Mitochondria are responsible for maintaining cell viability and essential biological activities by producing energy (ATP). These organelles are also a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a number of apoptosis inducers. The importance of mitochondria in a variety of areas of cell physiology and pathology, such as intracellular signaling, has been demonstrated. Mitochondria and mitochondrial function can decline as a result of pathological situations such as illness, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and ageing. Due to numerous cell stressors, creation of excess ROS (oxidative stress), elevated cellular and mitochondrial calcium levels, and apoptotic or necrotic cell death, damaged or injured mitochondria are the main causes of cell and tissue abnormalities. Under normal and pathological settings, the relationship between these mitochondrial activities has yet to be identified. Mitochondria are intimately implicated in a variety of pathophysiological pathways in cardiac IR injury. The role of mitochondrial dynamics (fission, fusion) and heterogeneity is discussed here. We emphasise the existence of functionally distinct mitochondrial subpopulations in the heart and skeletal muscles, which may have varied susceptibility to illnesses and IR injury. As a result, various cardioprotective medications that maintain mitochondrial stability, dynamics, and turnover, such as several agents, specific mitochondrial antioxidants, uncouplers, and the use of ischemic preconditioning, may be considered as possible, beneficial strategies to protect mitochondria and cardiac function and extend lifespan.
Author (s) DetailsAndrey V. Kuznetsov
Cardiac Surgery Research Laboratory, Department of Cardiac Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Sabzali Javadov
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-5067, USA.
Michael J. Ausserlechner
Department of Paediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
Judith Hagenbuchner
Department of Paediatrics II, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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