Ion-channel Modulator: Panacea against Diabetic and Nicotine-induced Cataract | Chapter 7 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7

 Introduction: The pore-forming proteins known as ion-channels span the cell membrane and conduct the ions on either side of the membrane in a controlled manner. An important part of maintaining lens hydration and transmittance is the presence of inorganic ions including Na+, K+, Ca++, and Cl-. Smoking is regarded as a significant risk factor for the development of cataracts in people with uncontrolled diabetes. By disrupting the ionic balance across the lens epithelium and the production of free radicals, smoking cigarettes that contain nicotine worsens the development of cataracts. Based on this knowledge, we tested a number of medications against the streptozotocin (STZ) + nicotine-induced cataract paradigm, including lidocaine (as a Na+ and K+ channels blocker), nifedipine (a calcium antagonist), and phenylglycine.

Methodology: Using STZ and nicotine, diabetic aggression related to nicotine aggression was produced in rats. STZ (single dose of 52 mg/kg i.p.) and nicotine (0.3 mg/kg s.c. to a maximum dose of 2.1 mg/kg) were administered for 22 days in a row while also treating the right and left eyes with 1% and 2% concentrations of the test drug's ophthalmic preparation, which contains lidocaine, nifedipine, and phenylglycine. On the 23rd day of the experiment, several variables were measured, including the amounts of different ions (Na+, K+, Ca++, and Cl-), antioxidants (ascorbic acid, sulfhydryl, and glutathione), and fructose in the rat lens. Along with these investigations, we measured the serum ascorbic acid concentration and checked the experiment's blood glucose levels often.

Results: All animals in the negative control groups displayed lens opacity. This is because an accumulation of fructose causes the Na+-K+-ATPase pump to malfunction, which in turn causes a buildup of Na+ ions inside the membrane and, ultimately, a buildup of water and osmotic swelling of the lens. Not all of the test medications shown a protective effect, although the administration of lidocaine at the doses of 1% (right eye) and 2% (left eye) considerably (P 0.001) decreased the Na+ levels in comparison to the disease control group. Nifedipine has not provided any protection in the current investigation, although phenylglycine has demonstrated moderate protection in some of the study parameters. Due to its anti-oxidant and Na+ channel blocking properties, lidocaine has provided the best defence against cataracts brought on by diabetes and nicotine. linearity between 1 and 11 and 5 and 30 g/mL in terms of concentration.

Author(s) Details:

Vijay R. Chidrawar,
Department of Pharmacology, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ananthapuramu, India.

Shruti Shiromwar,
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Penang, Malaysia.

Ahmed M. Aljameeli,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Northern Border University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Uma Maheshwararao Vattikutti,
Department of Pharmacognosy, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ananthapuramu, India.

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