BP International: August 2025

Saturday, 30 August 2025

Threat Assessments from Fires and Torrential Floods: Case Study Experience | Book Publisher International

Climate change and extreme phenomena in the world have been causing countless human and material losses, which has led different governments to take action measures to mitigate and prevent possible natural disasters, from the generation of infrastructure to the creation of laws or guidelines that help normalize processes and action schemes. Specifically in Colombia, and as a consequence of the girl phenomenon that occurred in 2010 and 2011, the risk management law was created by the Congress of the Republic in 2012. This law has obliged the different construction sectors to accommodate new demands and depending on the different types of risks, depending on the type of work to be executed or designed. In this book, a guide is presented to determine the threats from fires and torrential floods that may occur in a typical Colombian basin, taking as reference a specific case study.

Author(s) Details

Carlos Andrés Caro Camargo

Universidad Santo Tomás Tunja, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Avenida Universitaria, Tunja, Colombia.

Julián Villate

Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia, Faculty of Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Av Norte, Tunja, Colombia.

Laura Garavito

Universidad Santo Tomás Tunja, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Avenida Universitaria, Tunja, Colombia.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-976377-9-7

Electrical Component Measurement, Mechanics and Optics in Fundamental Physics - Laboratory Manual Volume-II |Book Publisher International

This fundamental laboratory manual from Volume II is provided on the experimental theory for the higher educational level that is especially triggered by the electromagnetic characteristics and nature of their components, such as capacitors, resistors, oscilloscopes, magnetism, and AC-circuits, into an experimental approach to be performed in the pre-college and higher levels. This manual gives the necessary details to perform the experiments. The experiments included are meant to offer a basic understanding of electronics and the magnetic concept of physics. Most of the experiments are designed to go hand in hand with the theoretical courses in physics being taught during the whole curriculum of the semesters. For some additional experiments away from the theoretical background of the experiment, the laboratory procedure and data sheet are arranged for each experiment session and are contained both in the previous Volume I and this Volume II books. Some additional experiments away from the theory courses are being raised to enhance the scope of learning beyond the interdisciplinary physics courses that will integrate science with technology. The necessary theory for this type of experiment is described in the manual in a self-explanatory manner. However, all efforts are made to clarify any doubts by the teachers in these laboratory classes.

Author(s) Details

Anteneh Yesigat Walelgn

Kotebe Educational University, Ethiopia.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-975566-8-5

The Framework of the Paradigm of Complex Probability and Monté Carlo Methods | Book Publisher International

Calculating probabilities is a crucial task of classical probability theory. Adding supplementary dimensions to nondeterministic experiments will yield a deterministic expression of the theory of probability. This is the novel and original idea at the foundation of my complex probability paradigm. As a matter of fact, probability theory is a stochastic system of axioms in its essence; that means that the phenomena outputs are due to randomness and chance. By adding novel imaginary dimensions to the non-deterministic phenomenon happening in the set R will lead to a deterministic phenomenon and thus a stochastic experiment will have a certain output in the complex probability set C. If the chaotic experiment becomes completely predictable then we will be fully capable of predicting the output of random events that occur in the real world in all stochastic processes. Accordingly, the task that has been achieved here was to extend the random real probabilities set R to the deterministic complex probabilities set C = R + M and this by incorporating the contributions of the set M which is the associated and complementary imaginary set of probabilities to the set R. Hence, the probability in C is computed after the subtraction of the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the nondeterministic experiment. Consequently, since this extension was revealed to be successful, then an innovative paradigm of stochastic sciences and prognostic was put forward in which all nondeterministic phenomena in R were expressed deterministically in C. I coined this novel model with the term "The Complex Probability Paradigm (or CPP)" which was initiated and established in my earlier research works. Moreover, this pioneering paradigm will be applied in a creative manner to the stochastic procedures and algorithms of the famous and historical Buffon’s needle method to compute PI, to the renowned neutron shielding problem, and to numerous and various topics that arise in Monté Carlo Methods.

Author(s) Details

Abdo Abou Jaoudé

Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaizé, Lebanon.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48006-59-2

Principles and Constructs of Environmental Pollution Studies | Book Publisher International

This book is entitled ‘Principles and Constructs of Environmental Pollution Studies’. Though it talks more about water and the atmosphere, some concepts of waste management were properly elucidated. The challenges associated with the global anthropogenic inputs cannot be over-emphasised. This book is centred on environmental pollution, particularly water, atmospheric composition, waste and waste management, food additives and preservatives. The need to give more detailed information and concepts of environmental studies necessitated the birth of this compendium. This book gives easier and well-understood meanings and definitions of salient concepts such as climate change, global warming, the greenhouse effect, acclimation, pollutants, contaminants, additives, and preservation. Some of these additives have been found to be lethal and toxic to humans. There is a need for undergraduates, graduates, environmentalists and lovers of the environment to read about the conservation of the ecosystem as shown in this book. This is because the environment remains our only inheritance and legacy for the present and future generations so as to attain sustainable development.

Author(s) Details

Iyama, William Azuka

Institute of Geosciences and Environmental Management, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Nwagbara, Victor Uzoma

Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek, Namibia.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48006-87-5

Low Resistivity SnO\(_2\) Dense Ceramics Via Microwave Sintering for Sustainable Applications | Chapter 8 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 9

To obtain the primary aluminum, the industries use the reduction process which is constituted by the extraction of metal (aluminum) from its oxide (alumina). The Hall-Héroult process is used for alumina reduction by the use of graphite anodes even though it involves a high emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and several other organic compounds. Proposals have been made aiming at substituting graphite for a single-phase SnO2-based ceramic with low resistivity and chemical resistance to cryolite, which is characterized as an inconsumable anode, reducing pollutant emissions. To this end, a wide range of studies was carried out on SnO2-based ceramics modified with ZnO as a densification aid doped with the promoters of electrical conductivity such as Nb2O5, Al2O3 and Sb2O3 through a mixture of oxides and hybrid sintering in a microwave oven. The pressed pellets were sintered in a microwave oven up to 1050ºC under a constant heating rate of 10ºC/min. The morphology of the ceramic compacts was analysed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM—JEOL Model JSM 7500F) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (Thermo Scientific, Noran System 7). After sintering, the density was determined by the Archimedes method, the phases were then characterized by X-ray diffraction. The microstructure and chemical composition resulting from the sintered SnO2-based ceramics were also investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Electrical properties were determined by the measurements of the electric field-current density. A single-phase ceramic was obtained with a relative density of above 90% and electrical resistivity of 6.1\(\Omega\).cm at room temperature. The ceramics obtained in this study could be a potential candidate as an inconsumable anode to replace the current fused coke used in the reduction of alumina. In addition to its material properties, this approach reduces carbon emissions, due to the process reduction of time and temperature, aligning with sustainable development goals.

Author(s) Details

Perazolli, L.

Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Ceramics – LIEC, Institute of Chemistry, Paulista State University “Júlio Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Rua Prof. Francisco Degni, 55, Quitandinha, 14800-060, Araraquara - SP, Brasil.

Gasparotto, Gisane

Jacomaci, N.

Ruiz, M.

Zaghete, M. A.

Foschini, C. R.

Aguiar E.C.

Varela, J. A.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v9/3850

The Cohesive Forces in Explaining Material Phenomena | Chapter 7 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 9

The study of cohesive forces, which fundamentally govern the interaction and integrity of materials, has led to an improved understanding of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena. This manuscript explores cohesive forces as a unifying principle in materials, focusing on their role in organic and inorganic systems. By studying carbon-based materials, it demonstrates how cohesive forces influence structural stability, conductivity and material behavior under diverse conditions. Key findings include the pivotal role of carbon in enhancing material properties and its transformative applications in energy storage systems, graphene-based technologies and protein stability. These insights drive innovations in nanotechnology, biotechnology and sustainable materials.

Author(s) Details

Rajasekaran Ekambaram
V.S.B. Engineering College, Karudayampalayam, Karur - 639111, TN, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v9/4132

Advancements in Cellular Automata Modeling for Corrosion Management and Predictive Maintenance| Chapter 6 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 9

Corrosion refers to the irreversible reaction between a material and its environment, which can result in the degradation of the material and its properties. It is a natural process that occurs when a metal is exposed to oxygen and moisture. It has a significant economic impact, representing approximately 3.4% of the global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Cellular automata models have emerged as a valuable tool in corrosion management. The aim of the study is to this manuscript provides an overview of the application of cellular automata models in corrosion research, highlighting their benefits and contributions to understanding the complex nature of corrosion processes. Cellular automata models offer a computational approach to simulating corrosion behavior at the microscale, capturing the intricate interactions between electrochemical reactions, material properties, and environmental factors and generating a new vision of predictive maintenance. It reviews the key features of cellular automata, such as the grid-based representation of the material surface, the definition of state variables, and the rules governing cell-state transitions. The ability to model local interactions and emergent global behavior makes cellular automata particularly suitable for simulating corrosion processes. The study concluded that cellular automata models offer a powerful and versatile approach to studying corrosion processes, expanding models that can continue to enhance our understanding of corrosion and contribute to the development of effective corrosion prevention and control strategies. Their effective capture of the intricate dynamics of corrosion processes presents an opportunity to develop predictive models, corrosion-resistant materials, and real-time monitoring systems. Although challenges remain to be addressed, the prospects of utilizing Cellular Automata in corrosion management appear encouraging. Furthermore, the model’s ability to represent multiple types of physical phenomena makes it a powerful tool that can help researchers view the studied phenomena from a different perspective.

Author(s) Details

Juan C. Reinoso-Burrows

Centro de Desarrollo Energético de Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta 02800, Antofagasta 1271155, Chile.

Marcelo Cortés-Carmona

Centro de Desarrollo Energético de Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta 02800, Antofagasta 1271155, Chile.

Mauro Henriquez

Centro de Desarrollo Energético de Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta 02800, Antofagasta 1271155, Chile.

Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid

Centro de Desarrollo Energético de Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Av. Universidad de Antofagasta 02800, Antofagasta 1271155, Chile.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v9/2706

The occurrence of carbon dioxide (CO2) in many industrial processes promotes massive corrosion by crevices and pitting in the carbon steel that makes up most industrial processing equipment. This study presents the properties of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and, consequently, the mechanisms of its corrosive action. The mechanisms by which corrosion inhibitors work to inhibit the corrosive process caused by CO2 in the vapor and liquid phases are presented. Commercial formulations used to inhibit carbon dioxide corrosion must meet a number of quality assurance criteria and/or specifications, including solubility, active matter content, volatility, foaming tendency, residues and deposits. Evaluation and monitoring of the inhibiting ability of commercial formulations should be determined based on laboratory, pilot and field tests using carbon steel or other metal or alloy coupons. Finally, the toxicity of active substances and solvents used in commercial corrosion inhibitor formulations must be evaluated for potential harm to humans and the environment. Author(s) Details Fernando B. Mainier Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Renata Jogaib Mainier Universo – Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, S. Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ailton Macedo Medeiros Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Humberto Nogueira Farneze Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v9/3757

The occurrence of carbon dioxide (CO2) in many industrial processes promotes massive corrosion by crevices and pitting in the carbon steel that makes up most industrial processing equipment. This study presents the properties of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and, consequently, the mechanisms of its corrosive action. The mechanisms by which corrosion inhibitors work to inhibit the corrosive process caused by CO2 in the vapor and liquid phases are presented. Commercial formulations used to inhibit carbon dioxide corrosion must meet a number of quality assurance criteria and/or specifications, including solubility, active matter content, volatility, foaming tendency, residues and deposits. Evaluation and monitoring of the inhibiting ability of commercial formulations should be determined based on laboratory, pilot and field tests using carbon steel or other metal or alloy coupons. Finally, the toxicity of active substances and solvents used in commercial corrosion inhibitor formulations must be evaluated for potential harm to humans and the environment.

Author(s) Details

Fernando B. Mainier

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Renata Jogaib Mainier

Universo – Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, S. Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Ailton Macedo Medeiros

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Humberto Nogueira Farneze

Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET/RJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v9/3757

Microwave-assisted Heating in Thin-film Liquid Spinning Coaxial Reactors for Enhanced Chemical Processes | Chapter 4 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 9

Aim: This review chapter presents the results of the multi-step development of a novel thin-film liquid spinning coaxial reactor for enhanced chemical processes. It consists of a sealed coaxial waveguide with a dielectric hollow mixer that rotates along the length of the central conductor. A heating liquid flows in a narrow gap between the rotor and the outer shield of the coaxial waveguide, powered by microwaves. It is hypothesized that the acceleration of the conversation rate of chemical reactions is due to the excitation of micro-vortices for better mixing and the direct application of microwaves to polar liquids within the narrow gap. The chapter analyses these developments and the experiments of microwave-assisted heating of polar reference liquids.

Place and Duration of Study: The last developments and study of the reviewed designs were performed at the Department of Electronics Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology- NTNU during 2023/2024.

Methodology: The developed and manufactured microwave reactors were studied experimentally in the reviewed papers.

Results: Several novel thin-film liquid microwave spinning coaxial reactors known from the literature are analyzed. Most attention is paid to a sealed reactor design published in detail in 2024. This reactor is studied in experiments, and the liquid temperature and applied and reflected microwave power levels are given for alumina and quartz rotors installed into the reactors filled with ethanol or methanol.

Conclusions: Analyses of experimental data confirm the workability of the initial designs in the part of high-speed rotation dynamics, microwave feeding, and dumping of significant-size liquid bubbling by excitation of micro-vortices in the rotor-stator narrow gap of coaxial reactors. Further improvements to the analyzed reactors are considered.

Author(s) Details

Guennadi A. Kouzaev

Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology – NTNU, Trondheim-7491, Norway.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v9/3845

Innovative Diagnostic Techniques for the Preservation of Historical Monuments: Immediate and Instrumental Approaches| Chapter 3 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 9

This chapter examines various auscultation techniques used for the conservation and pathological diagnosis of historical monuments and ancient constructions. These structures present technical challenges due to their complexity and fragility, making early and accurate diagnosis essential to prevent significant damage.

Inspection techniques are classified into immediate and instrumental methods Immediate methods are based on organoleptic observations or simple tools, and instrumental methods utilize advanced devices for detailed data acquisition. Key immediate techniques include visual inspection, material analysis, and lesion mapping, while instrumental methods encompass thermography, ultrasound, mechanical resistance measurement, and humidity and salt mapping. The innovative use of drones is highlighted as a valuable inspection tool, enabling access to complex areas while minimizing risks to workers and monuments.

The chapter emphasizes that these techniques enable faster, less invasive, and more cost-effective interventions, ensuring the preservation of cultural heritage through a preventive approach. It concludes by noting the importance of combining field techniques with laboratory analyses for more comprehensive diagnostics.

Author(s) Details

Ruben Rodriguez Elizalde

Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), Rambla del Poblenou, 156, 08018 Barcelona, Spain.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v9/3683

Investigations of Li-Picrate Salt Ion-pair to Ionic Dissociation in (PC+THF) at Various Combinations and Temperatures | Chapter 2 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 9

Lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) is widely used as an electrolytic salt. Lithium perchlorate and other Li-salts have been used in the optimization of electrolyte solutions in organic aprotic solvents for primary and secondary rechargeable lithium batteries. Conductance of Li-Picrate was measured in different temperatures (25 oC, 35 oC, and 45 oC). The limiting equivalent conductance (𝜆0) and the ion association constant (KA) for Li-Picrate in propylene carbonate (PC) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) mixture (PC+THF) solvents at different percentages were evaluated using Debye-Huckel Onsager equation. It is observed that the limiting equivalent conductance increased linearly with the increase in temperature and the association constant values decreased with the rise in temperature. Thermodynamic parameters [i.e., Standard Gibbs Free Energy Change (iG0), Standard Enthalpy Change (iH0), and Standard Entropy Change (iS0) are estimated from the temperature dependence of the ion-association constant. The positive values of iS0 and positive values of iH0 indicate the ion-association process occurred spontaneously as well as endothermic at all respective temperatures. Supported by absorbance data from this primary study, it may be concluded that room temperature solubility of Li-Picrate in mixed (PC+THF) solvents at different percentages is higher than at higher temperatures. The entropy of ionization decreases slowly with an increase in temperature. From this angle, the ionization should decrease with temperature. Conductivity data helps us to conclude that if we go from room temperature to higher temperature conductance increases for Li-Picrate in (PC+THF) solvents at different percentages. This is due to the switchover of ion-pair to ionic dissociation of Li-Picrate salt.

Author(s) Details

Ashoke Hazra

Department of Chemistry, A.K.P.C. Mahavidyalaya, Subhasnagar, Bengai, Hooghly, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v9/3880

Corrosion Performance of UNS S41427 Supermartensitic Stainless Steel in Propargyl Alcohol Inhibited Hydrochloric Acid | Chapter 1 | Chemical and Materials Sciences: Developments and Innovations Vol. 9

The search for Oil and Gas has led to the exploration of wells at increasingly greater depths, which requires the materials used to possess specific characteristics to withstand severe conditions of temperature and pressure. In this context, the use of stainless steel has been growing compared to carbon steels, due to their superior resistance to corrosion. To address these limitations, a subclass known as super martensitic stainless steel has emerged. These steels exhibit superior corrosion resistance compared to martensitic steels, although, under certain conditions, they remain susceptible to corrosion, particularly pitting, generalized corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and stress corrosion in acidic environments containing sulfides. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the UNS S41427 super martensitic stainless steel in a solution of hydrochloric acid at 10% and 15%, at temperatures of 30 ºC, 45 ºC, and 60 ºC, over immersion times of 1 hour and 3 hours, and in concentrations of propargyl alcohol of 250 mg/L, 500 mg/L, and 1000 mg/L. The behavior of the material was also observed in the solution without the presence of the inhibitor. Gravimetric tests revealed that the corrosion rate increased with higher concentrations of HCl, temperature, and immersion time of the test specimen. Furthermore, the addition of propargyl alcohol resulted in a significant reduction in the corrosion rate under all analyzed conditions. The results indicated that the inhibitor's protection efficiency exceeded 80 - 90% in most experimental conditions, corroborating the initial expectations of the study.

Author(s) Details

Fernando B. Mainier

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Renata Gomes Calisto

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cmsdi/v9/3814

Mimetic Theories of Art and Sport | Chapter 9 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 4

This study outlines mimesis as an artistic concept that spans the middle ages, the Renaissance, the modern and the postmodern and then applies this terminology to the use of the term in the context of sport. This has been done through the application of the “four orders of mimesis” within the general categories of the premodern, the modern and the postmodern as applied to sport. This is achieved through a rehearsal of arguments gleaned from theorists of sport which converge as aspects of mimesis. The reason for doing so is that if a similar mimetic quality can be found in both the disciplines of art and sport, then it appears that there is a relationship between them and, in agreement with Huizinga (1949), it is conceded that this common “element” is “play” and more specifically that this commonality can be described as mimetic “play”. However, at first, it is necessary to discern a common mimetic quality historically associated with the sport. Once that is achieved, an analysis of “play” follows and this study closes with two deductions that the art-sport dialectic, via the lens of “play” suggests conceptually, namely “Self-referentiality” and “absence” or “content” suggesting a continuum between art and sport and thus concludes with an analysis of sport as a tragic form of art in many instances (of expression).

Author(s) Details

Daniel Shorkend

Department of English, Gordon College, Israel.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v4/2032

Role of Community Participation in Integrated Water Hygiene and Sanitation (WASH) Programs in Supply of Accessible Safe and Clean Water to Households in Trans Nzioa, Kenya | Chapter 8 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 4

Globally and regionally in Sub-Saharan Africa, accessibility to safe and clean water remains a cradle component to mediate the high demands for water. One water point center with quality safe, and clean water supply to population health and others in one health concepts of health around us, at the community health level. However, over 37% of the developing world’s population has limited access to affordable clean water. 2.5 billion Population health, have limited access to improved affordable basic sanitation and hygiene infrastructures. Over 780 million population health still have increased uptake of unsafe drinking water, associated with increased low uptake or access to quality hygiene and sanitation practices, Thus, contrary to the 8th ELEMENTS of primary health care PHC resolutions, passed in the WHO conference at Alma Ata Declaration in 1978. Which is one of the pillars of global health. Trans Nzioa County like many Counties in Kenya faces considerable challenges to accessing, affordable clean, and safe water and sanitation infrastructures and non-infrastructures, as one of the key Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Sustainable goals and universal coverage target objectives on Primary Prevention better than cure. The County has four Sub counties namely Bondeni, Suwerwa, Kaplamai, and Waitaluk, which are blended with inadequate access to affordable safe clean water and sanitation services, coupled with poor hygiene practices at the lower Community households, which, kill and sicken vulnerable cohorts in the wide burden of diseases, in society, specifically women, adolescence and under-fives children. Who majority spend 4–5 times per day, fetching water from unprotected springs, rivers, or boreholes and thus, are overwhelmed with various health risks of the burden of water-related communicable diseases. It was these reasons that led to the study Role of community participation in integrated Water Hygiene and Sanitation (WASH) programs in the Supply of Accessible Safe and Clean Water to Community Households in Trans Zioa County to enable the sustainability of structures, through synergistic partnership of the National Government of Kenya, County government of Transnzioa, in partnerships with kind Development partners mainly WHO, UNICEF, USAID and UN-Habitat, to form integrated water resource management programs, for supplying accessible and affordable safe and clean water to its community households, to prevent control water-related communicable diseases. Descriptive Cross-sectional and triangulation designs of mixed research methods were used in data collection. A sample size of 297 respondents participated. Purposive, census, and quota sampling techniques were adopted, using sampling frames of community households in each Division with limited access to safe and clean water services. Structured questionnaire tool was utilized in quantitative surveys, Key Informant Interviews (KII) guides, Focus Group Discussion, (FGD) guides were used, Qualitative interviews to discuss themes into saturations to achieve the values of findings, using triangulation design. Data was statistically managed by MS Excel and SPSS version 27. Analysis was by cross-tabulation of descriptive and inferential statistics, to measure central tendency, and dispersion respectively. Results showed secondary attained households are critical for efficient implementation of safe and clean water supply compared to primary attained households, male participation in water issues was minimal (41%). Accessibility to safe water from one source, by the majority of residents,’ remains low (30 %). Hand washing after visiting latrine is still low (43%). However, the majority of households (88%) utilized latrines. Global health participation in the integrated programs was 37% in the County. Need for more grants and well-wishers for Public Private Provision programs in water resource management, and also policies put in place, to increase male involvement in community participation in integrated accessibility of safe and clean water supply to community households, Water Sanitation and Hygiene WASH programs in Trans Nzioa County is timely required due to their limited involvement as noted in the study.

Author(s) Details

Maurice Barasa Silalia
Mount Kigali University, Rwanda.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v4/1951

The Perspective of Consumers and Retailers in the Emerging Mall Culture | Chapter 7 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 4

Malls are attracting young shoppers and mall culture is new to the society. Mall retailers are making efforts to satisfy young consumers. However, the younger segment is growing in terms of population and wealth. It has become increasingly important and necessary to understand and meet their demands. The study employed 160 in-depth interviews to understand the young consumers’ mall experiences. The researchers also interviewed 191 retailers to analyse the problems faced with regard to the facilities, services and rules implemented by the authorities. Overall, the researcher found eight elements that are important for young consumers to form an impression of the shopping malls: convenience, choice, awareness, crowded/congested, ambience, parking, hedonic shopping and mall culture. Respondents also highlighted various attributes such as sitting arrangement, water dispensers, E-mapping, plain ramps, and book browsing section and further expressed their concern regarding parking, security and customer service. The perspective of retailers was studied. Few malls didn’t flourish as brand stores have a policy of not opening retail outlets within a radius of 3 km. Research should be undertaken before a Mall is being built so that all these issues can be rectified below and will save malls from becoming vacant.

Author(s) Details

Ramandeep Bawa

University Institute of Fashion Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Anil Kishore Sinha

Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Rita Kant

University Institute of Fashion Technology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v4/1643

Transmission of Knowledge from Practice to Theory as a Direct Agency for Social Intervention and an Active and Integral Part of Situational Learning |Chapter 6 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 4

This chapter discusses learning from practice to theory as the most effective mode of knowledge transfer. This is in tandem with the axiom: ‘You keep on listening, you are likely to forget, but you keep on doing, you will never forget’. This simply implies that practical knowledge is more important than theoretical knowledge. The fact is that theory assists researchers and teachers with a clearer understanding of a research problem; and critically reflects on education policy and classroom practice, but that does not necessarily mean that theoretical knowledge should be more important than practical knowledge. It has emerged from this study that learning should be self-directed; meaning, students should have some choice in what and how to learn. During interviews, it was also established that practical work promotes experiential learning, encourages self-learning, leads to perfection, and makes students independent and increases their confidence. The impression created during interviews was that the transmission of knowledge in academia can be seen as taking place through oral form (word of mouth). Speech is normally an organized use of words in spoken language to communicate the modes for skills’ transference; however, it would appear that some Creative Arts educators have evolved sophisticated systems, while others may be more ephemerally, oral and non-verbally held within the communal system of mores, codes and conventions, to be substantiated, confirmed and reconfirmed in practical and appropriate situations. Closer investigation has shown that we need a fast and lasting solution to our academic challenge. Further research will shed light on how learning is realized in practice. Drawing on the preceding observations, one is still inclined to argue that theory and practice are inextricably interrelated, but practice should be more important than theory. Based on the findings of this study, it is envisaged that this study will add value to the scientific community as it supports the practical transformation of knowledge, which is essential in modern teaching practice.

Author(s) Details

Morakeng Edward Kenneth Lebaka

Department of Biblical and Ancient Studies, School of Humanities, College of Human Sciences, University of South Africa (UNISA), P.O. Box 392, 0003, Muckleneuk Campus, Preller Street, Muckleneuk Ridge, City of Tshwane, Pretoria, South Africa.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v4/7236E

The Universal Audience: Ideological Construct or Counter-Ideological Tool? | Chapter 5 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 4

This study seeks to connect Chaim Perelman’s new rhetoric with critical theory, specifically Jürgen Habermas’ ideal speech situation, to develop a more nuanced understanding of how argumentative strategies interact with power and ideology. Juxtaposing critical analysis of Perelman’s writings with Habermas’ ideal speech situation reveals that the universal audience, although conceived as a normative ideal for rational argumentation, is itself embedded in ideological contexts. The universal audience can function as a mechanism for legitimizing institutionalized power relationships and entitling individuals to exert authority. It also, however, possesses potential as a counter-ideological tool when synthesized with the ideal speech situation. This synthesis offers a more robust, although still nascent, framework for understanding the interplay between argumentation, ideology, and power.

Author(s) Details

Roy Schwartzman

Department of Communication, 227 Winston Hall, Campus Box 8104, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8104, United States.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v4/2025

Enhancing Theory of Mind Skills: Intervention Strategies for Individuals with Autism | Chapter 4 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 4

Theory of Mind (ToM) is the ability to understand another’s perspective. It has two components- cognitive and affective. The cognitive component means understanding others’ beliefs, intentions, perspectives, etc. and the affective component indicates knowledge regarding emotions. Impairment in ToM is one of the major features of Autism. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired communication and Socialization. Individuals with Autism experience difficulties in understanding the intentions, beliefs, and perspectives of other individuals because of their limited ToM skills, and they also find it difficult to predict the emotions of another individual. Therefore, structured interventions are required to improve ToM skills in individuals with Autism. The present study focuses on different ToM intervention methods and the effectiveness of those methods. However, the present review observes that most of the interventions are suitable for individuals with high-functioning Autism. Besides these interventions are heavily loaded with language and therefore these interventions are not suitable for the nonverbal group. Thus, most of the individuals with Autism are out of the scope of these interventions. Therefore, ToM interventions suitable for nonverbal and low-functioning groups of Autism are required.

Author(s) Details

Payel Dey Ghosh

Amity University, Kolkata, India.

Mallika Banerjee

Techno India University, Kolkata, India and University of Calcutta, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v4/1691

Influence on Strengthening Core Muscles in Healthy Individuals Using Stable and Unstable Surface Exercise Training: A Comparative Study Protocol | Chapter 3 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 4

Background: Stronger core muscles increase the body's stability, which reduces lower back and lower body pain by enhancing neuromuscular summations. Strengthening core muscles is also necessary for many daily chores and sports. It is an essential prerequisite. Numerous muscles make up the complex of core muscles. Core strength training is a useful and safe training technique that greatly enhances the health and skill-related components of physical fitness for individuals in normal health. An imbalance or weakening in the muscles that make up the core might result in more weariness, a reduced capacity to sustain sports injuries, and a higher risk of getting hurt. For overall musculoskeletal health, rehabilitation, and performance enhancement, instability resistance training, or IRT, is widely used. Numerous equipments make an effort to create an unstable surface. Literature partially advises to perform strength training on unstable surfaces as opposed to stable ones. Thus the need of this study arises to see the impact of core strengthening exercises using stable and unstable surfaces in normal healthy individuals.

Methodology: Participants from constituent colleges of Sumandeep Vidyapeeth will be contacted and given information about the study. Individuals who satisfy the eligibility requirements and express interest in taking part in the research will be asked to complete an informed consent form. Participants who meet the exclusion requirements will not be allowed to continue with the study. Using basic randomization, participants will be assigned at random to either the interventional group or the control group. Following the completion of the assessment, the patient will receive care in accordance with the treatment plan developed for either the interventional group or the control group. Both the interventional group and the control group will administer a 4-week course of treatment to their subjects, with three days of intervention per week. Both primary and secondary outcome measures will be taken as per the schedule.

Outcome Measures: Primary Outcome: Core muscle Strength assessment by pressure biofeedback, and Secondary Outcome: Core muscle Strength assessment by Plank Test

Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics will be done by taking help of a Biostatistician. The latest version of SPSS software available with the Biostatistician will be used for doing the statistical analysis.

Conclusion: This RCT study protocol will see the impact of core strengthening exercises using stable and unstable surface in improving core muscle strength in normal healthy individuals, the results will help in the decision making of the strength training protocols.

Clinical Trial Registration: The study is registered with Clinical Trials Registry- India (CTRI), with the registration number for the trial being CTRI/2023/06/053533.

Author(s) Details

Noel Samuel Macwan

College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Waghodia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Yash Kogje

College of Physiotherapy, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Piparia, Waghodia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v4/1740

Crossing The Finish Line: A Study of Sporting Metaphors as a Reflection of Cultural Identity in Mountain Province | Chapter 2 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 4

It is a simple reality that metaphorical language is frequently used in discussions of sports and are challenging for students to comprehend in the classroom. Thus, due to a lack of shared metaphorical language between the students and teachers, which is a requirement for their linguistic needs in the institution, MPSPC students may find it difficult to understand the cultural discourse around sports in Mountain Province. Using Geeraert's [1] theory of lexical semantics and the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) of Pragglejaz’ Group [2] and Steen, et al. [3], this qualitative-narrative study provides an understanding of various themes generated from the metaphors and functions as well as their literal and contextual meanings. This is also helpful for students to gain an understanding of how the metaphors linguistically help them to facilitate communication culturally. The objectives of this study were realized through interviews with student-athletes, coaches, or trainers from various educational institutions during the CARASUC MEET, MT. PROVINCE PROVINCIAL MEET, and the CARAA MEET this 2023, followed by an examination of their actual discourse for metaphorical content. Screenshots of articles, Facebook text messages, and chat comments from Group Chats (GC) were also gathered where metaphors were dominantly mentioned by the writers. Based on these situations that served as the foundation for this study's conclusion, the metaphorical expressions were evaluated, categorized, and semantically studied with six (6) themes and 3 functions. It was discovered that rather than the comments made under each article, articles posted on Facebook during and after the events predominately employ metaphorical language that are used and understood inside contexts. Therefore, this study adds to the body of knowledge in the field of data as well as the applicable conceptual and theoretical framework.

Author(s) Details

Jonnelle D. Fagsao

Teacher Education Department, Mountain Province State Polytechnic College, Bontoc, Mountain Province 2616, Philippines.

Delia A. Sumeg-ang

Teacher Education Department, Mountain Province State Polytechnic College, Bontoc, Mountain Province 2616, Philippines.

Julie Grace M. Docallas

Teacher Education Department, Mountain Province State Polytechnic College, Bontoc, Mountain Province 2616, Philippines.

Christie Lynne C. Codod

Teacher Education Department, Mountain Province State Polytechnic College, Bontoc, Mountain Province 2616, Philippines.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v4/1703

A Defense of Objectivity, Rightly Understood | Chapter 1 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 4

In this chapter, I discuss and defend objectivity as a critically valuable norm for how people ought to communicate information publicly, especially information about or bearing upon human activities. This norm plays a central role in the natural and social sciences, in public media, and in government and courts of law. In this essay, I will focus especially on the role of this norm in the social sciences, while recognizing its critical value for all public communication. It is especially important at present to understand and defend the norm of objectivity because of diverse critiques and misunderstandings. This chapter reviews and responds to some of these. The chapter observes that the norm of objectivity is valued because it functions to produce reliable information, which in turn facilitates problem-solving. The argument in defense of objectivity proceeds through two steps. First, the chapter examines and criticizes some widely held assumptions regarding the standard understanding of the norm of objectivity. Then, the chapter moves on to define and defend an alternative way of understanding the norm of objectivity, which it refers to as the civic model of objectivity. Accordingly, this model of objectivity especially calls for relevant information to be communicated as an ongoing intelligible, reasonable, and inherently reciprocating public activity. In keeping with these expectations, the chapter further recognizes that value judgments affect how researchers identify, interpret, and communicate reliable and accurate information. The chapter describes how to make and communicate these judgments in keeping with the norm of objectivity, rightly understood. Although the approach to objectivity defended in this chapter may seem new and unorthodox, a strong case can be made for arguing quite the opposite. The chapter ends by arguing that in broad outline the position defended here was first outlined in Weber's classic essay on objectivity, which he wrote in 1905.

Author(s) Details

Frederick Bird

Concordia University, Canada.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v4/7183C

Solution of SPL Heat Conduction Model under Neumann Boundary Condition | Chapter 9| Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 6

In this study, we will investigate the thermal wave propagation either by taking symmetric or asymmetric heating at the boundaries of finite thin film. Non-Gaussian heat sources are modelled as time-varying and spatially-decaying laser incidences. In this study, we present an unconditionally stable accurate finite difference scheme for Neumann (insulated) boundary condition which avoids the need of ghost point outside the boundary, unlike to the other finite difference schemes. The dimensionless form of model has been used for the complete analysis of model.

Author(s) Details

T. N. Mishra

SOET, Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational University, Bhopal, India.

Atesh Singh

SOET, Sanjeev Agrawal Global Educational University, Bhopal, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/2176

Development of an Explainable Augmented Intelligence (AI) System for Crack Characterization Using Ultrasonic Phased Array Data | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 6

Crack characterisation is one of the central tasks of NDT&E (Non-Destructive Testing and Evaluation) of industrial components and structures. A novel code containing a decision tree, that is, an explainable AI has been designed and developed for characterizing single large planar cracks. For the component surfaces whose undulation errors can be described using a normal distribution, a method for automatic estimation of the degree of the interpolating polynomial was developed. These days data necessary for carrying out this task are often collected using ultrasonic phased arrays. Many ultrasonic phased array inspections are automated but interpretation of the data they produce is not. This chapter offers an approach to designing an explainable AI (Augmented Intelligence) to meet this challenge. It describes a novel C++ code called AutoNDE, which contains a signal-processing module based on a modified total focusing method that creates a sequence of two-dimensional images of an evaluated specimen; an image-processing module, which filters and enhances these images; and an explainable AI module - a customized decision tree, which selects images of possible cracks, groups those of them that appear to represent the same crack and for each group, produces a possible inspection report for perusal by a human inspector. AutoNDE has been trained on 16 datasets collected in a laboratory by imaging steel specimens with large smooth planar notches, both embedded and surface-breaking, establishing values of various model parameters by trial and error It has been tested on two other similar datasets. The chapter presents results of this training and testing and describes in detail an approach to dealing with the main source of error in ultrasonic data - undulations in the specimens’ surfaces. AutoNDE locates a number of points on the inspected surfaces and effects a polynomial surface interpolation. Under the assumption that the error in the location of these points obeys a normal distribution, a novel method is presented for automatic estimation of the polynomial degree. Notwithstanding various challenges, AutoNDE shows great promise, demonstrating the feasibility of an explainable AI, suitable for applications in industrial NDE, increasing its accuracy and efficiency.

Author(s) Details

Larissa Fradkin

Sound Mathematics Ltd., 11 Mulberry Close, Cambridge, CB4 2AS, UK.

Sevda Uskuplu Altinbasak

Sound Mathematics Ltd., 11 Mulberry Close, Cambridge, CB4 2AS, UK.

Michel Darmon

Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, List, F-91120 Palaiseau, France.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/2680

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and is expected to affect approximately 288 million people globally by 2040. While multimodal imaging has traditionally been the gold standard for diagnosing AMD, optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution, non-invasive imaging of the retina and has become central to routine disease management. Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly emerged as a transformative force across various domains, with its impact particularly notable in ophthalmology and retina imaging, which has opened new avenues for improving diagnostic accuracy, predicting disease progression, and optimizing treatment plans. AI-based algorithms hold great potential for accurately quantifying biomarkers, such as fluid volume and geographic atrophy area in OCT images, predicting disease progression, and assisting in treatment decisions both in clinical practice and academic research. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of AI applications in AMD, highlighting its potential, the challenges encountered, and future prospects in the field. Author(s) Details Virginia Mares Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Marcio B. Nehemy Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Hrvoje Bogunovic Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Sophie Frank Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Gregor S. Reiter Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/1942

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide and is expected to affect approximately 288 million people globally by 2040. While multimodal imaging has traditionally been the gold standard for diagnosing AMD, optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution, non-invasive imaging of the retina and has become central to routine disease management. Artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly emerged as a transformative force across various domains, with its impact particularly notable in ophthalmology and retina imaging, which has opened new avenues for improving diagnostic accuracy, predicting disease progression, and optimizing treatment plans. AI-based algorithms hold great potential for accurately quantifying biomarkers, such as fluid volume and geographic atrophy area in OCT images, predicting disease progression, and assisting in treatment decisions both in clinical practice and academic research. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of AI applications in AMD, highlighting its potential, the challenges encountered, and future prospects in the field.

Author(s) Details

Virginia Mares

Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

Marcio B. Nehemy

Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

Hrvoje Bogunovic

Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Sophie Frank

Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Gregor S. Reiter

Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth

Laboratory for Ophthalmic Image Analysis, Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/1942

Enhancing Student Performance in South African Higher Education through Machine Learning and Big Data Analytics: A Theoretical Framework |Chapter 6 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 6

The paper explores using machine learning algorithms and big data analytics to enhance academic and psycho-socio performance among students. It suggests that South African higher education can benefit from appropriate technology and data application to address issues like lack of personalised support, varied student readiness, and resource constraints affecting performance. Employing adaptive structuration theory (AST), derived from Giddens' structuration theory, the study examines how institutions incorporate new technologies to improve student outcomes adaptively. Through a thorough literature review encompassing student performance factors, teaching methodologies, technology integration, and big data analytics (BDA), the research proposes establishing an IT infrastructure capable of integrating diverse student data types for machine learning analysis. This data-driven approach aims to personalise curricula, identify at-risk students, and enhance pedagogy to bolster learning outcomes. By bridging technological capabilities with practical implementation, the study offers a framework for local universities to make informed, data-driven decisions tailored to their challenges. It underscores the potential for data analytics to create supportive, personalised learning environments conducive to student success within the South African higher education context. The key findings show that it is possible to accurately predict student performance through machine learning algorithms even with different data sets. The analysis of the collected data showed that students' marital status and academic achievements in the previous years affected the study results. Applying big data analytics in South African higher education institutions can potentially enhance student support and resource distribution. However, there are issues of data heterogeneity and ethical issues.

Author(s) Details

Clency Ngary

Graduate Centre for Management, Faculty of Business and Management Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa.

Michael Twum-Darko

Graduate Centre for Management, Faculty of Business and Management Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/2135

Video Augmentation for Enhanced Skill Learning in Karate Using Homography Transformation and Stacked Hourglass Networks | Chapter 5 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 6

This paper describes an image processing method that can facilitate skill learning in karate using recorded karate competition videos. The proposed method superimposes a partially filmed karate competition court in the input video image onto an overall model of a karate court via a homography transform. This method utilizes the Stacked Hourglass Network, a deep neural network proposed for estimating human poses, to estimate the corresponding points needed for the homography transform. To evaluate our method, a player-focused video was augmented with complete competition field information. The augmented video would be useful for observing both players’ actions as well as the player positioning within the entire competition court. The evaluation of the proposed method by a university karate club showed that it was useful for skill learning.

Author(s) Details

Kazumoto Tanaka
Kindai University, Japan.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/2773

Active Paths to Sustainability: Unlocking Mobility in University Students |Chapter 4 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 6

Aims: This study aimed at investigating behavioral aspects related to sustainability mobility practices in a specific target group, known for being physically active: the students of the Physical Education and Sport Science Department in Serres, Northern Greece. This work aimed to shed light on gender differences in weekly physical activity levels, as well as gender’s respective effect on mobility practices.

Study Design: It was a cross-sectional study, using a tested research instrument, grounded on the Theory of Planned Behaviour within a specific population group.

Place and Duration of Study: Data were collected during the first semester of the academic year before the outburst of the COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictive measures imposed by governments. University students filled in the questionnaires once during a typical academic week.

Methodology: 259 students from first year to nearing graduation from the Department of Physical Education and Sport Science in Serres, a medium-sized Greek city which is active in mobility issues, filled in a questionnaire, based on Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior and Godin–Shephard Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire for reporting physical activity weekly uptake.

Results: The results confirmed higher levels of physical activity in male students, although their attitude towards physical activity was less positive than that of their female classmates. Further positive attitudes in women were recorded towards sustainable mobility choices, although the evidence demonstrated a similar gap between the answers of the two genders. Car possession was higher in men, whereas car purchase intention was slightly lower in women, who had a lower income in general. Moreover, income impacted gender mobility preferences.

Conclusion: University student mobility research calls for behavioral approaches to ground relevant interventions. Recommendations can be guided by students’ sports preferences and can be gender-sensitive, taking income into account. The findings could provide implications for policy and practice, informing strategies for promoting sustainable mobility among students.

Author(s) Details

Foteini Mikiki

International Hellenic University, Greece.

Ermioni Katartzi

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.

Andreas Oikonomou

School of Pedagogical and Technological Education, Greece.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/2061

The Role of Carbon in Sensory Protein Signal Transduction: Implications for Robotic Vision| Chapter 3 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 6

This study applies the carbon code to predict the hydrophobic framework of retina-related proteins, focusing on carbon's role in proton absorption for signal transduction. Our results show that carbon frameworks in amino acid clusters within proteins are critical for forming optimized hydrophobic domains, influencing proton uptake into the cell core. In membrane-bound proteins involved in photon capture, specific amino acids regulate proton signaling and phototransduction. Mutations within these internal structures can significantly alter protein function, highlighting the importance of carbon-based frameworks and amino acid interactions in visual signal processing.

Author(s) Details

Rajasekaran Ekambaram

Department of Chemistry, V.S.B. Engineering College, Karur-639111, India.

Devprakash Rajasekaran

Department of Computer Science, Lincoln University College, Petaling Jaya, 47301, Malaysia.

Indupriya Rajasekaran

Andaman & Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, Andaman-744112, India.

Meenal Rajasekaran

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, V.S.B. Engineering College, Karur-639111, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/2504

Real-Time FPGA Integration for Image Steganography Using Haar wavelet and Least Significant Bit Technique | Chapter 2 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 6

The purpose of this study is to develop a robust image steganography system that enhances the security of hidden communications by employing the Least Significant Bit (LSB) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) methods. The research aims to improve the robustness of the steganographic process and evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques. The study implements image steganography using two techniques: the Least Significant Bit (LSB) method and the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) method. The performance of these algorithms is evaluated using key metrics such as Mean Squared Error (MSE), Bit Error Rate (BER), Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), and processing time. The LSB method achieved PSNR values ranging from 42 to 46 dB and MSE values between 1.5 and 3.5. In contrast, the DWT method demonstrated superior performance, with PSNR values ranging from 49 to 57 dB and MSE values from 0.2 to 0.7. These results indicate that the DWT method provides higher performance and robustness compared to the LSB technique. The Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) method outperforms the Least Significant Bit (LSB) technique, offering better PSNR and lower MSE values. This makes DWT a more robust and efficient solution for image steganography, particularly in scenarios requiring high security and minimal image distortion.

Author(s) Details

Mangal Patil

Department of ECE, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering, Pune, India.

Shankar Madkar

Department of ECE, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering, Pune, India.

Jyoti Morbale

Department of ECE, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering, Pune, India.

Harshal Hemane

Department of ECE, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University) College of Engineering, Pune, India.

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v6/2197

Knowledge, Concept, and Practices of Skin Bleaching in Northeastern Nigeria |Chapter 1 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 6

Background: Skin bleaching and the use of hazardous and potent substances have been linked to a range of adverse effects, from skin diseases to serious systemic problems such as diabetes, hypertension and renal diseases. Skin bleaching has become a public health concern, even though the importation and marketing of skin-bleaching products are banned or strictly regulated in many countries. Skin bleaching seems to have become common in different communities across Nigeria. It appears that the local communities in the northeastern region of Nigeria are seriously unaware of the possible risks related to the usage of bleaching products. Aim: The purpose of the study was to ascertain adults’ knowledge, beliefs, and practices of skin bleaching in northeastern Nigeria.

Methods: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study that employed the multistage sampling procedure and the use of Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) to analyze the data.

Results: It was found that skin bleaching was quite common in northeastern Nigeria. Nearly half of the respondents were not aware of the long-term hazards or negative consequences, as well as the ingredients in the skin-bleaching agents. The respondents believed that the main reason why people bleach their skin was to appear more appealing to catch their partners’ attention as well as to improve their social statuses. They also believed that bleaching the skin improved their chances of getting suitors and jobs. The primary motivation behind skin bleaching was to enhance one’s physical attractiveness in order to capture the attention of their significant other. Additionally, they thought that bleaching one's skin would raise one’s social standing and bring luck in the form of potential mates or job opportunities. The majority said that while darker complexion could be less beautiful than lighter skin, but not necessarily inferior.

Conclusion: Despite the risks posed by ignorance and false ideas, the use of skin bleaching products was found to be widespread among the populations mostly because of a strong desire for attractive appearance, attraction, and high social status.

Government agencies, partners, and other relevant stakeholders along with the stakeholders among the local community members including religious and traditional leaders should take steps to protect the public from the menace of the skin-bleaching agents through legislation, education and all other possible innovative means. Companies should consider safety measures strictly in their productions.

Author(s) Details

Zara William Wudiri