Microplastic Exposure to Infants | Chapter 4 | Innovations in Biological Science Vol. 6

 The present study summarizes the possible exposure of infants to microplastics (MPs) as well as the detection of possible released MPs in infant feces, breast milk, and infant formulas. Microplastics are small plastic pieces with sizes less than 5 mm. People are in close contact with microplastics, which, due to their physical and chemical properties, have a negative effect on human health. Exposure to microplastics even in small amounts already in childhood can affect human health throughout life. The potential risks of microplastics may be greater for infants because they do not have sufficiently developed metabolizing enzymes, have less ability to remove microplastics, and have highly sensitive target organs. The specific behavior of children, such as crawling, hand—to—mouth movement, makes children more exposed to harmful substances than adults. Infants should be breastfed for the first six months of life. Breast milk is considered to be the most complete and suitable source of nutrition. However, if breastfeeding during this period is not possible, it is necessary to use formulas designed for infant initial feeding. Infants may be exposed to higher levels of microplastics through infant foods or plastic products.

It follows from the results of several studies, polypropylene feeding bottles, plastic packaging for baby food and plastic toys should be considered as potential sources of microplastics. Studies have found that infant formula prepared in a polypropylene bottle releases up to millions of microplastics. Polyamid content was higher in meconium than in placenta. The amount of microplastics in feces was higher in children who used to suck plastic toys.

There is still not enough data available for this study area. Therefore, it is necessary to pay increased attention to minimizing the negative effects of microplastics on human health. The microparticles, which are created by the degradation of plastics, have spread to all areas of the environment, with a negative impact on human health and the overall ecosystem. Our review is based on scientific studies to clarify the extent of the presence of microplastics in various aspects of life, including breast milk, baby bottles, toys, and milk forms.

Author(s) Details:

Csilla Mišľanová,
Faculty of Nursing and Professional Health Studies, Institute of Nutrition, Slovak Medical University, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia.

 

Martina Valachovičová
Faculty of Nursing and Professional Health Studies, Institute of Nutrition, Slovak Medical University, 833 03, Bratislava, Slovakia.

 

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IBS-V6/article/view/14926

The Spectrum of Congenital Heart Defects in Infants with Down’s Syndrome, Khartoum, Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study | Chapter 10 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 9

 Using immunohistochemistry for NA, dopamine—hydroxylase (DBH), dopamine (DA), and tyrosine hydroxylase, the location and chemical nature of neurons immunoreactive to noradrenaline (NA) in the cat dorsal vagal complex (DVC) were investigated under various situations. In non-treated animals, the location of NA-immunoreactive (-ir) and DBH-ir neurons was largely overlapping. They were predominantly discovered in the nucleus of solitary tract (NTS), with a few in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The bulk of NA-ir / DBH-ir neurons were found in the commissural and ventral subnuclei of NTS. In the area postrema, a limited number of weakly stained NA-ir cell bodies coexisted with numerous brightly marked DBH-ir cell bodies. The injection of pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), increased NA immunoreactivity and the quantity of DVC cells and axons. After treatment with MAOI + parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of tryptophan and phenylalanine hydroxylases, both DA and NA immunoreactivities were dramatically reduced in a large number of axons, while NA immunoreactivity in DVC cell bodies remained visible. NA immunoreactivity was enhanced solely in cell bodies in the areas specified above, where NA and DBH immunoreactivity was weak or undetectable. The physiological repercussions were examined using prior reports as a reference.

Author(S) Details

Osama El-Shazali
Department of Paediatrics, University of Khartoum, Sudan.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V9/article/view/4589

Effect of Oral Glucose on Pain Response in Infants during Invasive Procedures: A Review Article | Chapter 9 | Issues and Development in Health Research Vol. 3

 Infants feel pain in the same way as older children and adults do, and perhaps more intensely. Despite being subjected to painful treatments, pain management in newborn neonates has been largely disregarded in more clinical settings. Furthermore, invasive operations have had a significant impact on newborns and babies, and it is thought that non-pharmacological approaches such as the administration of oral glucose before and during procedures may ease discomfort and provide a safe method of analgesia. This review article will assist us in determining the impact of oral glucose on infants' pain responses during invasive procedures.

Author (S) Details

Nirmali Gogoi
Department of Pediatric Nursing, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati, Assam, India.

Doris Lalbiakzuali
Department of Child Health Nursing, Assam Down Town University, Guwahati, Assam, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/IDHR-V3/article/view/3303

A Case Report on Riga Fede Disease | Chapter 3 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 15

 Riga Fede disease, which affects newborns and infants, is a traumatic ulceration on the ventral surface of the tongue. It is a reactive traumatic mucosal disease characterized by persistent oral mucosal ulcerations. They are frequently associated with erupted natal, neonatal, and deciduous lower incisors. This article describes the case of a one-month-old female newborn with a severe traumatic ulceration on the ventral surface of the tongue. The newborn teeth were extracted to make the procedure less traumatic and to allow for recovery.

Author (S) Details

Dr. M. Khaja Khalid Nawaz
Al Jahra Hospital & Al Jahra Specialized Dental Center, MOH, Kuwait.

Dr. R. Nazriya
Madha Dental College, MGR University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V15/article/view/1953

Ferric Pyrophosphate-fortified Rice for the Prevention of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Infants and Preschoolers: A Double-Blind Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial | Chapter 1 | Current Research in Agricultural and Food Science Vol. 3

Background: Internationally, 47 percent of children under five years of age are projected to suffer from iron deficiency anaemia (IDA).

Objective: To investigate the effect of ferric pyrophosphate iron fortified rice, given once weekly, on haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and anaemia prevalence rates in infants and preschoolers compared to controls (standard household rice).
Methods: This randomised, controlled trial was performed between August and December 2010 in the northeast of Brazil. Infants from two day-care centres (n=171) and preschoolers from two public schools (n=303) were part of the sample population. Fortified rice was allocated to 1 day-care centre and 1 public school, and the other centre and school received regular household rice. There were two major outcome variables analysed: improvement in the concentration of Hb and prevalence of anaemia before and after intervention. In order to describe anaemia, Hb concentration <11.0 g/dL was used as a cutoff point.
Results: There was a substantial increase in mean Hb concentration (p< .0001) and a decrease in anaemia prevalence (p= .012) in infant day care centres for the fortified rice community. The day-care centres were statistically similar to Hb at baseline; however, there was a substantial difference between groups at the endpoint, p= .027. There was no substantial improvement in the mean Hb concentration or anaemia prevalence in the before-and-after study for pre-school children. The number required (considering all groups) for treatment was 4.
Conclusions: In babies, iron-fortified rice increased Hb levels once weekly, decreased anaemia prevalence and prevented anaemia; in pre-school children, this same intervention was used to prevent IDA.

Author (s) Details

Francisco Plácido Nogueira Arcanjo
Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.

Cecília Costa Arcanjo
Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.

Caio Plácido Costa Arcanjo
University of Fortaleza, Brazil.

Paulo Roberto Santos
Federal University of Ceará, Brazil.

View Book :- https://bp.bookpi.org/index.php/bpi/catalog/book/364