Congenital Bilateral Sporadic Aniridia: Review of Management | Chapter 9 | Medical Science: Trends and Innovations Vol. 2

Purpose: This is to review the management modalities and report a rare case of bilateral sporadic aniridia in an African child.

Presentation: A case of bilateral sporadic aniridia with horizontal nystagmus, cataract, optic disc and fovea hypoplasia in a 5-year-old female patient was reported. She was managed conservatively.

Various modalities of treatment with their limitations were reviewed.

Conclusion: Congenital bilateral aniridia is not generally common. As a result of the associated fibrotic nature, management is complex, may fail and may not be affordable or available in developing countries.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Caroline O Adeoti
Department Of Ophthalmology, Osun State Univeristy, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.

 

Adeyinka A Afolabi
Department Of Paediatrics, Ladoke Akintola University Of Technology (Lautech) Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria.

 

Adebimpe O Ashaye
University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

 

Adenike O Adeoye
Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile Ife, Osun, Osun State, Nigeria.

 

please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msti/v2/4101

An Analytical Study of Ocular Manifestations of Diabetes Mellitus in Tertiary Eye Care | Chapter 8 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 8

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is the most prevailing medical condition in the world as it causes an array of long-term systemic complications, which have a considerable negative impact on both the patients and the society which typically affects individuals in their most productive years. Ocular complications of diabetes mellitus can be prevented through early diagnosis and treatment. Common ocular complications of diabetes are Retinopathy, cataract, primary open angle glaucoma, neovascular glaucoma and extra ocular muscle palsy.

 

Aim: The objective of this study was to find out the incidence of various ocular complications of diabetes and to determine the relation between the duration of diabetes, age of the diabetics and the occurrence of ocular complications.

 

Materials and Methods: This study included 200 diabetic patients who visited the outpatient department of ophthalmology at Karuna Medical College Hospital, Kerala, India from September 2015 to August 2017.

 

Results: In this study we found that Retinopathy was the most prevalent (60.5%) ocular complication in diabetes followed by cataract (20%), primary open angle glaucoma (4.5%), neovascular glaucoma and extra ocular muscle palsy (3.5%). The most noticeable complication seen with increased duration of diabetes were Non Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR) (42.5%) and Clinically Significant Macular Edema (CSME) (6%). A nonsignificant association was observed between the age of the diabetics and associated ocular complications.

 

Conclusions: Diabetic Retinopathy was the most common ocular complication of diabetes, followed by cataract, primary open angle glaucoma and extra ocular muscle palsy. The prevalence of diabetic ocular complications was higher in patients with longer duration of diabetes. There was no significant association between age of the diabetics and associated ocular complications.

Author(s) Details:

A. M. Raja,
Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

G. Seema,
Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Praveena Daya A.,
Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V8/article/view/13521

Ion-channel Modulator: Panacea against Diabetic and Nicotine-induced Cataract | Chapter 7 | Challenges and Advances in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 7

 Introduction: The pore-forming proteins known as ion-channels span the cell membrane and conduct the ions on either side of the membrane in a controlled manner. An important part of maintaining lens hydration and transmittance is the presence of inorganic ions including Na+, K+, Ca++, and Cl-. Smoking is regarded as a significant risk factor for the development of cataracts in people with uncontrolled diabetes. By disrupting the ionic balance across the lens epithelium and the production of free radicals, smoking cigarettes that contain nicotine worsens the development of cataracts. Based on this knowledge, we tested a number of medications against the streptozotocin (STZ) + nicotine-induced cataract paradigm, including lidocaine (as a Na+ and K+ channels blocker), nifedipine (a calcium antagonist), and phenylglycine.

Methodology: Using STZ and nicotine, diabetic aggression related to nicotine aggression was produced in rats. STZ (single dose of 52 mg/kg i.p.) and nicotine (0.3 mg/kg s.c. to a maximum dose of 2.1 mg/kg) were administered for 22 days in a row while also treating the right and left eyes with 1% and 2% concentrations of the test drug's ophthalmic preparation, which contains lidocaine, nifedipine, and phenylglycine. On the 23rd day of the experiment, several variables were measured, including the amounts of different ions (Na+, K+, Ca++, and Cl-), antioxidants (ascorbic acid, sulfhydryl, and glutathione), and fructose in the rat lens. Along with these investigations, we measured the serum ascorbic acid concentration and checked the experiment's blood glucose levels often.

Results: All animals in the negative control groups displayed lens opacity. This is because an accumulation of fructose causes the Na+-K+-ATPase pump to malfunction, which in turn causes a buildup of Na+ ions inside the membrane and, ultimately, a buildup of water and osmotic swelling of the lens. Not all of the test medications shown a protective effect, although the administration of lidocaine at the doses of 1% (right eye) and 2% (left eye) considerably (P 0.001) decreased the Na+ levels in comparison to the disease control group. Nifedipine has not provided any protection in the current investigation, although phenylglycine has demonstrated moderate protection in some of the study parameters. Due to its anti-oxidant and Na+ channel blocking properties, lidocaine has provided the best defence against cataracts brought on by diabetes and nicotine. linearity between 1 and 11 and 5 and 30 g/mL in terms of concentration.

Author(s) Details:

Vijay R. Chidrawar,
Department of Pharmacology, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ananthapuramu, India.

Shruti Shiromwar,
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800 Penang, Malaysia.

Ahmed M. Aljameeli,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Northern Border University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Uma Maheshwararao Vattikutti,
Department of Pharmacognosy, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ananthapuramu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CAPR-V7/article/view/8370

A Comparative Study on Stereopsis, Aniseikonia, and Associated Symptoms in Patients with Bilateral Pseudophakia with and without Anisometropia | Chapter 12 | Current Practice in Medical Science Vol. 11

 In order to investigate stereopsis, aniseikonia, and associated symptoms, the study examined bilateral pseudophakia with and without anisometropia. Patients with senile cataracts who had previously been scheduled for phacoemulsification with an IOL implant in both eyes were included in this cross-sectional study. Patients were split into two groups: the control group (n = 69) and the anisometropia group (n = 42), who had interocular post-surgical refraction differences of SE 1.00 D and SE 1.0 D, respectively. The statistical analysis of the data employed regression analysis, multivariate analysis, and univariate analysis models. An negligible difference (p = 0.766) separated the cataract surgery-induced aniseikonia in the control group (0.64% 1.41%) from the anisometropia group (0.62% 1.76%). The stereoacuity value was 1.95 0.17 log. revealed a significant difference (p 0.0001) between 2.12 0.22 log10 seconds of arc in the anisometropia group and 10 seconds of arc in the control group. With a negligible difference (p = 0.387), the mean score of symptoms related with aniseikonia was 1.41 0.46 in the control group and 1.47 0.45 in the aniso- metropia group. Axial length difference (18.06 percent), refractive error difference (44.53 percent), aniseikonia (25.71 percent), and IOL power difference all played independent roles in the anisometropia group's stereopsis prediction (11.71 percent). The study showed that stereopsis, aniseikonia, or other associated symptoms were not significantly worse in bilateral pseudo-dophakia with anisometropia smaller than 3D.

Author(s) Details:

Marcelo Tannous,
Departament of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology of HOSPITAL das Clinicas from University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Daniel Dantas,
Department of Computer, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil.

Paulo Roberto de Arruda Zantut,
Departament of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology of HOSPITAL das Clinicas from University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

David Tayah,
Departament of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology of HOSPITAL das Clinicas from University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Pedro Carricondo,
Departament of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology of HOSPITAL das Clinicas from University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Amaryllis Avakian,
Departament of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology of HOSPITAL das Clinicas from University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Milton Ruiz Alves,
Departament of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology of HOSPITAL das Clinicas from University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/CPMS-V11/article/view/8036

Assessment of Albumin Status in Hypertensive Patients with or Without Cataract in Nigeria | Chapter 06 | New Horizons in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 7

 The Eye Foundation Hospital in Itamogiri, Ijebu – Mushin in the Ijebu-East Local Government Area and the General Hospital in Ijebu-Ode in Ogun State, Nigeria, investigated albumin levels in hypertensive patients with and without cataracts. Simple random selection was used to choose 150 samples from the study area. There was no significant difference in albumin levels between the control group (MeanSD=48.128.20g/L) and test group A (MeanSD = 49.1910.19g/L), but there was a significant reduction in albumin concentration in test group B with MeanSD = 44.3511.99g/L, indicating hypertension (with cataract) had significantly lower levels of plasma albu. This shows that cataracts may have a direct impact on the serum albumin concentration of hypertension patients. Following an analysis of serum electrolyte levels, such persons should be advised to adopt a salt-restricted diet, which may assist to reduce cataract development and progression.

Author(S) Details

Z. M. Oladunjoye
Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Ogun State College of Health Technology, Ilese- Ijebu, Nigeria.

J. A. Quadri
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Oyo State, Nigeria.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/NHMMR-V7/article/view/6664

Human Cataract in Non-coastal Districts | Chapter 7 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 A six-year study was carried out to compare the prevalence of cataract in the Kerala towns of Kottayam and Pathanamthitta. A hospital-based study was conducted from April 2005 to March 2011 to determine the prevalence of cataracts in the general population, gender prevalence, and prevalence in different age groups. The data came from the ophthalmology departments of district hospitals and two private hospitals in the districts of Pathanamthitta and Kottayam, as well as the Directorate of Health in Thiruvananthapuram. The burden of blindness is greater in developing countries' remote rural communities. However, prevalence in Pathanamthitta district decreased significantly from 0.40 percent to 0.36 percent (p=0.0024). Gender prevalence is significantly higher in females than males in Kottayam (61.6 percent, 0.0000326) and Pathanamthitta (59 percent, 0.00014), indicating that females have more cataract. When compared to all other age groups, the age group of 71-80 years in Kottayam (36.6 percent, 0.000072) and Pathanamthitta (33.6 percent, 0.000312) had the highest prevalence. groups. Prevalence of congenital cataract (0-15) is very less in Kottayam (1.2 percent ) and Pathanamthitta(0.9 percent ). (0.9 percent ). The decrease in prevalence rate in Pathanamthitta district is attributed to a decrease in population. Cataract blindness in Kerala can only be effectively managed by developing effective strategies to reduce the incidence of blinding cataract. To some extent, the current analysis of cataract prevalence in Kerala may shed light on the severity of cataract incidence in the state.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Aleyamma Kuruvilla
St. Thomas College, Ranni, Pathanamthitta, Kerala, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V2/article/view/1353