metabolic status. Positive correlations between these components underscore the importance of balanced feeding strategies in optimizing milk quality and animal welfare.

 

Additionally, this chapter integrates recent perspectives on metabolic health management in dairy farming, offering an economical and scalable diagnostic approach suitable for farms of all sizes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Goran Stojanović
Department of Agriculture and Food Technology Studies, Toplica Academy of Applied Studies, 1 Ćirila i Metodija St, 18400 Prokuplje, Republic of Serbia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rpbs/v6/5920

 

Albumin-Globulin Ratio as a Predictor of Prognosis in Critical Illness: A Prospective Observational Study| Chapter 8 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 5

 Background: Nutritional rank and critical ailment have an inverse connection. The immunity of the patient is improved by a good digestive state which helps in a faster improvement from critical sickness. In this study, we analyzed the part of albumin and globulin ratio as prognostic markers for the distance of ICU stay.Materials and Methods: One hundred and fifty subjects with as well ten days of stay in the ICU were contained in the study. Variables like demographic details, comorbidities, skin fold denseness, calorie intake, and albumin globulin percentage were collected. The equivalence was made 'tween the parameters and the length of wait the ICU. Results: Demographically, both groups were comparable. The correlation 'tween calorie intake and the era 1 AG ratio showed Pearson’s equivalence coefficient R = 0.6373 and a P advantage less than 0.05. It designated a strong uninterrupted relationship middle from two points the albumin-to-globulin ratio on day individual and calorie intake. The equating between the number of days of ICU stay and the era 1 AG ratio demonstrated a Pearson correlation coefficient of R = 0.871 and a p-worth less than 0.05.Conclusion: We decide that nutritional rank assessed by AGR can guide us in the management of critical subjects and reduce ICU stay, with improving endurance.

Author(s) Details:

Mirunalini Gunaseelan,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), Kattangulathur, India.

Pushparani Anand,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), Kattangulathur, India.

Gayathri Ramanathan,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), Kattangulathur, India.

Swetha Ramani Chinnappan Kuppusamy,
SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), Kattangulathur, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V5/article/view/9144

Dietary Habits and Socio-economic Status on Menstrual Disorders among Young Females: A Study from Northern India | Chapter 4 | Research Aspects in Biological Science Vol. 7

 The most crucial stage of the female reproductive cycle, menstruation, involves numerous hormonal changes. The diet is known to have an impact on hormone production. Poor dietary habits of a girl might disrupt her menstrual cycle, leading to menstrual problems and pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS) (PMS). A cross-sectional study was conducted in the months of January through March 2013 among college-bound girls and young working women in Northern India to examine the relationship between dietary practises and socioeconomic level and menstruation disorders. Out of the 300 people polled for this study, 100 women were chosen, and they all responded to the questionnaire. The majority of women (87%) from middle socioeconomic position had higher frequency of menstruation diseases due to sedentary lifestyles and western food habits. Except for dysmenorrhea, vegetarian women had a higher prevalence of menstrual problems than non-vegetarian women. Women who did not consume a daily green salad had a greater prevalence of menorrhagia (56.25% vs. 32.69%), whereas those who did not consume a daily serving of fruits had higher rates of menorrhagia (44.68% vs. 43.40%) and oligomenorrhea (46.81% vs. 45.28%). The consumption of junk food (reported by 93% of respondents) and menstruation abnormalities were found to be positively correlated.

Author(s) Details:

Jasjit Kaur Randhawa,
Department of Zoology, Khalsa College, Amritsar - 143 005, India.

Kapila Mahajan,
Department of Zoology, Khalsa College, Amritsar - 143 005, India.

Manbir Kaur,
Department of Mathematics, Khalsa College for Women, Amritsar - 143 005, India.

Arti Gupta,
Department of Zoology, Khalsa College, Amritsar - 143 005, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RABS-V7/article/view/8043

Prevalence of Anaemia and Associated Factors among Children Aged 03-06 Years in Rural Haryana: A Cross-Sectional Community-Based Study | Chapter 15 | Issues and Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 The current study postulated that low haemoglobin levels in rural Haryana children are caused mostly by micronutrient (particularly iron) insufficiency due to poor dietary consumption, which is exacerbated by poor socioeconomic conditions.

Three-quarters of Indian children are anaemic, according to reports. Their overall growth and development are being harmed by a low-iron diet. All children aged 3-6 years attending Anganwadis in rural Haryana, India, were studied in this community-based cross-sectional study. To collect data on socio-demographic profile, nutritional intake, and health-care utilisation, a semi-structured, pilot-tested questionnaire was employed. The cyanmethaemoglobin technique was used to calculate haemoglobin levels. The software SPSS (version 17.0) was used. The data was analysed using rates, proportions, and the chi square test. The sample size was 402, with a 93.5 percent response rate. The average age of the participants was 4.240.89%. According to the study, 271 (72.07%) of the children aged 3-6 years in the study area were anaemic. Anaemia was more common in 177 (83.1%) girls, 46 (79.3%) infants with Low Birth Weight, 139 (85.8%) underweight children, and 179 (79.9%) children who did not consume fruits and vegetables at least once a day, with statistically significant differences. Anemia was shown to be 10 times more common in children receiving IFA supplementation and deworming (58.8). According to the findings, nearly three-quarters of children aged 3-6 years in the study locations were anaemic due to a lack of iron-rich items in their diet. It is advised that the IFA supplementation and deworming programme for children be strengthened, as well as that the population be educated on how to make better use of locally available iron-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables, as well as haem-iron-rich foods of animal origin.

Author(S) Details

Majra Jai Pal
Department of Community Medicine, BPSGMC (W), Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat, India.

. Pinki
BPSGMC(W), Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat, India.

Verma Ramesh
Department of Community Medicine, BPSGMC (W), Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDMMR-V4/article/view/5552

The Spectrum of Congenital Heart Defects in Infants with Down’s Syndrome, Khartoum, Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study | Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Using immunohistochemistry for NA, dopamine—hydroxylase (DBH), dopamine (DA), and tyrosine hydroxylase, the location and chemical nature of neurons immunoreactive to noradrenaline (NA) in the cat dorsal vagal complex (DVC) were investigated under various situations. In non-treated animals, the location of NA-immunoreactive (-ir) and DBH-ir neurons was largely overlapping. They were predominantly discovered in the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS), with a few in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The bulk of NA-ir / DBH-ir neurons were found in the commissural and ventral subnuclei of NTS. In the area postrema, a limited number of weakly stained NA-ir cell bodies coexisted with numerous brightly marked DBH-ir cell bodies. The injection of pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), increased NA immunoreactivity and the quantity of DVC cells and axons. After treatment with MAOI + parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of tryptophan and phenylalanine hydroxylases, both DA and NA immunoreactivities were dramatically reduced in a large number of axons, while NA immunoreactivity in DVC cell bodies remained visible. NA immunoreactivity was enhanced solely in cell bodies in the areas specified above, where NA and DBH immunoreactivity was weak or undetectable. The physiological repercussions were examined using prior reports as a reference.

Author(S) Details

Osama El-Shazali
Department of Paediatrics, University of Khartoum, Sudan.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V9/article/view/4589

Characteristics, Fertility Status and Fertility Capabiliy Classification of Vertisols along the Benue Floodplain (North Cameroon) | Chapter 4 | Current Perspectives to Environment and Climate Change Vol. 4

 

Vertisols are one of the most fertile soils in the World but crop production is often limited by physical
features related to shrink-swell movements under different moisture conditions making management
strategies mostly tilted towards soil moisture control. However, most crops grown on Vertisols often
show signs of nutritional deficiencies whose causes are not yet fully understood. The main aim of the
present work was to characterize the Vertisols of the Benue floodplain of North Cameroon, to highlight
some potential causes of nutritional deficiencies and to attempt a fertility capability classification
(FCC) of those soils. The work was done in the field and in the laboratory. The main results revealed
that those soils, with a depth of 2-2.5 m above the water table, they showed a dark grey and a heavy
clayey texture. Physico-chemically, they showed a high cation exchange capacity (CEC), high sum of
exchangeable bases (S), high base saturation (S/T ratio), low organic carbon (OC), high total
available phosphorus (TAP), low total nitrogen (TN) and moderate to high C/N ratio (10-27). The
nitrogen versus pH equilibrium revealed that despite the suitable pH(H2O), close to neutrality, TN was
potentially deficient and limiting to plant growth. The Ca/Mg/K ratio revealed a cationic imbalance for
Ca, Mg and K. The other equilibrium factors like potassium versus texture, sum of bases versus
texture, CEC versus texture equilibrium and individual exchangeable bases versus CEC equilibrium
revealed a very good chemical fertility. The major constraints to crop production were heavy clayey
texture (C), waterlogging (g), organic matter depletion (m) and vertic properties (v), enabling the
Vertisols to be classified as Cgmv in the FCC system. Despite their high chemical fertility, heavy
clayey texture and cationic imbalance indicated a potentially limited nutritional uptake by plants,
suggesting that management strategies for crop production on Vertisols should not only be geared
towards water management, but also towards nutrient management. Thus, strategies to improve crop
production should include selection of appropriate crop varieties, introduction of suitable cropping
systems and chemical methods (right amounts and combination of nutrients).

Author (s) Details

Primus Azinwi Tamfuh
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon and Department of Mining and Mineral Engineering, National Higher Polytechnic Institute, University of Bamenda, P.O. Box 39, Bamenda, Cameroon.

Emmanuel Djoufac Woumfo
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon.

Alexis Boukong

Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon.

Fritz Oben Tabi
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon.

Dieudonné Bitom
Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, P.O. Box 222, Dschang, Cameroon.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/247