The Paradigm of Octonionic Probability: A Model of Transcendent Order |Book Publisher International

 

Probability, once formalised as a scalar measure, has undergone successive enlargements: complex amplitudes introduced interference, quaternionic vectors encoded multi‑component epistemic states. The Octonionic Probability Paradigm (OPP) inaugurates the next generative turn, situating probability within the non‑associative eight‑dimensional algebra of the octonions.

 

In OPP, a probabilistic state is not merely a number or vector but an authored octonionic entity. Its components inscribe magnitude, orientation, resonance, generative memory, and the twist of non‑associativity. This construction reframes probability as a sovereign epistemic artefact – an authored compass that records the act of knowing alongside the algebraic resonance of its unfolding.

 

Classical stochastic structures – limit theorems, Markov chains, diffusion processes – are reinterpreted through octonionic dynamics. By embedding chaotic factors and degrees of knowledge into the octonionic field, convergence acquires new dimensions of determinism and relationality. Simulation itself is transformed: Monté Carlo procedures become octonionic algorithms whose outputs carry orientation, resonance, and non‑associative trace, turning randomness into generative inscription.

 

The paradigm’s operational depth is exemplified through the octonionic reformulation of Thomas Bayes’ problem. Here, stochastic unpredictability is lifted into the octonionic domain, revealing how non‑associativity encodes epistemic entanglement and relational depth. Probability ceases to be a passive measure; it becomes a participatory geometry of uncertainty.

 

In sum, OPP declares uncertainty as an eight‑fold phenomenon: directional, resonant, twisting, entangled, authored, and generative. This book establishes the canonical principles, develops operator machinery, and demonstrates applied exemplars, inviting scholars to engage with the octonionic turn as both mathematical innovation and epistemic revolution.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Abdo Abou Jaoudé
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University - Louaize, Lebanon.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-69006-87-3

Determining the Prevalence of Molecular Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer in the Indigenous Population of Uganda: Focus on Jass Classification and Lynch Syndrome | Chapter 6 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Introduction: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. There are disparities in the epidemiology of colorectal cancer across different populations, most probably due to differences in exposure to lifestyle and environmental factors related to colorectal cancer. In the next decade, East Africa is predicted to face an unprecedented growth of cancers, including colorectal cancer. There are indications of a significant burden of late-stage and aggressive colorectal cancer in the Ugandan population. Survival rates in SubSaharan Africa remain poor, with Uganda registering a low 3-year overall survival of 33.3%. There is a paucity of data on colorectal cancer molecular subtypes and their characteristics among patients in East Africa.

 

Objective: The objective is to determine the prevalence of colorectal cancer molecular subtypes among Ugandan colorectal cancer patients.

 

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in two referral hospitals and two missionary hospitals in Uganda. Data was obtained on demographics, topography of tumour and stage. The histopathological subtype, grade and LVI status of CRC were obtained from H&E slides. Immunohistochemistry was carried out to determine whether PMS2 and MLH1 were MMR-deficient or proficient. CRC formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks were used to extract DNA. The MLH-1, MSH2, MSH6, BRAF and KRAS genes were sequenced using NGS sequencing, and the CIMP status was obtained using targeted NextGen Bisulphite sequencing (tNGBS). The tumour molecular subtypes were defined according to the Jass classification: Type 1: MSI positive, CIMP-positive, BRAF-mutated (positive), K-ras mutation negative; Type 2: MSS (MSI negative), CIMP-positive, BRAF-mutated (positive), Kras-mutation (negative); Type 3: MSS (MSI negative), CIMP-negative, BRAF-mutation negative, Kras mutated (positive); Type 4: MSS (MSI negative), CIMP-negative, BRAF-mutation negative, Kras-mutation negative.; Type 5: MSI positive, CIMP-negative, BRAF mutation-negative, Kras-mutation negative (Lynch syndrome). Other marker combinations were grouped together as “other category”. Categorical data were summarised using proportions and frequencies corresponding to the MSI status and each of the five molecular subtypes defined using the Jass classification. Categorical and continuous variables were analysed using the Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests. For all the analyses, a p-value ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

 

Results: Out of 127 CRC patients, the median (IQR) age was 54(43-67) years. Advanced stage III+IV was found in 109(85.8%) cases. Poorly differentiated tumours constituted 14(11.02%), moderately differentiated 96(75.6%) and well differentiated 17(13.4%). There were 52(40.9%) MSI positive tumours and 75(59.06%) MSS tumours. The molecular subtypes defined by the Jass classification included 0% type I, 2.3% type 2, 3.3% type 3, 45.7% type 4, and 38.0% type 5 (Lynch syndrome). Colorectal cancer patients with Lynch syndrome have a pathogenic germline variant in one MMR gene and a secondary gene inactivation due to promoter hypermethylation or loss of heterozygosity.

 

Conclusions: Importantly, sporadic MSI-high/CIMP-high tumours (Jass type 1) were not present (0%), and BRAF/KRAS pathogenic mutations were infrequent, unlike tumours from the Western world. Many young CRC participants presented with poorly differentiated and advanced-stage tumours, with MSI-positive tumours mainly due to Lynch syndrome. Immunohistochemistry, MSI testing and colonoscopic surveillance are cheaper than germline testing, and in Uganda may be carried out on CRC patients with MSI-positive histology.

 

 

Author(s) Details

R. Wismayer
Department of Surgery, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Habib Medical School, IUIU University, Kampala, Uganda and Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

R. Matthews
Institute of Genetics and Cancer, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

 

C. Whalley
Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.

 

J. Kiwanuka
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

F. E. Kakembo
Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Healt
Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda and African Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, Infectious, Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

S. Thorn
Institute of Genetics and Cancer, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK and Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

 

H. Wabinga
Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

M. Odida
Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.

 

I. Tomlinson
Institute of Genetics and Cancer, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7150

 

Drug Abuse among University and Medical College Students regarding Motivations and First Encounters: A Qualitative Study | Chapter 5 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Background: The transition to higher education represents a critical period of vulnerability, where academic rigour and social shifts often precipitate maladaptive coping mechanisms, including substance use. Within the competitive landscape of tertiary education, students face unique stressors that may normalise self-medication and drug initiation.

 

Objective: To investigate the qualitative experiences, social influences, and academic pressures that contribute to the initiation and continuation of drug use among this population.

 

Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted at the Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College, from January to July 2024. Using purposive sampling, ten students who self-reported current drug use were recruited from the Shahbag area. Data were analysed using thematic analysis to identify core drivers of substance initiation and usage patterns.

 

Results: Thematic analysis revealed that drug use was primarily driven by the need for coping mechanisms against chronic academic stress and anxiety. Social circles played a pivotal role in the normalisation of substances, with first encounters often triggered by peer pressure and curiosity. Furthermore, many students reported using substances for perceived cognitive enhancement, such as improved focus for long study hours, despite acknowledging the long-term negative health and social consequences. These findings suggest that the university environment and social networks act as both a gateway and a sustaining factor for drug abuse.

 

Conclusion: Drug initiation in this population is deeply tied to social environments and a lack of healthy coping strategies for academic rigour. Prevention programs should move beyond basic awareness and focus on robust mental health support, stress management workshops, and debunking myths regarding cognitive enhancers.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nazia Sharmin
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Faisal Mohammed Pasha
Department of Community Medicine & Public Health, Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Md. Syedur Rahaman Sumon
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Bashundhara Ad-din Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Rowshon Ara Begum
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Khwaja Yunus Ali Medical College, Sirajganj, Bangladesh.

 

Nuzhat Andalib
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Faridpur Medical College, Faridpur, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7126

 

From Biotype to Therapy: Tailoring Periodontal Treatment | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

For many years, clinicians described gingival tissue simply as “thin” or “thick.” Today, this view has expanded into the broader concept of the periodontal phenotype, which considers not only gingival thickness but also the width of keratinised tissue and the underlying bone structure. This evolution reflects growing recognition that soft tissue dimensions are not just anatomical features—they play a critical role in determining periodontal stability, aesthetic outcomes, and the risk of complications across preventive, surgical, restorative, orthodontic, and implant therapies.

 

Individuals with a thin phenotype are more prone to gingival recession, whether triggered by inflammation or mechanical trauma. They also face greater challenges after surgery, with marginal tissue changes and a higher chance of aesthetic compromise when restorative or implant materials show through delicate tissue. In contrast, a thick phenotype generally offers more resilience: improved resistance to recession, better wound stability, and enhanced ability to conceal restorative components.

 

Importantly, phenotype is not a fixed trait. Advances in mucogingival and peri-implant soft tissue augmentation now allow clinicians to increase gingival thickness and keratinised tissue dimensions, reducing risks and improving long-term stability.

 

This review brings together current knowledge on definitions, diagnostic methods, biological mechanisms, and clinical implications of gingival biotype and periodontal phenotype. It emphasises practical decision-making and the value of interdisciplinary planning. Evidence from clinical studies and systematic reviews supports phenotype-based personalisation, particularly in mucogingival surgery and peri-implant care, where tissue thickness strongly influences early remodelling and the stability of soft tissue outcomes. At the same time, areas where evidence remains indirect are highlighted, along with the promise of emerging digital diagnostic workflows that may help standardise phenotype assessment in everyday practice.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Padmaja V. Deshpande
Department of Periodontology and Implantology, CSMSS Dental College and Hospital, Chh. Sambhajinagar, India.

 

Niraj Chaudhari
Department of Periodontology and Implantology, CSMSS Dental College and Hospital, Chh. Sambhajinagar, India.

 

Maya Mhaske
Department of Periodontology and Implantology, CSMSS Dental College and Hospital, Chh. Sambhajinagar, India.

 

Anup Cholepatil
Department of Periodontology and Implantology, CSMSS Dental College and Hospital, Chh. Sambhajinagar, India.

 

Nisha Salvi
Department of Periodontology and Implantology, Govt. Dental College and Hospital Jalgaon, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7115

 

Transverse Humeral Ligament: True Ligament or Expansion from Adjacent Tendons |Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

The main features of the upper end of the humerus are the presence of greater and lesser tubercles, with the bicipital groove intervening between these tubercles. The bicipital groove, also known as the intertubercular sulcus, houses the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle. As per the classical description, the bicipital groove is bridged by the transverse humeral ligament. But literature search including histological studies revealed that tissue overlying the bicipital groove is not a ligament; instead, the tissue covering the bicipital groove consists of tendinous fibres from the subscapularis and supraspinatus muscles. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to establish whether the tissue bridging the bicipital groove is ligament or tendinous fibres from various muscles constituting the rotator cuff. In this chapter, data from various radiological studies consisting of MRI, including dissection and histological studies, have been expounded to validate the presence of tissue over the bicipital groove, i.e. whether it is ligament or tendinous fibers.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Rajani Singh

Department of Anatomy, Graphic Era Institute of Medical Sciences, Dhulkot, Chakrata Road, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.

 

Mamta Rani
Department of Anatomy, UP University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, UP, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7068

Factors Contributing to Delayed Diagnosis of Oral Malignancies: An Observational Study | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Background: Oral malignancy is an emerging disease all over the world. Treatment failure is grave if the diagnosis is delayed in this disease, which will ultimately increase the mortality rate. This issue is more important for Bangladesh, as oral cancer is highly prevalent in this country.

 

Aim: This study intends to evaluate the factors contributing to the delayed diagnosis of oral malignancies. Health care seeking behaviour of the patients, their socioeconomic conditions, difficulties in the health care delivery and referral systems were assessed to identify the delay between the appearance of symptoms and seeking medical treatments.

 

Materials and Methods: This is an observational sociodemographic study. The study was done with a sample size of 215 cases of oral cancer patients. This observational study was conducted from 1st August 2015 to 31st December 2016 at Upazila Health Complex, Mirsarai, Chattogram & later at the ENT Department of Chittagong Medical College Hospital from 1st March 2017 to 30th April 2018. Patients underwent thorough clinical examination; medical records were reviewed, necessary investigations were performed, and interview data were recorded using a pre-designed questionnaire.

 

Results: The study found that people in the age group of 55-64 years were affected most (33.95%), and the least affected age group was 25-34 yrs (1.86%). In the study, most of the patients were found in the advanced stage of oral malignancy, stage-III (31.6%). Within stage III, most patients are of age group 55-64 years. Several causes of diagnostic delay were identified. Among them, monetary issues (78%) and Ignorance or Illiteracy (69%) have been found as the most important causes. Factors contributing to delayed cancer diagnosis included the stage of the disease, delays in the referral system, tobacco use, age, gender, use of alternative medicine, social taboos, and the distance between the hospital and the patient’s residence.

 

Conclusion: Diagnostic delay in oral cancer is strongly influenced by socioeconomic factors, poor awareness, and delayed referral systems. Many of the causes of delay can be prevented. The authority should establish awareness among the patients and a protocol for early detection of cancer by the health professionals.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Nurul Karim Chowdhury
Department of ENT & Head-Neck Surgery, Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh.

 

Mostafa Mahfuzul Anwar
Department of ENT, 250 Bedded Chattogram General Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh.

 

Ziaul Answar Chowdhury
Department of ENT, 250 Bedded Chattogram General Hospital, Chattogram, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/7066

Demographic Patterns and Biochemical Determinants of Iron Disorders: A Retrospective Study | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 6

 

Background: Disorders of iron homeostasis, including iron deficiency and iron overload, represent clinically important and biologically interconnected conditions. Iron deficiency remains the most common nutritional deficiency worldwide and a major cause of Anemia, impaired cognitive function, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Conversely, iron overload—most commonly due to hereditary hemochromatosis or secondary causes—can lead to progressive parenchymal iron deposition, culminating in hepatic, cardiac, and endocrine complications. Real-world comparative data across the full spectrum of iron dysregulation in hospital-based populations remain limited.

 

Objectives: The primary objective of this study is to characterise demographic patterns and biochemical profiles of iron deficiency and iron overload and to identify independent predictors using routinely available laboratory parameters.

 

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 110 patients who underwent iron profile testing at a tertiary care centre. Patient data were extracted from the hospital’s electronic health records. Patients were categorised into iron deficiency, normal iron status, and iron overload groups using predefined cut-offs for serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and transferrin saturation (TSAT). Laboratory analyses were performed in an accredited clinical laboratory using standardised automated immunoassays and spectrophotometric techniques. Group comparisons were performed using appropriate statistical tests, and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors.

 

Results: Iron-deficient patients were significantly younger and more likely to be female, with markedly lower ferritin and TSAT and significantly higher TIBC (p < 0.001). The iron overload group showed significantly elevated ferritin and TSAT with a male predominance and relatively lower TIBC. Post-hoc analysis confirmed significant differences across all groups. Female sex, younger age, and higher TIBC independently predicted iron deficiency, while older age and elevated TSAT were associated with iron overload.

 

Conclusions: Hospital-based patients demonstrate clear demographic and biochemical stratification across iron status categories. The findings emphasise the importance of interpreting iron parameters as an integrated panel rather than in isolation. Integrated interpretation of iron indices, together with simple demographic variables, may improve early identification and risk stratification of iron dysregulation in routine clinical practice. Given the single-centre, retrospective design, future multicenter prospective studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to validate these findings and assess their clinical applicability across diverse populations.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Kuldeep Singh
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence, Katra, India.

 

Sonalika Rajput
Government Medical College, Jammu, India.

 

Rohit
Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence, Katra, India.

 

Abid Manzoor

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Institute of Medical Excellence, Katra, India.

 

Eishita Gupta
SMVDIME, J&K, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v6/6980

Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology Analysis of Breast Lumps: A Histopathological Correlation Study | Chapter 4 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 7

 

Background: Since the introduction of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), the diagnostic approach to palpable breast lumps has been significantly improved. FNAC is a minimally invasive, rapid, and cost-effective technique with high sensitivity and specificity, and it remains an integral component of triple assessment for breast lesion diagnosis.

 

Objective: This study aims to analyse the cytological spectrum of palpable breast lumps diagnosed by FNAC and to evaluate its diagnostic accuracy in differentiating benign and malignant breast lesions through histopathological correlation.

 

Materials and Methods: A two-year prospective study was conducted at our institution, during which 490 FNAC procedures (including six bilateral cases) were performed on patients presenting with palpable breast lumps. Suppurative and inflammatory lesions were excluded. Cytological diagnoses were categorized as benign, suspicious and malignant. Among these cases, 94 patients subsequently underwent mastectomy or open/excision biopsy, and FNAC findings were correlated with histopathological diagnoses. Diagnostic performance parameters of FNAC were calculated using histopathology as the gold standard.

 

Results: Of the 490 FNAC cases, 373 were reported as benign, 4 as suspicious for carcinoma, and 113 as carcinoma. The majority of patients were premenopausal women, with the most common age group being 31–40 years. Histopathological follow-up was available in 94 cases. FNAC demonstrated an accuracy of 100% for benign lesions and 92.10% for malignant lesions, with a false-negative rate of 7.90% and no false-positive results. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of FNAC in diagnosing palpable breast lumps were 92.10%, 100%, 100%, and 94.91%, respectively.

 

Conclusion: FNAC, when performed by experienced hands, is a highly reliable diagnostic tool for palpable breast lumps, characterised by very high specificity and an extremely low false-positive rate. Its sensitivity can be further enhanced through appropriate clinical and imaging correlation. Despite evolving diagnostic modalities, FNAC continues to play a vital role in the systematic evaluation and management of breast lumps, particularly within a multidisciplinary diagnostic framework.

 

 

Author(s) Details

S. Akte
Department of Pathology, North Bengal Medical College, Sirajganj, Bangladesh.

 

M. J. Islam
Department of Surgery, Shaheed M. Monsur Ali Medical College, Sirajganj, Bangladesh.

 

M. S. Haque
Department of Nephrology, Shaheed M. Monsur Ali Medical College, Sirajganj, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v7/7226

Medical Sciences Marketing: Challenges and Benefits | Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 7

 

Healthcare is a constantly evolving field, offering a plethora of opportunities that stimulate creativity and enthusiasm, while challenging specialists to fully apply their expertise. Marketing plays a crucial role in the field of medical sciences, enabling healthcare organisations to effectively promote their services, engage with patients, and drive positive health outcomes. However, the unique nature of medical sciences poses specific challenges and opportunities for marketing practitioners. This chapter explores the challenges medical sciences marketing faces and the potential benefits it can offer. Through an examination of existing literature and case studies, this chapter aims to shed light on the strategies and approaches that can help healthcare organisations overcome obstacles and leverage marketing to enhance patient care and overall healthcare delivery. This chapter suggests employing strategies such as content marketing, digital marketing, relationship marketing, and collaborative partnerships for healthcare organisations to overcome challenges and harness the power of marketing. Currently, the industry is transitioning from experimental AI to a connected intelligence model, where artificial intelligence acts as an integral operating system for all marketing strategies. Future research should focus on exploring how emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence and connected intelligence models, can be effectively integrated into healthcare marketing strategies while maintaining ethical standards and patient trust.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Aprajita Malhan
StackAdapt Inc., Canada.

 

Ishita Malhan
National Research Council of Canada, Canada.

 

Kabir Dhankhar
Duke University, USA.

 

Shubhankar Malhan
Anglepoint, San Francisco CA, United States.

 

Kumud Dhankhar
JSS Medical College, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

 

Navya Hooda
SHKM GMC, Nalhar, Haryana, India.

 

Kiran Dahiya
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. BD Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v7/7192

 

Current Progress in Remineralisation Therapies for Dental Caries: A Review | Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 7

 

The oral illness known as dental caries is a prevalent and complicated condition that has been a source of considerable health care issues for communities for quite some time. A number of different remineralising agents provide assistance to the remineralisation process, which helps to prevent the progression of illness and improve the shape and functionality of the teeth. Remineralisation is the process of adding important minerals, primarily phosphate and calcium, and integrating them into areas of dental decay that have lost these minerals as a result of demineralisation of tooth structure. This process is known as remineralisation. The current chapter discusses numerous materials that facilitate and encourage the remineralisation of tooth structure, along with their deployment in clinical practice. Research has primarily concentrated on creating resin-based composite formulations, with less attention paid to the development of dental adhesives, crown cements and resin-based sealants. Future research should prioritise the comprehensive evaluation and characterisation of these materials to better understand their mechanical and antibacterial properties.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sihivahanan Dhanasekaran
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Vijay Venkatesh Kondas
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRMIST, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v7/7165

Diagnostic Accuracy of Barium Enema in Colorectal Cancer: A Histopathological Correlation Study | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Updates and Prospects Vol. 7

 

Background: Colorectal cancer is a disorder that occurs exclusively in the colon or rectum and is caused by the colon’s aberrant proliferation of glandular epithelial cells. Two commonly used strategies for initial evaluation are Double Contrast Barium Enema (DCBE) and diagnostic lower GI endoscopy. Barium enema is easy to perform, does not require sedation, is inexpensive, and is readily available in Bangladesh. However, limited data are available on its diagnostic accuracy in the local population.

 

Aim of the Study: This study aims to determine the diagnostic value of barium enema in colorectal cancer.

 

Materials and Methods: A prospective study was carried out on 50 cases presented with clinical features of colorectal cancer in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka Medical College Hospital and National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital (NICRH) during the period July 2000 to June 2001. Of the 50 patients, 30 were male, and 20 were female. The mean age of the male patients was 46 ± 10.8 years, while that of the female patients was 44.5 ± 11.2 years. All 50 cases underwent barium enema examination under fluoroscopic control; single-contrast studies were performed in 11 cases, and double-contrast studies were performed in 39 cases. The findings of barium enema examination were confirmed by histologic examination of the specimens obtained by colonoscopy, and in 10 cases, after operation. Moreover, questionnaires, interviews, case history and clinical examinations were conducted to collect all the relevant data and analysed statistically.

 

Results: No statistically significant difference was found between the age and sex of the patients. In Western countries, colorectal cancer typically occurs in late adulthood, most commonly in the sixth and seventh decades of life; however, in this study, the highest incidence was observed in the fourth and fifth decades, followed by the sixth decade. Males predominate over females, and the rectum is more involved than the colon. It was found that 96% of patients took meat and fat, and one patient had a family history of colon cancer. Colorectal cancer was more common (44%) in better socio-economic conditions than in low (4%). Constipation (70%) and per rectal bleeding (64%) were predominant symptoms, and 68% cases had abnormality in per rectal examination. Out of 40 cases, colonoscopy detected a lesion in 33 cases, one was a false positive, and 7 cases were negative; of them, 3 cases were false negatives, and 4 were true negatives. In 50 cases, barium enema detected a lesion in 42 cases; 2 were false positives. 8 cases were negative in barium enema, of them 5 were false negatives, and 3 were true negatives. Histologically, 45 (90%) cases proved to be adenocarcinoma, among them 4 (8%) cases were mucinous adenocarcinoma. Five cases were histologically negative. The sensitivity and accuracy of barium enema were 88.9% and 86%, and those of colonoscopy were 91.4% and 90%, respectively.

 

Conclusion: Though colonoscopy has greater sensitivity and accuracy, it is less acceptable to the patients, has a high cost, is not easily available, requires sedation and expertise and the entire colon is not seen in 2-40% of patients. The study concluded that barium enema may be considered a suitable initial investigation for the diagnosis of clinically suspected colorectal cancer. However, as this was a single-centre study with a small sample size, future research should include larger sample sizes and multicenter studies to validate these findings.

 

Author(s) Details

Md. Abdul Gafur
Chittagong Medical College, Chattogram, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msup/v7/7108

Economic Recovery through Corporate Social Responsibility during COVID-19: Lessons from Islamic Banks in Bangladesh | Chapter 6 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 8

 

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought not only health but also extensive economic challenges. As a result, the rapid economic growth of Bangladesh has been disrupted. Currently, eight full-fledged Islamic banks (IBs) are functioning in Bangladesh, adhering to the underlying principles of Shariah; among them, seven are actively engaged in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities to help the underprivileged segments of its citizens.

 

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the economic impact of COVID-19 and analyse how the CSR initiatives of IBs can contribute to reducing the adverse economic impact in the context of Bangladesh.

 

Methodology: This study, through employing a content analysis method, examined the information available from these IBs as well as other government sources and published materials to address the COVID-19 economic impacts, especially the role of these IBs.

 

Findings: This study found that Bangladesh has been facing several major economic challenges, including the declining revenue from the Readymade Garments industry, decreasing inflow of foreign remittance, struggling small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and start-ups, already crippling financial institutions, instability in the capital market, continuous trade deficit and a sharp increase in unemployment. Along the line with national and international funds, IBs’ CSR funds can also help address the economic downturn in Bangladesh caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study further identified that if IBs develop a consortium among themselves, the CSR funds could be better utilised for the socio-economic development of Bangladesh. It also demonstrated that IBs could spend USD 83.30 million annually, which means USD 417 in five years period.

 

Conclusion: This study is unique in the sense that it seeks to address the economic challenges of COVID-19 in the context of Bangladesh with support from the CSR initiatives of IBs. This study has created a new insight for IBs into developing an integrated CSR strategy, which is expected to bring significant contributions to the livelihood of the susceptible citizens of this country. The study recommended that all IBs work together to develop a joint CSR strategy for the socio-economic development of Bangladesh. Further research can be conducted in future, considering the total CSR funds by all conventional and Islamic banks.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Shafiqur Rahman
International Open University, The Gambia.

 

Shamsul Sarkar
Healthcare and Community Service Professional, Sydney, Australia.

 

Gazi Farid Hossain
King’s Own Institute, Australia.

 

Nasrin Huda
University Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia.

 

Abu Kholdun Al-Mahmood
Ibn Sina Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v8/6989

Dynamics of Effects of Land Fragmentation on Food Security in Three Agro-ecological Zones of Embu County in Kenya | Chapter 5 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 8

 

Land fragmentation is a common agricultural phenomenon in many countries where a single large farm is subdivided into a large number of separate small land plots. Land fragmentation has been cited as one of the major causes of food insecurity in Kenya. This citation may be due to the fact that land fragmentation is rampant in most high agricultural potential areas in Kenya, mainly due to increasing population pressure, but there is limited evidence from empirical studies. This chapter is based on a study that was carried out to evaluate the impact of land fragmentation on food security in three agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Embu County in Kenya from January to November 2016. The study used data collected from 384 farm households that were randomly selected from three AEZs in Embu County, using the 4-stage cluster sampling method. The AEZs were the Sunflower-Cotton Zone, the Coffee Zone and the Tea Zone, based on the official AEZs classification system in Kenya. The household caloric acquisition method was used to compute a household food security index (HFSI) that was used to measure the household food security status. HFSI < 1 indicates food insecurity, and HFSI ≥ 1 indicates food security based on daily calorie requirements. The effect of farm size on food security was evaluated using the Binary Logit Regression method. The results showed that the average number of people in a household was 3.73 in the Tea Zone, 3.59 in the Coffee Zone and 3.93 in the Sunflower Zone, and that farm size had a positive and significant effect on food security in the Sunflower (P=.029) and Tea zones (P=.007), but not in the Coffee Zone (P=.365). Further, it was found that the minimum farm size that could ensure the attainment of the minimum (cut-off) point for household food security (HFSI = 1) was above 2 ha in the Sunflower Zone and 0.5 ha in the Tea Zone. The study concluded that farm size has a positive impact on household food security in the study area. Based on the study findings, it is recommended that further fragmentation of farms below 0.5 ha in the Coffee and Tea zones and 2 ha in the Sunflower Zone should be discouraged to ensure sustainable food security in the study area. For the farms that are already below the minimum cut-off size for food security, measures to increase these farms’ productivity so that they can support more people per ha should be devised and implemented. This study focused on only three agro-ecological zones within Embu County; therefore, future research should expand the geographical scope to include other counties and agro-ecological zones in Kenya to more comprehensively evaluate the effects of land fragmentation on food security.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Samuel Njiri Ndirangu
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, University of Embu, Kenya.

 

Stephen G. Mbogoh
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nairobi, Kenya.

 

O. L. E. Mbatia
Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v8/6940

Meekly SC∗-Normal Spaces in Topological Spaces | Chapter 8 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Research Updates Vol. 9

 

This chapter develops the concept of meekly SC∗-normality, a novel generalization of the classical notion of normality in topology. The proposed framework simultaneously broadens SC∗-normality and other established forms of normality, offering a unified perspective on generalized separation axioms. Fundamental properties are systematically derived, several equivalent characterizations are obtained, and the relationships between meekly SC∗-normal spaces and a range of existing normal-type spaces are rigorously analyzed. By establishing these structural connections, the chapter not only enriches the theory of generalized closed sets and separation axioms but also opens new directions for further research in advanced topological studies.

 

Author(s) Details

Neeraj K. Toma
Department of Applied Mathematics, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India .

 

Saroj Rani
Department of Mathematics, S. A. Jain (PG) College, Ambala City, Haryana, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v9/6714

Arithmetic Modelling and Routing Algorithms for an Edge–Fog–Cloud Continuum Structured as a Full k-ary Tree | Chapter 7 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Research Updates Vol. 9

 

Remote computing is currently widely deployed in production networks, although its performance could be optimised through an appropriate architectural design. Accordingly, a mathematical model of an edge-fog-cloud hierarchy is presented, where all devices are organised as a full complete k-ary tree. When devices across layers are sequentially indexed, integer division and modular arithmetic can be used to determine the devices and ports involved along the path between a source and a destination end device. Two pseudocode algorithms are proposed, where one considers only a single cloud server, while the other extends the approach to multiple cloud servers. The key properties of both algorithms are simplicity and scalability, highlighting their technical relevance in remote computing architectures. The proposed model may have a practical impact on IoT, edge AI, and network design as it simplifies how packets are forwarded between end devices in remote computing environments.

 

Author(s) Details

Pedro J. Roig
Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain and University of the Balearic Islands, Spain.

 

Salvador Alcaraz
Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain.

 

Katja Gilly
Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain.

 

Cristina Bernad
Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain.

 

Carlos Juiz
University of the Balearic Islands, Spain.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v9/7259

 

Analysis of Hydromagnetic Flow and Heat Transfer of a Boussinesq-Stokes Suspension over an Exponentially Stretching Sheet | Chapter 6 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Research Updates Vol. 9

 

There are numerous uses for boundary layer flow on a continually stretched sheet, wire drawing, including hot rolling, the manufacture of glass fibre, and the making of paper. Most previous studies mainly focus on boundary layer flows over stretching surfaces, where it is considered that the surface's velocity stretches in a quadratic proportion to the distance from the static origin. The current chapter presents the investigation of heat transfer properties and velocity profiles in a hydromagnetic Boussinesq-Stokes suspension (BSS) flow over an exponentially stretching impermeable sheet. The fundamental equations that describe the transfer of heat and flow are partial differential equations. A suitable local similarity transformation was applied to convert the equations into nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The differential transform method (DTM) was used to obtain the series solutions of the transformed equations with guaranteed convergence. The influence of the Chandrasekhar number, couple stress parameter, Prandtl number, and Eckert number on velocity profiles and heat transfer was investigated. The study showed that magnetic field strength, couple stress, Prandtl number, and Eckert number significantly influence the velocity and thermal boundary layers in hydromagnetic Boussinesq–Stokes suspension flow over an exponentially stretching sheet, with important implications for industrial heat and material processing applications.

 

 

Author(s) Details

L. Venkata Reddy
Department of Mathematics, B. N. M. Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 560 070, India.

 

N. P. Chandrashekara
Department of Mathematics, B. N. M. Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 560 070, India.

 

K. N. N. Prasad
Department of Physics, B. N. M. Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 560 070, India.

 

G. Roopa
Department of Mathematics, B. N. M. Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 560 070, India.

 

A. Pranesha Setty
Department of Mathematics, B. N. M. Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 560 070, India.

 

S. Chandrasekhar
Department of Physics, B. N. M. Institute of Technology, Bengaluru - 560 070, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v9/7203

Exploring Cramer-Rao Lower Bounds and Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimators (UMVUE): Counterexamples| Chapter 5 | Mathematics and Computer Science: Research Updates Vol. 9

 

Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CR-LB) is a fundamental tool for determining the minimum variance of unbiased estimators. The main goal of this chapter is to present counterexamples where the variance of the UMVUE does not reach the Cramer-Rao lower bound. We provided many motivating counterexamples and demonstrated that these UMVU estimators are, in fact, asymptotically efficient. All counterexamples are either new or not typically found in standard textbooks. To illustrate the process, we included numerous definitions related to UMVUE and explained various methods and step-by-step approaches for finding UMVUEs.

 

This chapter will be valuable for senior undergraduates and first-year graduate students taking courses in statistical inference. The material should also interest teachers of statistical estimation theory. They could include the examples from this paper in various exams. Certainly! The article also has significant pedagogical value.

 

Author(s) Details

S. C. Bagui
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of West Florida, FL 32514, USA.

 

K. L. Mehra
Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, University of Alberta, AB, Canada.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mcsru/v9/7102

Corrosion Inhibition of Indigofera Tinctoria Leaf Extract on Mild Steel in 1M HCL Solution | Chapter 9 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 9

 

In the present work, the dissolution prevention of mild steel induced by Indigofera tinctoria Leaves (ITL) extract was analysed using different techniques such as weight loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarisation in 1M HCl solution at various contact periods and temperatures (303-333K). The result exhibits that Indigofera tinctoria Leaves acts as a mild steel inhibitor that performs well in 1M HCl solution. Inhibition efficiency of mild steel in 1M HCl increases as more inhibitor is added. The Highest percentage of inhibition efficiency was found to be 54.3% a 500 ppm concentration at a temperature of 303 K. Thermodynamic parameters Ea, Qads, Gads, H, and S suggest that the adsorption of Indigofera tinctoria leaves extract is exothermic, spontaneous, and a chemisorption process. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm governs the adsorption of Indigofera tinctoria leaves on a mild steel surface. Also, the electrochemical study exhibits that it acts as a cathodic inhibitor in a 1M HCl medium. Thin film formation on the surface of metal may also be confirmed by UV, FT-IR, and SEM studies.

 

 

Author(s) Details

M. Prema
PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli–620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

S. Vidhya
PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli–620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

A. Leema Rose
PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli–620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

F. Janeeta Priya
PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli–620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

J. Morris Princey
PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli–620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

A. Arputharaj
St.Joseph's College Autonomous, Tiruchirappalli, India.

 

P. Aparna
PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli–620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

T. R. Amsica
PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Holy Cross College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli–620002, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v9/7235

Carboxymethyl Cellulose/Poly (Acrylamide-co-vinyl imidazole) Based Self-Healing Hydrogel for Supercapacitor Applications and Moisture Determination: Synthesis, Characterisation, and Functional Evaluation (Part-II) | Chapter 8 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 9

 

Hydrogels’ self-healing process involves reconstructing the damaged network structure, which is typically mediated by the reversible interactions among the polymer chains. A number of approaches have been employed to fabricate self-healing hydrogels. These include hydrogen bonding, host-guest recognition, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic associations, metal-ligand coordination, dynamic covalent bonds, etc. This chapter describes the physical entanglements between carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) chains and poly (acrylamide-co-vinyl imidazole)(poly(AAm-co-VI), which resulted in a unique solid hydrogel electrolyte(SHE) material with highly controllable properties. The SHE was synthesised by carrying out free radical co-polymerisation of monomer Acrylamide and vinyl imidazole in the presence of dissolved CMC at 40 °C. The SHE was characterised using rheological, mechanical, adhesion, and electrochemical techniques. The SHE showed an excellent self-healing property, as confirmed by the “LED glowing” experiment, and the ‘self-healed ‘material recovered 78% of its original elongation capacity. The freshly prepared SHE, when put on a copper surface, required a Detachment Pressure (DP) of 864 Pa, while a fairly high DP of 8909 Pa was required after 24 h of contact. The SHE sample was highly flexible and regained its shape after knotting, folding and twisting. The hydrogel also exhibited shape memory property. Finally, the samples SHE-I and SHE-IV (containing 0 and 4 ml glycerol per 40 ml of film-forming solution) were charged using a 12-volt battery for 2 min and then employed to glow an LED bulb as well as run an alarm clock. It was found that the sample SHE-I was able to glow the LED bulb for almost 55 min, while the sample SHE-IV successfully lit the LED for almost 357 min. Similarly, a small alarm clock was run by the two SHE systems for 118 and 838 min respectively. The hydrogel sample SHE-IV, loaded with glycerol and the sample SHE-V, loaded with the salt ZnCl2 demonstrated excellent anti-freezing behavior by maintaining the electrical connectivity in the circuit even at -25oC. Finally, the sample SHE-I was prepared with a highly porous texture and used as a “Gravimetric Analyzer for Humidity Monitoring” (GAHM). The moisture absorption-desorption capacity of GAHM was tested by putting it before a hot air blower for 600 s, followed by its immediate transfer in RH atmosphere of 75%. It attained the Equilibrium mass within a short period of 600 s. Owing to hydrogen-bonding interactions and mutual polymer-chain entanglements, the SHE possesses self-healing, shape memory, adhesiveness, and flexibility. It also functions as a rechargeable supercapacitor, which lasts longer in the presence of glycerol.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Deepika Dubey
Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Govt. Model Science College, Jabalpur (M.P.)-482001, India.

 

S. K. Bajpai
Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Govt. Model Science College, Jabalpur (M.P.)-482001, India.

 

Manjula Bajpai
Polymer Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Govt. Model Science College, Jabalpur (M.P.)-482001, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v9/7031

Substituted Arylidene Imidazolones: Synthesis, Spectral Characterization and Molecular Docking Studies | Chapter 7 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 9

 

Ten analogues of acetylphenyl tethered imidazolones (4.12a-j) from 4-arylidene-2-phenyloxazol-5(4H)-ones were prepared and characterised by IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectra. All the analogues have shown moderate to good antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and S. aureus. By means of FabI of S. aureus, docking studies were carried out. Altogether, the compounds were proven to be inhibitors of enoylacylcarrier proteinreductase.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Y. Aparna
Matrusri Engineering College, Saidabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

N. J. P. Subhashini
Department of Chemistry, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v9/6759

Determination of Proximate and Antinutrient Composition of Hura crepitans Seeds from Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Nigeria | Chapter 6 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 9

 

Hura crepitans is traditionally grown as a shade tree and has also been found to be useful in many ethnomedicinal applications, such as its use in the treatment of leprosy and as an antimicrobial, among others. Although sandbox trees are being used as shade in most parts of the world, the tree is one of the underutilised trees in Nigeria. This study was carried out to determine the proximate and antinutritional composition of the seeds of   H. crepitans. Analysis of proximate and antinutrient composition of Hura crepitans (Sandbox tree) seeds obtained from the campus of Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Ikot Ekpene were carried out using standard analytical procedures. The recommended methods of AOAC were used for proximate analysis. The result of the proximate composition analysis showed that H. crepitans seeds contain moisture content (13.875 ± 0.176%), crude fat (36.750±1.060%), crude fibre (0.5±0.000%), crude protein (36.625±0.884%), ash content (0.25±0.000%) and carbohydrate (25.875±0.200%). The result of the antinutrient analysis showed that H. crepitans seeds contain phytic acid (phytate) (0.615±0.002mg/100g), hydrogen cyanide (3.289±0.003mg/100g), oxalate (1.386±0.001mg/100g) and tannins (8.130±0.003mg/100g). Tannins had the highest concentration, while phytate had the lowest concentration of all the antinutrients analysed. The antinutrients can be removed during processing. The result of the proximate composition reveals high crude fat and protein contents of the seed of H. crepitans, showing that the seed is nutritional. It was concluded that sandbox tree seeds possess all the analysed antinutrients, which can even be removed during processing. Findings from this study, therefore, suggest intensified research on the seeds of H. crepitans so as to harness its potential in the production of animal feed.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Etiowo George Ukpong
Department of Chemical Sciences, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria.

 

Janet Monday Tom
Department of Chemical Sciences, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria.

 

Okon Effiong Okon
Department of Chemical Sciences, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria.

 

James Okon Effiong
Department of Chemical Sciences, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria.

 

Promise–Godsfavour Mfon Bobson
Department of Chemical Sciences, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Ikot Ekpene, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v9/6685

 

Exploring Sustainable Approaches to Citric Acid Manufacturing | Chapter 5 | Chemistry and Biochemistry: Research Progress Vol. 9

 

Citric acid possesses many important qualities as a green solvent, palatable, highly soluble and extremely low toxic to humans and mammals. Chemical synthesis of citric acid is more costly than fermentation, the second-largest fermentation product. Citric acid has a predominant position among the most highly relevant biotechnological products in industrial demand. Multi-functional citric acid is well known for its applications, mainly in the food and nanotechnology drug delivery sectors. A. niger is the world’s leading choice attractive production host that excretes citric acid after growth on corn substrates because it is a good source of nutrients, sugary substrates for citric acid. Improper disposal of the agro-waste causes a serious ecological threat by encouraging the growth of microbial pathogens. The alternatives for the utilisation of such cellulosic biomass are therefore of great importance for cleaner production to reduce the cost of bioactive compounds production. Hence, pulps, seeds and peel wastes were used as feedstocks and carbon sources for citric acid-production. The high energy cost, complex process, and heavy use of reagents, hazardous to the environment in conventional industrial separation, extraction, and production, strongly call for modern technological innovation. This review provides a summary describing microorganisms, morphology, self-immobilisation, bioreactors variability, metabolic engineering, parameter optima and product recovery in order to highlight microbial citric acid production.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Amber S Gad
Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Industries Drug Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cbrp/v9/1523

Understanding the Dynamics of Financial Inclusion in Tanzania: Pathways and Prospects | Book Publisher International

 

This book presents an in-depth analysis of financial inclusion in Tanzania, which is organised into eleven chapters. Chapter one lays the foundation for understanding financial inclusion in Tanzania and examines the concept through various theoretical lenses. It reviews key theories, including the financial systems approach, the demand-side perspective, and the supply-side perspective, highlighting their relevance to financial inclusion. The chapter also explores definitions, dimensions, and indicators of financial inclusion, setting the stage for the book's empirical analysis of financial inclusion dynamics in Tanzania. By establishing a clear theoretical framework, this chapter provides context for the subsequent chapters' exploration of financial inclusion challenges, opportunities, and strategies in Tanzania.

 

Drawing on empirical evidence and stakeholder insights, the book, in chapter 2, highlights both demand-side and supply-side drivers of financial inclusion while also exploring barriers like income constraints, procedural bottlenecks, behavioral aspects, customer satisfaction issues, and regulatory challenges. By understanding these drivers and barriers, policymakers and practitioners can develop targeted strategies to promote financial inclusion, address gaps, and foster a more inclusive financial ecosystem in Tanzania.

 

In chapter 3, the book provides an overview of Tanzania's financial inclusion landscape and examines the institutional framework supporting financial sector development. It analyses the country's financial sector structure, regulatory environment, and policy initiatives aimed at promoting financial inclusion. By examining the institutional framework, this chapter sets the stage for understanding the roles of various stakeholders in shaping financial inclusion outcomes in Tanzania.

 

The book further, in chapter 4, examines the regulatory environment governing mobile money and banking services in Tanzania, highlighting its impact on financial inclusion. In essence, analyzes the evolution of regulations, key players, and innovations in the mobile money space, as well as challenges and opportunities for expansion. By understanding this regulatory landscape, stakeholders can better navigate the complexities of Tanzania's mobile money and banking sector, fostering innovation and inclusive growth.

 

Chapter 5 of the book explores the borrowing patterns and behaviour of households in Tanzania, shedding light on their financial decision-making processes. In particular, the chapter examines the impact of financial inclusion initiatives on household borrowing and financial resilience, providing implications for policymakers and financial service providers seeking to expand inclusive finance and support household economic well-being.

 

In chapter 6, the book examines the savings patterns and behaviour of households in Tanzania, exploring the factors influencing their savings decisions. It analyses data on household savings habits, savings products, and motivations for saving, revealing insights into the role of formal and informal savings mechanisms. The chapter also investigates the impact of financial inclusion, income, education, and other demographic factors on household savings behaviour, providing implications for policymakers and financial service providers seeking to promote savings mobilisation and financial resilience among Tanzanian households.

 

Furthermore, Chapter 7 of the book examines the nexus between financial literacy and financial inclusion in Tanzania, assessing the level of financial knowledge and its impact on financial behaviour, including investment decisions. The chapter examines the demographic factors affecting both. investment decisions, financial literacy. The chapter is wound up by highlighting gaps in financial literacy, identifying target groups for interventions, and providing recommendations for policymakers and practitioners to enhance financial education and promote inclusive finance in Tanzania.

 

The book in chapter 8 examines the impact of mobile money taxation on financial inclusion, and as the government considers taxation policies for mobile financial services, understanding their effects on financial inclusion is crucial. Therefore, this study analyses how mobile money taxation influences usage patterns, financial access, and inclusion among underserved populations. The chapter suggests that taxation on mobile money transactions can disproportionately affect low-income users, potentially limiting financial inclusion gains. The chapter further discusses policy implications, emphasising the need for balanced taxation approaches that promote both revenue generation and financial inclusion objectives.

 

In chapter 9, the book examines gender disparities in financial inclusion, focusing on barriers and opportunities for women's financial empowerment. It is revealed that there are significant gaps in women's access to financial services, mobile money usage, and decision-making control over financial resources. Key findings highlight constraints such as limited financial literacy, mobility restrictions, and social norms. The chapter proposes targeted strategies to enhance women's financial inclusion, including tailored financial products, digital literacy programs, and policy interventions addressing gender-specific barriers.

 

Chapter 10 assesses the role of bank institutional quality in shaping financial inclusion outcomes in Tanzania. Key findings suggest that banks with stronger institutional quality—measured by service reach, product innovation, and trust—drive greater financial inclusion, particularly in underserved areas. The chapter discusses policy implications for enhancing bank-led financial inclusion strategies and the regulatory framework.

 

Finally, in chapter 11, the book explores electronic banking innovations and strategic approaches driving financial inclusion in Tanzania. Key Findings highlight the role of interoperability, agent networks, and customer-centric design in expanding access. The chapter discusses strategic implications for banks, policymakers, and fintech to enhance innovation ecosystems and inclusive growth.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Professor Josephat Lotto
The Institute of Finance Management, 5 Shaaban Robert Street, P.O. Box 3918, 11101 Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-69006-47-7

Workplace Transformation in the Digital Era: Proposing a Conceptual Model | Chapter 1 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 9

 

In an era of rapid technological advancement and cut-throat global competition, digital transformation has become quintessential. Undoubtedly, digital technologies accelerate productivity while simultaneously changing the employee roles, working experiences, and work sphere. Drawing from extensive literature and validated expert opinion, the chapter introduces the ‘Digital Workplace Transformation Assessment (DWTA)’ scale for millennial collaborative workplaces, aligning digital transformation, self-determination, organisational behaviour and future workforce. The study emphasises prime domains comprising Digital transformation, Skill Orientation, Self-determination, Inclusive workplaces and Organisational behaviour with structured sub-domains and items. Methodology of the study collaborates expert evaluation, statistical item analysis and scale reliability with a 0.936 value demonstrating first-rate reliability and robustness of the measurement scale. The DTWA scale provides the backbone, combining technology and organisational behaviour towards formulating an integrated theoretical framework. Findings of the chapter underscore in formulating comprehensive ‘Futuristic Digital Transformation Workplace Framework’ for evaluating and fostering inclusive, culturally digital intelligent workplaces. The chapter showcases a conceptual model which aids as a dynamic tool for future HR professionals and policymakers to build a responsive and resilient, transformative digital work sphere equipped for unforeseen global challenges.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Partha Naskar
Finance Department, GoWB, West Bengal SCSTOBC Development & Finance Corporation, Kolkata, India.

 

Ananya Modak
Ramdeobaba University, Nagpur, India.

 

Priya Gupta
Sister Nivedita University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

 

Srija Paul
Sister Nivedita University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v9/7131

 

Reframing Vulvar and Perineal Dermatoses across the Female Life Course: Integrating Clinical Insight, Biological Innovation, and Sociocultural Context | Chapter 4 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 9

 

Vulvar and perineal dermatoses comprise a heterogeneous spectrum of inflammatory, autoimmune, infectious, and neoplastic conditions that affect women across all stages of the female life course. Despite their frequency and clinical impact, these disorders remain under-recognised and are frequently misdiagnosed due to overlapping morphologic patterns, symptom non-specificity, sociocultural barriers to genital examination, and limited formal training in vulvar disease. Diagnostic delay contributes to chronic symptoms, architectural change, sexual dysfunction, and, in selected conditions, malignant transformation.

 

This chapter adopts a life-course framework to examine how physiologic transitions, including hormonal fluctuation, immune modulation, epithelial barrier dynamics, microbiome variation, and evolving environmental exposures, can shape disease susceptibility and phenotype expression from infancy through postmenopause. Major inflammatory dermatoses, particularly lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, psoriasis, and contact dermatitis, are analysed with emphasis on structured diagnostic reasoning, clinicopathologic correlation, appropriate indications for biopsy and patch testing, longitudinal management strategies, and principles of surveillance.

 

In parallel, the chapter integrates emerging scientific and technological advances that are reshaping the field, including developments in immunopathogenesis, molecular characterisation, microbiome research, non-invasive imaging, digital health tools, and artificial intelligence–assisted diagnostic approaches. Cultural and healthcare-system factors influencing presentation, access, and outcomes are also examined, with attention to disparities and variation across populations.

 

By synthesising contemporary evidence within an interdisciplinary yet clinically grounded framework, this chapter bridges fundamental biology and specialist practice while outlining future directions for research, innovation, and improved care in vulvar and perineal dermatoses.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Mariam Sherif Mohamed
Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.

 

Panayoti Bachkangi
Lothan Hospital, Kuwait and University of Leicester, United Kingdom.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v9/7216

A Synthetic CAD-to-SEM Pipeline for Design-Based Semiconductor Defect Detection Using Structural Similarity Analysis | Chapter 3 | New Horizons of Science, Technology and Culture Vol. 9

 

The growing complexity of semiconductor manufacturing at advanced technology nodes has intensified the need for robust, automated defect inspection methods. Design-based inspection, which compares scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fabricated wafers against their original computer-aided design (CAD) layouts, offers a powerful approach for detecting both systematic and random defects. However, the development and benchmarking of such inspection algorithms is severely constrained by the scarcity of labelled SEM defect datasets, which are expensive to produce and tightly guarded as proprietary by fabrication facilities. This chapter presents an end-to-end, open-source pipeline for generating synthetic paired CAD and SEM image datasets with controllable, ground-truth-labelled defects, and for performing automated defect detection through structural similarity (SSIM) analysis. The pipeline comprises five modular stages: (1) synthetic layout generation in industry-standard OASIS format, (2) paired CAD and SEM-like image rendering with physically motivated degradation models, (3) configurable synthetic defect injection, (4) phase-correlation-based image alignment followed by local SSIM computation and morphological post-processing for defect mask extraction, and (5) aggregate scoring and ranking of inspection sites by defect severity. The paired image rendering generates, for each inspection site, a clean binary CAD image and a SEM-like image with sequential physically motivated degradations simulating realistic electron microscopy effects. The defect injection module selectively modifies a configurable fraction of SEM images (default 10%) to introduce synthetic defects. The detection stage processes each matched pair of CAD and SEM images through four substeps: alignment, similarity mapping, thresholding, and morphological cleanup. Experimental results on a generated dataset of 200 image pairs demonstrate that the pipeline achieves a detection F1-score of 0.93 under moderate noise conditions and degrades gracefully as imaging noise increases. The fully reproducible, configurable nature of this toolkit makes it suitable for algorithm benchmarking, machine learning model pre-training, threshold optimisation studies, and educational demonstrations of semiconductor inspection concepts.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Balachandar Jeganathan
ASML, San Jose, CA, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nhstc/v9/7212