Targeting of Hydrolytic Enzymes on Prodrug/Anti-cancer Drugs Efficient Metabolism for Cancer Chemotherapeutics | Chapter 14 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

In the current review, some of the Hydrolases have been discussed which play a significant role in prodrug to drug metabolism. A variety of chemotherapeutic approaches are under development to improve the effectiveness and specificity of enzyme activation for drug metabolism targeting tumour cell death. Numerous cancer therapeutic approaches involve conjugates, such as monoclonal antibodies and substrate specificity, and present an appealing way to target tumor-toxic agents, including medications, radioisotopes, protein cytotoxins, cytokines, immune system effector cells, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, and enzyme therapy for the therapeutic use of drug metabolism.

Hydrolytic enzymes of class III enzyme classification play an important role in the anticancer drug metabolism. Hydrolases help in drug metabolic efficiency to target cancer cells since it is involved in the hydrolytic reaction for various biomolecules and compounds. The prodrug is designed to be a substrate for the chosen enzyme activity. The vast majority of carbohydrate-based prodrugs are designed to improve pharmacokinetic properties. They exhibit high solubility in water, low toxicity, and high biocompatibility. The glycosidase-activated prodrug approach continues to develop novel prodrugs incorporating more diverse anticancer agents. A number of prodrugs have been developed that can be transformed into an active anti-cancerous drug by enzymes of both mammalian and nonmammalian origin. The basic molecular biochemistry, biotechnological processes and other information related to enzyme catalysis have a major impact on the production of efficient drugs. In the current chapter seven hydrolytic enzymes are considered for the metabolism of prodrugs/Anticancer drugs have been discussed which plays significant role towards target action and better Cancer Chemotherapeutics.

 

Author (s) Details

Prabha M
Department of Biotechnology, Ramaiah Institute of Technology, Bangalore-560054, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2397

Morphology of Anterolateral Ligament: A Cadaveric Study and Its Implications for Knee Reconstructive Surgery | Chapter 13 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

Background: The anterolateral ligament (ALL) arises from the lateral epicondyle of the femur and attaches to the tibia between Gerdy's tubercle (GT) and the fibula head. The ALL is a ligamentous tissue that gets taut when the tibia rotates 30 degrees medially. It has been suggested that the ALL of the knee plays an important role in reducing rotational instability and that reconstruction of the ALL, together with the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), may avoid a persistent pivot shift after surgery.

Aims: The primary goal of the study was to identify the structure that appeared to be controlling anterolateral rotation, characterise its dimensions and attachments, and interpret them in the context of previous work.

Study Design: This is a Cadaveric dissection study.

Place and Duration of Study: From 2016 to 2018, this study was carried out at the Department of Anatomy, D.Y. Patil Medical College in Kolhapur. The ALL was found in 14 female and 16 male cadavers, with a total of 60 knee joints.

Methodology: The ALL tissue was discovered by rotating the tibia inside. A digital caliper was used to take measurements, and the origin and insertion points were recorded. The ALL was detected with mean dimensions of 38.06 ± 3 mm on right side and 37.94 ± 3 mm on the left side, width 4.38 ± 0.25 mm on right side and 4.37 ± 0.25 mm on left side, and thickness 0.9 ± 0.02 mm on both sides. The femoral origin is Posterior and Proximal (PP) in 23, Anterior and Distal (AD) in 29, and Femoral Lateral Epicondyle in eight knee joints. The tibial insertion measured 1.79 ± 0.3 mm on the right side and 1.82 ± 0.3 mm on the left side from Gerdy's tubercle (GT), and 1.28 ± 0.03 mm from the fibula head (FH).

Results: The ALL was identified in 14 females and 16 males cadavers, total 60 knee joints. This study's findings are consistent with previous research indicating that ALL is a capsular thickening with meniscus attachment.

Conclusion: The data will assist surgeons in performing reconstructive surgery and selecting the most appropriate graft. Furthermore, this ligament should be included in all gross anatomy textbooks so that medical undergraduates are aware of ALL.

 

Author (s) Details

Anita Rahul Gune
Department of Anatomy, D.Y. Patil Medical College, Kolhapur, Maharashtra -416003, India.

 

Aryan Rahul Gune
Nirmal Nursing Home, Kolhapur, Maharashtra -416001, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2260

Management and Outcome of Depressed Skull Fracture in Head Injury | Chapter 12 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

Background: Skull fracture results from large energy forces applied to the head. The extent and type of skull fracture are determined by the kinetic energy of the striking object, the geometry of the striking object, the direction of the impact force, and the anatomic site of the impact. Many changes and improvements have taken place in the management of patients with head injuries in the past 20 years. In 1980, the introduction of the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) training program helped in a better understanding of the management of trauma patients. By preventing injury, limiting trauma, and treating early, we can achieve good outcomes in patients with head injuries.

Aim: The aim of this study is to find out the severity of the head injury and associated intracranial injury with depressed skull fracture (DSF) and it helps in establishing a plan of management of DSF.

Materials and Methods: This is the prospective study of 50 patients with DFS visiting the Department of Surgery at Sir Sayajirao General Hospital and Medical College, Baroda, from January 2010 to March 2012. The patients selected for this study belonged to all age groups and had clinically palpable DSF. The CT scan showed DFS along with other intracranial findings such as Extradural hematoma. The principles of management were conservative as well as operative, depending on the type of fractures and intracranial findings.

Results: Out of 50 patients, 32% were aged between 21 and 30 years; 94% were men and 6% were women. 30 (60%) patients had Vehicular accidents whereas 8 (16%) patients had assaults. Extradural hematoma was reported in two (11.11%) patients. 42 cases had mild head injury, 29 were managed conservatively and 13 were operated. Six cases had severe head injury; three were operated on; and three were treated conservatively. Elevation of bone fragments occasionally improves a focal neurological deficit originating in the cortex directly under a depressed bone fracture. Brain dysfunction generally undergoes a neurological recovery over a period of several weeks to months, similar to that after a stroke or a head injury without a depressed fracture.

Conclusion: Early definitive diagnosis and management of depressed skull fracture reduces morbidity, and mortality and helps in achieving maximum function. The use of GCS in conjunction with the CT findings is most helpful in the early management of DSF.

 

Author (s) Details

Nikita G Rolekar
Department of Surgery, Baroda Medical College, SSG Hospital, Baroda, Gujarat, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2460

The Pediatric Dental Pyramid: A Comprehensive Model of Contemporary Factors in Pediatric Dental Care | Chapter 11 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

The success of dental procedures for young patients hinges on several crucial factors. To illustrate these key components, a pyramid model was created. At the top of this pyramid is the child, the central focus of care. Surrounding the child are four fundamental elements: parents, society, the dentist, and e-screens. These elements form the base of the pyramid, highlighting the core influences that impact effective Pediatric dental care. The child's cooperation and behavior, along with the dentist's expertise and skill, are the most crucial factors for achieving successful treatment outcomes. The pyramid consists of five distinct layers, each representing a different level of interaction and emphasizing the importance of various factors in the child's care. The apex of the pyramid features the most critical contributor, with other elements supporting in a hierarchical manner as you move toward the base. The Pediatric Dentistry Management Pyramid provides a clear visual depiction of the interrelationships and relative significance of these factors in achieving optimal patient care.  Understanding and addressing each of these components enables a more thorough and effective Pediatric dental practice, ultimately resulting in better treatment outcomes and a more positive experience for both the child and their family.

 

Author (s) Details

Jyothsna V Setty
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sri Siddhartha Dental College and Hospital, SAHE, Agalakote, B H Road, Tumakuru, Karnataka-572107, India.

 

Vidyullatha V Shetty
Department of Forensic Medicine, Sri Chamundeshwari Medical College, Hospital and Research Institute, Ramanagara, Channapatna, Karnataka-562160, India.

 

Srikanth K V
Narayana Institute of Cardiac Sciences, No. 258/A, Bommasandra Industerial Area, Anekal Taluk, Bengaluru-560099, India.

 

Shilpa S
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, M.R. Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560005, India.

 

Ila Srinivasan
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, M.R. Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560005, India.

 

Aparna Jaikrishna
Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, M.R. Ambedkar Dental College and Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka-560005, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2450

 

Clinical Implications of Tissue Carcinoembryonic Antigen Expression in Ugandan Colorectal Cancer Patients | Chapter 10 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

 

Introduction: Globally colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignancy. The global incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is projected to rise up to 60% in 2030. In Uganda and other resource-deprived countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, colonoscopy is not easily accessible for screening. Therefore, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) may have a larger role as a marker for CRC development in these resource-limited settings. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of positive CEA in CRC tissue and compare it to clinicopathological features in Ugandan patients.

Methods: From 16th September 2019 to 16th September 2021, samples of colorectal biopsy specimens and resected colorectal carcinoma specimens were obtained from patients in Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Uganda Martyrs’ Hospital Lubaga and Mengo Hospital. Participants were consecutively recruited from hospitals in central Uganda between 2019-2021, with corresponding formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks that were included in the CEA analysis. A Data Extraction Form was used to obtain data regarding age, sex, stage, grade of colorectal cancer, and topography. Haematoxylin and eosin sections from FFPE CRC blocks were prepared to establish the grade, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and histopathological subtype. The CEA molecular marker was analysed using the ABC method for immunohistochemistry. The Pearson chi-square test was used to assess the association between CEA expression and demographic and histopathological variables. The correlation between the CEA biomarker and grade was determined using Spearman’s rank correlation. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: The present study evaluated the CRC tissue CEA and the correlation of the tissue staining intensity with the grade, stage, LVI status, topography, and histopathological subtype of CRC. Out of 118 participants, there were 67 male participants and 52 female participants and the median age (SD) for all the participants was 59.9(15.3) years. Compared to stage I, there were 31.4% of CRC tissues stained positively for CEA in stage IV disease and this reached statistical significance (p=0.0101). There were 73.4% CRC tissues with grade II CRC that stained positively for CEA compared to 15.2% CRC tissues with grade I CRC (p=0.0000). There were more AC (85%) participants that stained positively for CEA compared to MAC (5.8%) and SRCC (9.2%) participants (p=0.0000). A positive correlation between tumour grade and CEA expression was found (r=+0.2204) (p=0.0232).

Conclusions: In Uganda, increasing CEA intensity in CRC tissues is associated with a poorer grade. High-grade CRC has a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis and a higher CRC CEA tissue expression. Therefore, in Uganda, there is a poorer prognosis for patients expressing high levels of CEA in their colorectal cancer tissue. The number of rectal cancer patients excluded due to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was small and therefore it is unlikely that selection bias was introduced. The effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on tissue CEA expression should be explored in future studies.

 

Author (s) Details

Richard Wismayer
Department of Surgery, Masaka Regional Referral Hospital, Masaka, Uganda, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University for Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, Habib Medical School, IUIU University, Kampala, Uganda, Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda and Department of Surgery, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Julius Kiwanuka
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Josephat Jombwe
Department of Surgery, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Emmanuel Elobu
Department of Surgery, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Henry Wabinga
Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.

 

Michael Odida
Department of Pathology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda and Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2388

Bartonella henselae: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Workup Challenges in Patient with Fever of Unknown Origin | Chapter 9 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

Bartonella henselae is a zoonotic Gram-negative Bacillus associated with self-limited regional lymphadenopathy caused by close animal contact. In recent decades, a vast spectrum of clinical manifestations has been described, from mild self-limiting lymphadenopathy to disseminated disease involving multiple organs. About 30 species have been identified, and 12 have been linked to human infection, among which three are most commonly encountered clinically- Bartonella bacilliformis, which causes Oroya fever endemic to regions in Peru, Bartonella quintana that causes Trench Fever, and Bartonella henselae that causes Cat scratch disease (CSD). Trench fever was seen in World War I amongst soldiers living in trenches or closed spaces, who developed symptoms of recurrent febrile illness associated with headache, body aches, and rash that were transmitted by lice. More recently, trench fever outbreaks have been seen in densely populated spaces such as in the homeless population and refugee camps. Transmission of B. henselae is associated with cats and cat fleas. Weeks after a scratch or bite, a pustule will form at the inoculation site with associated localized lymphadenopathy. Commonly, this is a self-limiting disease. However, in immunocompromised patients and patients with predisposing factors, patients' lymphadenopathy will progress and become bacteremic, leading to endocarditis as well as aseptic meningitis. Bartonella spp. is the second most common cause of culture-negative endocarditis after Coxiella burnetii. Definitive diagnosis of Bartonella infection is often challenging due to its insidious nature and variable presentation based on the body's immune status.

A clinical diagnostic challenge was encountered when a 25-year-old male presented to our hospital with a Fever of unknown origin (FUO). Initially, there was no clear etiology of the fever until a timely diagnosis of Bartonella infection was made. This case report highlights the importance of considering Bartonella as a potential etiology in patients with prolonged Fever of unknown origin (FUO), especially in endemic regions.

 

Author (s) Details

Neeladri Misra
Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Medical Plaza Dr, Roseville, CA-95661, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2478

Post Spinal Headache: Special Considerations in Obstetric Patients | Chapter 8 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

 

Spinal anesthesia is the most commonly used regional block in anesthetic practice. Central neural block (CNB) is administered frequently for caesarean section. Post-spinal headache (PSH) is the most frequent and discomforting late complication of spinal anaesthesia. PSH is an important cause of iatrogenic maternal co-morbidity and maternal dissatisfaction. The exact mechanism of headache following PSH is not clear. Different associated symptoms may be there with PSH which may mimic other clinical conditions presenting as headaches. Expedited discharge of the mother or delayed onset of PSH in some women may not capture all the mothers developing PSH after hospital discharge. The mother having PSH might first report to the obstetrician. A pilot study in our institute, regarding knowledge and practice of treatment of PSH amongst obstetricians demonstrated limited knowledge of PSH. Bedrest, fluids, analgesics, caffeine, Sphenopalatine ganglion block, and Epidural blood patch are treatment modalities commonly used for PSH management.

Even though PSH is a self-limiting condition, a subset of patients will suffer from potentially life-threatening neurological consequences. Such a patient needs urgent referral to an anaesthesiologist, neurologist, and special radiological investigations for definitive diagnosis and treatment. Epidural Blood Patch should be considered to treat PSH which impairs the daily activities of the patient and is refractory to conservative therapy or the patient has other neurological sequelae of PSH like hearing loss and cranial nerve palsy. Awareness needs to be there amongst obstetricians regarding PSH to avoid medicolegal problems and patients also are to be educated about red flag symptoms once they develop PSH.

This article reviews the pathophysiology, clinical picture, and management of PSH with special considerations during the postpartum period.

 

Author (s) Details

Sadhana Sudhir Kulkarni
In-Charge Skill Development Unit, MGM Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, MGMIHS University, Navi Mumbai, India.

Savani Sameer Futane
Department of Anaesthesiology, Maharashtra Postgraduate Institute of Health Sciences, Nashik, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2453

Rising Trends in Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiological Insights and Future Directions in Multimodal Treatment and Prevention |Chapter 7 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

People under the age of 50 are experiencing an increasing incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC), as well as an increasing mortality rate associated with the disease. This is a well-known fact. As a result of these patterns, a flurry of research has been conducted with the objective of elucidating the epidemiology and characteristics of colorectal cancer that manifests at an early stage, as well as developing strategies for early detection and prevention.

There are two methods that can be utilised in order to identify and prevent early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC) in young adults who do not exhibit any symptoms: There are two types of screening: 1) population-based screening for individuals who would otherwise be considered to be at average risk, and 2) precision screening, which takes into account factors such as genetics, lifestyle, and family history. Initiating early screening based on family history is the primary precision screening technique that is recommended for the early detection and prevention of early-onset CRC. This technique is also known as genetic screening.  However, the most important thing that should we do is early screening for this specific age group.

 

Author (s) Details

Budhi Ida Bagus
Department of Surgery, Sebelas Maret University, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2487

 

The Interrelationship between Blood Glucose Values and Cellular Metabolism: A Review | Chapter 6 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

This review aims to reveal additional insight into the relation between blood glucose value and cell metabolism and, furthermore to propose a more appropriate approach than blood glucose value for the assessment of cell metabolism. The persistence of functional and morphological integrity of living organisms is supported by cell metabolism, therefore its diagnostic assessment is of basic importance. The relationship between blood glucose value and cellular metabolism in stress reaction (a physiological state) and diabetes (a pathophysiological state) was investigated. Metabolism is considered the central physiological process of the living organism: therefore, the existence of metabolism can be referred to as the "marker of life". The study discusses metabolic characteristics of acute, repetitive, and chronic stress conditions respectively, and defines the terms: eumetabolism, dysmetabolism, and hypermetabolism with vs. without energetic equilibrium. In all chronic stress states persistence of the stressor triggering the stress reaction is emphasized as a harmful factor. Acute and repetitíve stress is referred to as a health-saving adaptive mechanism, but chronic stress with an energetic imbalance of cell metabolism is suggested as a health-threatening maladaptive phenomenon. Glucose toxicity is proposed as the main pathogenetic factor in eliciting and supporting chronic stress reactions. The interrelations between metabolic settings of diabetes, ischemia, and chronic stress, furthermore the metabolic effect of acute and chronic hyperglycemia (diabetes) on cell metabolism are discussed. Authors emphasize, that blood glucose value is of basic importance in determining the therapy of diabetes, but not in assessment of the cellular metabolic state. The rationale behind this statement is that blood glucose can really be referred to as a transport parameter, which reflects the actual equilibrium between glucose transport to the blood from the intestinal tract and glucose deposits, on the one hand, and glucose transport into peripheral tissues (glucose disposal) from blood, on the other hand. The relation between the trigger-specific somatic adaptation and the stressor-induced non-specific metabolic alterations is disputed. Authors suggest that metabolic characterization of acute, repetitive, and chronic stress states is a more reliable approach in the evaluation of cell metabolic state (referred to as „metabolic diagnosis”) than blood glucose determination related to blood glucose transport. Similarities of metabolic states of starvation, pregnancy, and SGLT2 inhibitor treatment are detailed as an example of the clinical application of „metabolic diagnosis”. Chronic stress with the preserved energetic balance of cell metabolism, characterized by glucopenic mild ketosis resulting in a unique cellular metabolic state of maximum energetic efficacy is emphasized. The distinct metabolic characteristics of acute, repetitive, and chronic stress reactions can be well described and their identification (the "metabolic diagnosis") provides a more accurate approach to defining the metabolic state of the organism compared to the determination of blood glucose values.

 

Author (s) Details

Kornél Simon
Department of Internal Medicine, County Hospital, Siófok, Hungary.

 

Attila Cziráki
Medical School, Heart Institute, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary and Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2498

 

An Overview on Parkinsons Hyperpyrexia Syndrome: Efficacy of Single Dose | Chapter 5 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

Parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia syndrome (PHS) is a neurological emergency that mimics neuroleptic malignant syndrome and sepsis. Abrupt cessation of anti parkinsons drugs, usually levodopa is responsible for this syndrome. This study reports a case of a 70-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus (managed with insulin), hypertension, and Parkinson's disease, who presented with sudden onset of fever, altered sensorium, and exacerbated parkinsonian features over the past day. Relative dopamine deficiency is a proposed mechanism for PHS and the replacement of dopaminergic drugs is the mainstay of treatment. Missing even a single dose of levodopa can precipitate PHS, highlighting the importance of early identification, which can be life-saving. While sudden cessation of levodopa is linked to a relative dopamine deficiency state that leads to PHS—a mimic of neuroleptic malignant syndrome—there remains uncertainty about how abrupt the cessation must be or how many doses need to be missed to trigger these symptoms. Our case is an eye-opener to show that missing even a single dose of levodopa can induce PHS, a potentially preventable and treatable condition that if untreated can mimic sepsis and is fatal.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Raghavendra Bakki Sannegowda
Department of Neurology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

 

Najeeb Behzad Mohammed
Department of Medicine, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

 

Mohammed Ismail Hejamadi
Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

 

Bhawna Sharma
Department of Neurology, SMS Medical College Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.

 

Parul Dubey
Department of Neurology, Goa Medical College Hospital, Goa, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2229

Mitochondrial DNA-induced Inflammation Response of Epigallocatechin Gallate for Burn Wound | Chapter 4 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

 

Background: Burns are dynamic wounds that may present a progressive deepening and expansion of the initial burn area, a process defined as burn wound progression. There are multiple factors involved in the pathophysiology of burn wound progression, however, the exact mechanisms are unclear and the therapeutic modalities are limited. This study is aimed to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate on experimental burn wound progression.

Methods: A deep second-degree burn was produced on male Wistar rats. Epigallocatechin gallate was systemically administrated as a treatment intervention. Mitochondrial DNA level in serum and level of proinflammatory cytokines in burn wounds was detected. Malonaldehyde content, myeloperoxidase activity, and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome levels in the burn wounds were measured. The histopathological examination of burn wounds was performed and the time to wound re-epithelialization was recorded.

Results: Burn resulted in remarkably higher levels of mitochondrial DNA release in serum and proinflammatory cytokines in burn wounds. Moreover, the malonaldehyde content, myeloperoxidase activity, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome level in burn wounds were significantly higher than that of sham burn. Epigallocatechin gallate treatment significantly reduced mitochondrial DNA levels in serum and inflammatory response in burn wounds. Furthermore, the burn wound depth of rats in the epigallocatechin gallate group was markedly attenuated and the wound re-epithelialization time was accelerated.

Conclusion: Epigallocatechin gallate ameliorated burn wound progression probably by inhibiting mitochondrial DNA-induced inflammation and protecting wounds from inflammatory infiltration and oxidative damage.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Mengjing Xiao
Department of Burn Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, P.R. China.

 

Hongming Yang
Department of Burn Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, P.R. China.

 

Ruichen Wang
Department of Burn Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, South China Hospital, Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, P.R. China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2472

 

Seroprevalence of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies among Healthcare Workers | Chapter 3 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

The state of Guanajuato in Mexico has a high prevalence of COVID-19 cases, significantly affecting healthcare workers due to their contact with infected patients. It was made a review of the literature on seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare workers, and it was found a significant association between seropositivity and the type of work unit, as well as community exposure, while training in the proper use of personal protective equipment demonstrated a preventive and protective effect against SARS-CoV-2. These findings highlight the importance of healthcare workers adequately protecting themselves both in their work environment and in the community, not only in Guanajuato state.

 

Author (s) Details

Luis Ignacio Pérez-Velázquez
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, México.

 

Mónica Natalia Morales-García
Coordination of Research, Hospital General León, Institute of Public Health, Guanajuato State, León, México.

 

Ana Elisa Jiménez-Nieto
Coordination of Research, Hospital General León, Institute of Public Health, Guanajuato State, León, México.

 

Gilberto Flores-Vargas
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, México.

 

Nicolás Padilla-Raygoza
Department of Research and Technological Development, Directorate of Teaching and Research Institute of Public Health from Guanajuato State, Guanajuato, México.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2123

Behavioral Activation Therapy in the Treatment of Depression: Effectiveness, Advantages, and Improvements | Chapter 2 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

 

Background: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the first-line psychotherapy for depression, but because of its long course, complicated procedure, and high operation difficulty, CBT is difficult to popularize, and cannot meet the increasing treatment needs. Behavioral Activation Therapy (BAT) is one of the modified forms of CBT, which is mainly used for depression.

Aim: The present study highlights Behavioral Activation Therapy in the Treatment of Depression.

Methods: Sixty-six papers are reviewed, focusing on the connotation, function, advantage, and application of BAT in the treatment of depression, as well as the improvement and development of BAT.

Results: BAT can effectively correct the negative cognition of patients with primary and secondary depression, improve their negative emotions, increase positive behaviors, and reduce negative behaviors, thus alleviating depression. Compared with CBT, BAT has a comparable efficacy, and a higher cost-benefit ratio, and is easier to pair with other therapies.

Conclusion: BAT is effective, low cost, easy to operate, and does not require the high professional quality of the therapist. Therefore, BAT is a psychotherapy for depression with popularization value.

 

Author (s) Details

Hou Yongmei
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2191

Exploring Nevus Lipomatosis: Case Studies of a Rare Cutaneous Anomaly| Chapter 1 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 9

 

Nevus lipomatosis cutaneous superficialis is a rare benign skin condition with an excellent prognosis following surgical excision. In this chapter, we present a case series of four instances of this uncommon anomaly to enhance awareness and recognition of the disease.

Author (s) Details

Monica Puri
ILBS Hospital, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, India.

 

Neelam Gupta
Department of Pathology, M.M. Medical College and Hospital, Kumarhatti Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v9/2273

Study on Static Foam Stabilization and its Properties | Chapter 8 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 5

Surfactant foams find wide-ranging uses in several industrial domains, such as chemical and biological processes and products. To improve the foam's stability, the static foam behaviour has been examined in this chapter. For a variety of surfactants, the characteristics of static foam, including percentage foamability and foaming power, have been studied. It was observed that SLS shows the highest percentage of foamability (77.72%) when compared with CTAB and SLS. Studies have also been conducted on the effects of pH on static foam. The pH range of 9 to 11 causes the foam half-life to drop from 125 minutes to 75 minutes. Effects on the foam behaviour due to the addition of small amounts of volatile components (VOCs) such as ethanol, xylene, toluene, and so forth were also investigated. The role of nanoparticles (NPs) in static foam and liquid drainage from the foam section is discussed in detail. Static foam properties were also investigated for the combined use of various surfactants.

 

Author (s) Details

G. A. Bathe
Department of Chemical Engineering, University Institute of Chemical Technology, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon - 425 001, India.

 

Aasma R. Tadvi
Department of Chemical Engineering, University Institute of Chemical Technology, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon - 425 001, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v5/2552

Effect of Yoga Therapy in Elderlies with Hypertension Through Mobile App | Chapter 7 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 5

The objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness and ease of use of this mobile application in the particular setting of yoga therapy for older individuals with hypertension. Unmanaged hypertension can lead to the development of other health complications, such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney disease. The research methodology utilizes a quasi-experimental approach and includes experiment groups, control groups, pre-test groups, and post-test groups. The trial was conducted at the Nawamin 9 Hospital in Minburi, with surgeries slated to begin in December 2022 and end in November 2023. The study entailed conducting an extensive interview with a total of 243 patients, which included 10 professionals specialized in mobile application development and 10 experts in yoga. A survey was conducted to gather 400 samples in order to assess the demand for mobile applications. The random sampling method was used to acquire the samples.

Initially, it was noted that the pre-test and post-test evaluation outcomes for the usage of the mobile application showed a decrease in hypertension levels in both the control and experimental groups. The smartphone application features instructional materials on hypertension as well as meditation exercises. This research provides suggestions for managing hypertension during illness, promoting self-care, reducing sodium intake, implementing non-pharmacological strategies to lower hypertension, establishing guidelines for hypertension reduction, and incorporating specific yoga activities for hypertension reduction.

A total of 50 persons with hypertension received highly effective training with the mobile application, which exhibited outstanding quality. Furthermore, it was found that the overall level of contentment was heightened.

 

 

Author (s) Details

 

Supparang Ruangvanich
Multimedia and E-Sport, Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand.

 

Manop Phoosuwan
Sport Science, Faculty of Science, Chandrakasem Rajabhat University, Bangkok, Thailand.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v5/2457

Machine Learning Projection in Performance Evaluation of Cloud Attenuation Prediction Models for Satellite Transmission Quality Improvement |Chapter 6 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 5

Artificial satellite applications to information transmission remain of great importance now and in the foreseeable future. While machine learning is breaking research achievement records for good, the increase of political influence on scientific potentials needs to be managed cohesively by all for sustainability. The reliability of social and business interactions on communication infrastructure determines the technological advancement of every nation – developed or still underdeveloped. In the disclaimer notices of most financial institutions' transaction forms and mandatory customer business agreements, they declared that they are not liable for communication channel malfunction that may lead to transaction interruption, transmission blackout, and subsequent delay in their services. These prescribe effective hydrometeors attenuation margins determination periodically, from more accurate models – such as machine-trained ones, to guarantee an increase in reliability of signal transmissions for every geographic location globally. Earlier research works established that required increases in transmission frequency for better efficiency are directly proportional to consequent hydrometeor attenuation on the signal, and that satellite communication unavailability in most tropical regions is above the allowed 1% outage percentage, significantly due to cloud attenuation contribution at satellite bands - which have been increasing consistently. The existence of clouds in tropical climates is almost perpetual, making cloud models all the more fundamental in tropical regions – which include Africa and not less than half of the rest of the world. The published new tropical cloud attenuation algorithm and its resulting new tropical cloud attenuation model (NTM) - derived from it, are hereby further analysed with respect to a wider frequency range. In the primary research of this work, data were collected from a spectrum analyzer, weather-link, and radiosonde equipment. The data were used to calculate values of cloud attenuation by each major existing cloud model in the signal propagation range of 12 to 50 GHz. The predicted cloud attenuation values were spectrally processed and analysed, resulting in the observation that the NTM’s predictions generally average the characteristics prediction values of existing models as shown by presented graphical outputs, though its differences in values relative to each of the other models are substantial in most cases, as either an increase or a reduction. Also, the predicted attenuation values by each of the cloud models converge increasingly direction-wise with frequency. The stated periodicity requirement above in these regards needs a machine learning approach to at least increase the periodicity of the result’s integrity and reliability by several tens of years, for every geographic location globally.

 

Author (s) Details

Mustapha O. Adewusi
Department of Physics, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria.

 

Oluwafunmilayo O. Ometan
Department of Physics, Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos State, Nigeria.

 

Oluwasayo A. Akinwumi
Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

 

Victor T. Omotosho
Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

Marvel L. Akinyemi
Department of Physics, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, PMB 1023, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v5/2383

 

Characterizing the Electronic Structure of Chemical Elements through Atomic Graph Representations | Chapter 5 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 5

Teaching and mastering atomistic concepts has long been a major preoccupation for teachers and learners at the secondary and undergraduate levels. The abstract nature of atomistic concepts is, in fact, the crux of the problem. In an effort to address this concern, a characteristic graph of the atom has been designed to lift the veil and simplify the learning of these concepts. This graph provides a general explanation of the different concepts of atomics. Each concept is interpreted by specific graphics derived from the first. To revolutionize, in a simpler way, the establishment of the electronic structure, special graphs are also designed. This concept, which illustrates order and period, is based on stability and has led to the classification of chemical elements into stacks. The electron distribution of the heaviest atom “118e” led to new methods of illustrating classification, known as “condensed tables”, with or without period and sub-layer order. A new criterion for classifying chemical elements is the distribution of electrons according to the order of the energy level of the sublayers, noted as “OE”. This leads to the so-called “condensed order table”. This condensed table summarizes all types of ordered classification. This distribution of electrons along the x-axis “n” leads analogously to a condensed period table, which also summarizes all periodic classifications. These two very similar but different condensed tables are a new and innovative way of illustrating the classification of chemical elements. In addition, the “Condensed Order Table”, built around a new classification criterion, OE, leads to a new classification, called the “Order Table”. Beyond this result, the present work highlights the existence of a numerical series whose enlightened reading helps explain the concepts of atomistics. These value series make it easier to establish the electronic structure, even by mental calculation, of the 118 elements in a single line. These different value series with periods: 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32, and with order: 2, 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 30 have made it possible to achieve this objective.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Ousmane Barry
Department of Chemistry, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea.

 

Mamadou Yaya Balde
Department of Chemistry, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea and Environmental Research Institute of Guinea (IREG), DGRS / MESRSI, Conakry, BP: 1615, Guinea.

 

 

 

Souleymane Balde
Department of Chemistry, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea.

 

Aboubacar Safie Sylla
Department of Chemistry, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea.

 

Mamadou Saliou Diallo
Department of Mathematics, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea.

 

Ousmane Wora Diallo
Department of Mathematics, University Gamal Abdel Nasser of Conakry, Conakry, Guinea.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v5/2110

 

A Real Anthropomorphic Gripper Controlled by a Motion Leap Device | Chapter 4 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 5

In this paper, the control of an anthropomorphic gripper with five fingers using the Motion Leap sensor is described. First, the Motion Leap device is briefly described, which can capture the movements of the fingers of the human hand and then transmit them in a virtual environment. Then the HandCommander software module and the InterfaceController application are described. The HandCommander module is created to make the connection between the human hand and the GraspIT virtual environment, and the InterfaceController application is needed to send the hand movement data to the virtual environment, further, the communication protocol is tested. For testing, a prototype of an anthropomorphic gripper with five fingers was made, with its own command and control system, which is briefly presented. The main constructive characteristics of the anthropomorphic gripper are described. The system is further tested to verify that the gestures of the human hand can be captured and transmitted to the real grasper via the virtual environment. To exemplify the effectiveness of the designed system, four cases are described, namely: grasping a tennis ball, grasping a screw spanner, grasping a mechanical shaft, and grasping a circular ball bearing. For future research, the possibility of mounting the anthropomorphic gripper on an ABB robot is described. The command of the ABB robot can be done with a Kinect device that can capture the movements of a human arm, and the command of the gripper can be done with the method described in the paper, using the Motion Leap device. A CAD simulation of a manipulation and assembly operation of two parts using this equipment is shown.

 

Author (s) Details

Ionel Staretu
Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania and Technical Sciences Academy of Romania, Bucharest, Romania.

 

Catalin Moldovan
IBM, Romania.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v5/2247

 

Evaluating the Composition of the Microorganism Community Found in the Soil Cover on the Dried Seabed of the Aral Sea | Chapter 3 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 5

The drying up of the Aral Sea and the occurrence of a vast desert in its place has been recognized as the world’s century catastrophe! More than 2 km of the seabed becomes exposed every year. As a result of the Aral Sea shrinkage, the unique freshwater body has given place to a huge bitter-saline lake with an area 3.5 times less, volume 6 times less and water salinity 10 times larger than in 1960, and the saline desert at the interface between three sand deserts with an area of more than 5 million ha, being unstable ecological zone. The exposed ground serves as an example of an arid salt accumulation where a particular kind of coastal solonchak soil was produced. The beginning of life in the dried bed's soil occurs far earlier than the development of outward features. The only way to track this process is to examine the soil's microbial makeup. To ascertain the microbial makeup of soil for horizons of a single typical solonchak profile, research in this area was carried out. The research objective was to determine microorganism species in the soil on the dried seabed and identify changes in the microorganism community along the soil profile and dependence on the duration of the drying process. Additionally, attention was paid to a vegetation effect on the composition of microorganisms. Soil samples were taken along a transect from the sea to the mainland, selected from the different depths of soil profiles taken under or near plants (Saxaul). Then quantitative and qualitative assessment of microorganisms was made by a molecular method against fatty acids (FA), aldehydes, and hydroxy fatty acids, and microorganisms were reconstructed against these markers to genus and even species in some cases. The method of Gas chromatography mass-spectrometry was used. Bacteria of the community of microorganisms in different parts of the soil cover on the dried seabed of the Aral Sea and on the mainland belong to five bacterial phyla: Proteobacteria Actinobacteria Firmicutes Bacteroidetes and Deinococcus-Thermus. In general, 59 bacterial species of 43 genera were reconstructed. The total population varied from 105 cells/g to 108 cells/g of the soil. The association Aeromonas hydrophila-Arthrobacter sp. played a key role in the first stages of the soil formation process on the dried seabed of the Aral Sea. This association is followed by salt-resistant Agrobacterium sp. and humus-accumulating Propionibacterium freudenreichii, the activity of which is also very important for the formation of the soil cover. The research showed that unique processes that are of great scientific interest take place on the dried bed of the Aral Sea. The studying properties of the dried seabed cover of both salt composition and microbiological composition made it possible to trace the formation of primary soil on marine sediments with the subsequent formation of desert-type soil. The research on soil cover development will help to understand the kernel of the desertification process as a whole from a microbiological standpoint.

 

Author (s) Details

Galina Stulina
International Fund for the Aral Sea Saving, Interstate Coordination Water Commission, Scientific-Information Center (SIC ICWC), Tashkent, Uzbekistan.

 

Nadejda Verkhovtseva
Lomonosov Moscow State University (MGU), Moscow, Russia.

 

Maria Gorbacheva
Lomonosov Moscow State University (MGU), Moscow, Russia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v5/2066

Physiological and Psychological Mechanisms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | Chapter 2 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 5

 

Background: Physiological mechanisms are the material basis of ADHD and the basis for ADHD drug treatment, and the psychological mechanism is the process of psychological changes that lead to ADHD. Physiological mechanisms interact with physiological mechanisms to jointly determine the development and outcome of ADHD. At present, the physiological and psychological mechanisms of ADHD have attracted increasing attention from the academic community, but there is still no consensus on many issues.

Objective: This article aims to provide a basis for the scientific development and implementation of comprehensive intervention measures for ADHD by reviewing the research progress on the physiological and psychological mechanisms of ADHD.

Methods: A literature search method was used to organize 46 influential articles, analyze the main physiological and psychological mechanisms of ADHD, explain their principles, functions, and research evidence, and point out the shortcomings of previous research based on this.

Results: The onset of ADHD involves various levels and aspects of physiological mechanisms such as changes in genes, blood components, brain structure, and damage to neural function development, as well as the core components of psychological mechanisms - the response inhibition deficiency.

Conclusion: Research on the physiological and psychological mechanisms of ADHD is becoming increasingly in-depth, but the application of research methods and techniques needs improvement.

 

Author (s) Details

Hou Yongmei
Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Management, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v5/2192

Detection and Analysis of Harmful Algal Blooms and Fish Mortalities in Jakarta Bay Via Satellite Imagery | Chapter 1 | Scientific Research, New Technologies and Applications Vol. 5

The coastal region of Jakarta Bay is susceptible to fish mortality and harmful algal blooms (HAB), often triggered by human activities and environmental changes. This study analyzed data from the Terra and Aqua MODIS satellites collected between 2004 and 2015 to measure chlorophyll-a levels indicative of algal blooms. The research aimed to identify and examine fish mortality and HAB in Jakarta Bay using satellite imagery. Multispectral and hyperspectral satellite data were processed to detect harmful algae distribution and fish mortality regions, integrating field data, biological water parameters, and remote sensing data. The findings suggest satellite imagery effectively monitors chlorophyll-a concentration variations, which is crucial for HAB detection. However, severe blooms do not always result in significant fish deaths. The primary cause of fish mortality was insufficient water circulation, which led to oxygen deficiency during peak blooms. The study highlights the potential of satellite-based monitoring for identifying and managing toxic algal blooms and fish deaths, providing essential data for water resource management in Jakarta Bay. Despite limitations like cloud cover, developing an early warning system (EWS) using satellite imagery is proposed as a revolutionary solution for algal blooms. This technique is vital for establishing an EWS in Jakarta Bay.

 

 

Author (s) details

Tumpak sidabutar
Research center for oceanography, national research and innovation agency (brin), jl. Pasir putih i, jakarta 14430, indonesia.

 

Endang s. Srimariana
Department of marine science and technology, faculty of fisheries and marine sciences, ipb university dramaga bogor, jawa barat 166680, indonesia.

 

H.a.w cappenberg
Research center for oceanography, national research and innovation agency (brin), jl. Pasir putih i, jakarta 14430, indonesia.

 

S. Wouthuyzen
Research center for oceanography, national research and innovation agency (brin), jl. Pasir putih i, jakarta 14430, indonesia.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/srnta/v5/1234

Rectangular Trace Application in the Reduction of the Crosstalk of a Coupled Microstrip Line | Chapter 5 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 7

In microwave circuit, the microstrip line has many problems one of these problems are crosstalk (coupling). Coupling is an important problem for the circuits that have multi-lines, which is induced by the difference between the capacitive coupling ratio (Cm=CT) and inductive coupling ratio. This problem is still very important due to the usage of the Very Large-Scale Integration. The study shows that the microstrip lines can be easily adapted to the small dimensions. The study aims to investigate the use of rectangular trace to reduce the crosstalk of the coupled microstrip lines. New electronic products must have high-speed, small size and lower voltages supply. With such layout, signal integrity (SI) becomes an actual important issue because sensitive equipment is affected on electromagnetic interference (EMI). Crosstalk is a major factor in signal integrity (SI) of printed circuit boards (PCBs). Crosstalk noise is usually represented in terms of Near-End crosstalk (NEXT) and FarEnd crosstalk (FEXT). Crosstalk is a common problem that degrades circuit performance. To reduce this problem, via hole-fences connected by guard trace between double microstrip lines are used, in this case the crosstalk will be reduce by 6 dB than use 3 W rule, but when it replaced by rectangular metal the crosstalk was reduce by 7 dB , is better than use via holefences by 1 dB . The simulation result was done by using FEKO 5.5 simulator. In conclusion, changing and reducing the crosstalk between double microstrip lines was compared to three techniques, using rectangular trace between microstrip lines new method compared it with the other two methods (3W rule and using via fence) all have the same dimensions.

 

Author (s) Details

Ahmed Ali Hussein
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Eastern Mediterranean University, Gazimagusa North, Cyprus.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v7/4984

 

Decoding the Site Planning of Emperor Minh Mang’s Mausoleum Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1945), Vietnam: Architectural Ideals and Feng Shui Principles | Chapter 4 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 7

This paper presents initial findings on the study of the Complex of Hue Monuments by analysing the site planning principles of Emperor Minh Mang’s Mausoleum, constructed during the Nguyen Dynasty (1802–1945) in Vietnam. The research is based on reliable historical documents from the Nguyen Dynasty, along with database sources provided by Waseda University and the Hue Monuments Conservation Center. It investigates the history of the mausoleum’s construction and restoration, the planning principles applied, and the role of Feng Shui (geomantic) concepts in its design.

Throughout this study, key design ideas and site planning principles have been identified, including symmetry, the orderly progression of grid axes, and the systematic deployment of construction units. These findings offer an effective framework for understanding the distinctive architectural features and site planning of Emperor Minh Mang’s Mausoleum.

 

Author (s) Details

An Vinh Le
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 71408, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v7/5523

Free Vibration Characteristics of Single-Degree-of-Freedom (SDOF) Mechanical Systems: Investigating through Theory, Experimentation and Numerical Simulation |Chapter 3 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 7

The study of free vibration is pivotal in understanding and predicting the dynamic behaviour of mechanical systems, enabling engineers to optimise designs, ensure structural integrity, and enhance performance. In this study, the primary goal is to investigate the free vibration characteristics of a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) mechanical system. The objectives include determining the system's natural frequency, damping ratio, and analysing its transient behaviour during free vibrations. This study employs a combination of theoretical analysis, numerical simulations using Simulink, and experimental observations to achieve these objectives. The Sanderson simple vibration apparatus was used for the study. Several important parameters, such as the damping ratio, the damping constant, the critical damping constant, the logarithmic decrement, and how different setups affect the results, were analysed. Numerical results provide insights into the dynamic response, revealing critical system behaviours such as damping effects. The observation of this study also highlights the crucial role of damping in controlling and mitigating vibrations. Such behaviour is of paramount importance in engineering applications where the control of oscillations is essential for system stability and performance. The discussion contextualises the findings within the realm of mechanical engineering principles, emphasising practical implications. In conclusion, this study offers an understanding of SDOF system dynamics, with applications in engineering design and analysis.

 

Author (s) Details

Abdullah Al Hossain Newaz
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, 06604, USA.

 

Rudra Mitra
Department of Computer Science, University of Bridgeport, USA.

 

Refat Jahan
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of New Haven, USA.

 

Abdul Kadir
Department of Analytics and System, University of Bridgeport, USA.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v7/5456

Influence of Baffle Block Arrangements and Downstream Weir Slope on Hydraulic Jump and Energy Dissipation on Solid-Roller Bucket Stilling Basins | Chapter 2 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 7

Stilling basin is an alternative water work to reduce the scour, and it is usually supplemented by baffle blocks or defence blocks to increase the effectiveness of the energy dissipater. Baffle walls and blocks are often used to stabilise the jump, decrease its length, and increase the energy dissipation. Performance of baffle walls and blocks in free hydraulic jumps has been studied by numerous researchers. Weir is a water structure built crossing a river to elevate the water level or the channel that will be directed to the irrigation network. The rise in water level due to damming will result in rapid flow downstream. The change of flow from supercritical to subcritical will create a hydraulic jump. To reduce the energy contained in the flow, it is necessary to build an energy dissipater, which is the stilling basin. This study investigates the influence of downstream weir slope and the influence of baffle block arrangement on hydraulic jumps and energy dissipation on the solid-roller bucket. The research was conducted at the Hydraulics Laboratory of the Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, UMS. This study used an open flume with dimensions of 30x60x1000 cm with a channel bed slope of 0.0058, an ogee spillway with a downward slope of 1: 4, 2: 4, 3: 4, 4: 4, and a solid-roller bucket stilling basin with baffle blocks of 5/12 R. The shape of the baffle blocks was cubical. The study was conducted on sixteen treatments (downstream slope and placement baffle blocks) with four variations of water discharge, in which the flow turbulence, the length of the whirlpool and energy loss of each discharge were tested. The spillway was designed using maximum discharge to obtain various flows. The findings showed that the increasing flow triggers greater turbulence, the length of the hydraulic jump downstream of the vortex, and a smaller value of the percentage of energy loss. Additionally, the most effective baffle block arrangement in reducing turbulence and hydraulic jumps is the one that is placed at the centre of the curved radius. Moreover, the efficiency of energy loss increases with reduced discharge variation; the treatment without baffle blocks is the most effective. With the same flow rate of the downstream body weir variation, there is an insignificant difference in the flow turbulence and energy loss except for the hydraulic jump length, which is the most effective 4: 4 slope. Further research can explore scouring effects at the downstream vortex, incorporating diverse forms of baffle block shapes, weir slopes, and weir heights for comprehensive analysis.

 

 

Author (s) Details

Jaji Abdurrosyid
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Gurawan Djati Wibowo
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Ika Setiyaningsih
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Pembra Juned Adipura
Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1, Pabelan Surakarta 57102, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v7/5273

Diagnosis of Balcony Thermal Bridges Using Infrared Thermography |Chapter 1 | Engineering Research: Perspectives on Recent Advances Vol. 7

The optimisation of energy efficiency and thermal performance in buildings hinges critically on high-performance insulation and airtight envelopes. However, the presence of thermal bridging significantly undermines the thermal integrity of these envelopes. Such bridges can emerge at various junctions, leading to increased transmission losses, heightened heat flow, and diminished surface temperatures indoors. While all EU member states' regulations acknowledge thermal bridges in new constructions, specific guidelines addressing the junctions between balconies and walls remain inadequate, leaving a gap in the regulatory framework regarding their impact on thermal performance. This study focuses on the assessment of balcony-to-wall thermal bridges through infrared thermography, showcasing its application in a contemporary residential building in northeastern France. The findings indicate a lack of compliance with national regulations, as certain criteria are unmet. Additionally, thermographic evaluations of thermal break windows and doors have uncovered instances of air leakage. This paper underscores the potential of thermal imaging as a vital tool for ensuring compliance with new building standards, advocating for the inclusion of a quality assurance clause tailored to balcony junctions within the national building regulations across all EU states.

 

Author (s) Details

Harry Ramenah
Université de Lorraine, Metz, France.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/erpra/v7/5078