Unveiling Structural, Optical and Magnetic Properties of GaMnSb Thin Films |Chapter 10 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 6

In this study, we investigated the structural, optical, and magnetic properties of GaSbMn thin films fabricated via magnetron sputtering on a glass substrate. To introduce Mn into the GaSb matrix at low concentrations, the substrate temperatures were varied from 200 °C to 400 °C. The X-ray results show that the thin films are polycrystalline with a preferential orientation in the (220) direction of GaSb. accompanied by a secondary phase of MnSb. Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of vibrational phonon modes of GaSb and a Coupled LO-Phonon-Plasmon Mode (CLOPM). The carrier concentration, derived from ωₚ, ranged from approximately 10¹⁸ to 10¹⁹ cm⁻³. The magnetization behavior was studied using temperature cycling (H fixed) and field cycling measurements (T fixed). The magnetization loops at room temperature show that Mn-doped GaSb films exhibit weak magnetic behavior. The Curie temperature, T_C, was determined from the magnetization vs. temperature curves. T_C takes high values in the range of 300 K to 570 K, which is related to the formation of Mn_xSb_y nanoparticles embedded into the GaSb matrix.

Aims: In this work, we studied the influence of Mn content on GaSb thin films deposited by magnetron R.F. sputtering. To this end, the structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties were analyzed and correlated with the experimental conditions.

Study Design: Experimental and theoretical study.

Place and Duration of Study: Laboratorio de Nanoestructuras Semiconductoras, Departamento de Física y Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Manizales, Manizales - Colombia, between January 2021 and February 2022.

Methodology: GaSbMn thin films were fabricated using a non-epitaxial growth method, specifically magnetron sputtering, with variations in growth temperature. To study the morphological, structural, optical, and magnetic properties and to correlate these with the experimental conditions, X-ray diffraction, EDS-SEM, Raman spectroscopy, and magnetization measurements were carried out.

Results: GaSbMn thin films exhibit intriguing paramagnetic properties that are contingent upon experimental parameters. Through structural analysis, we identified the formation of Mn_xSb_y nanoparticles embedded within the GaSb matrix. The observed MnSb-like phonon modes at 242 cm^-1 (LVM), 251 cm^-1 (TO), and 264 cm^-1 (LO) align well with the reported vibrational modes of MnSb documented in the literature. Estimating a hole density of approximately 10¹⁹ cm^-3 from the CLOPM frequency (ω_p) in Raman spectroscopy further supports our findings. The Mn2Sb phase predominantly contributes to magnetization at elevated temperatures. Utilizing the mean-field model, we can compute the mean potential resulting from dipolar interactions between any pair of moments μ_i and μ_j at a distance r_ij.

Conclusion: GaAsMn thin films exhibit notable magnetic properties that vary with the growth conditions. Long-range interactions among isolated magnetic moments were analyzed using the mean-field model, demonstrating that the dipolar interaction field is influenced by the growth temperature. The high Curie temperatures observed in the samples are attributed to the presence of the Mn_1+xSb phase.

 

Author (s) Details

Camilo. A. Pulzara-Mora
Laboratorio de Nanoestructuras Semiconductoras, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.

 

José Doria-Andrade
Laboratorio de Materialografia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Institución Universitaria Pascual Bravo, Medellín, Colombia.

 

Andres Rosales-Rivera
Laboratorio de Magnetismo y Materiales Avanzados, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.

 

Álvaro Pulzara-Mora
Laboratorio de Nanoestructuras Semiconductoras, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Manizales, Manizales, Caldas, Colombia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v6/1058

Randomized Algorithms | Chapter 9 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 6

Randomized algorithms, which incorporate randomness into their logic to solve computational problems, have become indispensable tools in computer science. This thesis explores the diverse roles and impacts of randomized algorithms, challenging the notion that they are inherently antagonistic due to their stochastic nature. By examining their theoretical foundations, practical applications, and broader implications, this study demonstrates how randomized algorithms contribute positively across various fields.

The research begins with a detailed analysis of the theoretical underpinnings of randomized algorithms, including probabilistic analysis. It then delves into numerous applications where randomized algorithms outperform deterministic methods, such as information retrieval, art and entertainment, cryptography, and computational biology. Through these examples, the thesis illustrates how randomness can lead to more efficient, scalable, and robust solutions.

Additionally, this study addresses the ethical and societal implications of employing randomized algorithms. It highlights scenarios where these algorithms enhance fairness, equity, privacy, and security, countering the argument that their inherent unpredictability is detrimental. The challenges and limitations of randomized algorithms are also discussed, emphasizing the importance of careful implementation and ethical considerations to mitigate potential risks.

By synthesizing insights from a wide range of scholarly sources and real-world applications, this thesis provides a comprehensive evaluation of the role of randomized algorithms in modern computing. It advocates for a balanced perspective, recognizing the benefits of randomness in solving complex problems while also acknowledging and addressing the associated challenges. This nuanced approach underscores the potential of randomized algorithms to drive innovation and progress in various computational domains [1].

 

Author (s) Details

 

Ms. Himali Priya
Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India.

 

Dr. Soubhik Chakraborty
Department of Mathematics, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v6/1079

Safety of Sea Border Transit in Indonesia, Case Studies of Batam, Singapore, and Johor in Sumatera Island | Chapter 8 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 6

 Batam is a Sumatra Island border that connects Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Batam is strategically located near the sea border that separates Johor, Malaysia and Sumatra. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the ASEAN Economic Community has made a decision on the ASEAN connectivity application in 2015. Sea border transportation must be redeveloped because it is believed that the establishment of an open market ASEAN economic community in Southeast Asia is dependent on connectivity among ASEAN countries. To learn more, this case study closely examines the ferry routes connecting Batam to Singapore and Johor. The method is field research in Singapore, Batam and Johor and the most important result is the maritime information about ship safety and the condition of ferry terminals in Batam, Singapore and Johor.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Danny Faturachman
Marine Engineering Department, Darma Persada University, Jl. Taman Malaka Selatan, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta Timur, 13450, Indonesia.

 

Fridolini
English Languange and Culture Department, Darma Persada University, Jl. Taman Malaka Selatan, Pondok Kelapa, Jakarta Timur, 13450, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v6/3593G

Extraction of Agricultural Workers’ Physical Timeline Data for Acceleration and Angular Velocity through Deep Learning Based System | Chapter 7 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 6

 The present study uses timeline matrix-formed datasets with a variety of common Japanese-styled agri-tools. We base our deep learning approach on achievements in the acoustic deep learning fields, where timeline physical data is transformed into WAV formatted sound file data. Recent improvements in analyzing agri-work have considered up-to-date technologies with deep learning approaches to understand how solutions reflect the experience of traditional agri-workers.  To comprehend acceleration and angular velocity, physical timeline data can be used to derive certain physical features of workers. There is still need for improvement even if different strategies have been put into place internationally for both indoor and outdoor agricultural (agri-) working areas. We apply a deep learning-based method and qualitatively demonstrate the classification of physical timeline datasets. To create our dataset, our subjects were six experienced agri-manual workers and six completely inexperienced men. The targeted task was cultivating the semi-crunching position using a simple, Japanese-style hoe. We captured the subjects’ acceleration and angular velocity data from an integrated multi-sensor module mounted on a wood lilt 15 cm from the gripping position of the dominant hand. We used Python code and recent distributed libraries for computation. For data classification, we successively executed a Recurrent Neural Network (RNN), which we evaluated using wavelet analyses such as the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). These methods of analyzing digital data could be of practical use for providing key suggestions to improve daily tasks. Future users could automatically or semi-automatically apply our approaches to classify a wide variety of digital matrix-formed data. In the long term, we aim to check and improve the system durability, long-term performance, and other methodological mixing patterns.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Shinji Kawakura
Kobe University, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 657-0066, Japan.

 

Ryosuke Shibasaki
The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan and Reitaku University, Kashiwa-shi, Chiba, 277-8686, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v6/820

Development and Application of a High-sensitivity Acoustic Sensor Based on Open Cavity Fabry-Perot Interferometer | Chapter 6 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 6

Aims: This study aims to develop a highly sensitive fiber optic hydraulic acoustic sensor utilizing a Fabry-Perot interferometer formed inside an open cavity at the end of an optical fiber, enhancing its potential for precise acoustic measurements in various media.

Study Design:  The research involves experimental design utilizing optical fiber technologies and interferometry.

Place and Duration of Study: Research conducted at the Department of Photonics, Kazan National Research Technical University, Kazan, Russia, from September 2023 to December 2023.

Methodology: A macro cavity in the shape of a droplet was engineered at the fiber end using a combination of catastrophic plasma melting and controlled fusion. The end face of the optical fiber, shaped into this macro cavity, was immersed in liquid to form a closed area with gas, where the interface surfaces served as Fabry-Perot mirrors. This setup was utilized to measure the sensitivity of the system to changes in acoustic waves across different frequencies and pressures.

Results: The newly developed fiber optic microphone exhibited sensitivity across a broad acoustic frequency range from 1 Hz to 100 kHz. Notably, limiting the interferometer length variation demonstrated a linear change in the reflection coefficient, varying between 0.017 and 0.089, confirming high precision and significant improvement over traditional sensors.

Conclusion: The innovative use of an open cavity Fabry-Perot interferometer in fiber optic microphones presents a significant advancement in acoustic sensing technology. This development offers a promising route for enhancing the performance of acoustic sensors used in various scientific and industrial applications. Further studies are recommended to explore the integration of this technology into commercial sensing systems.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Oleg Morozov
Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A. N. Tupolev—KAI, 10, K.Marx St., Kazan 420111, Russia.

 

Timur Agliullin
Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A. N. Tupolev—KAI, 10, K.Marx St., Kazan 420111, Russia.

 

Airat Sakhabutdinov
Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A. N. Tupolev—KAI, 10, K.Marx St., Kazan 420111, Russia.

 

Artem Kuznetsov
Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A. N. Tupolev—KAI, 10, K.Marx St., Kazan 420111, Russia.

 

Bulat Valeev
Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A. N. Tupolev—KAI, 10, K.Marx St., Kazan 420111, Russia.

 

Mohammed Qaid
Department of Radiophotonics and Microwave Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University Named after A. N. Tupolev—KAI, 10, K.Marx St., Kazan 420111, Russia.

 

Roman Ponomarev
Laboratory of Integral Photonics, Perm State University, 15, Bukireva St., Perm 614068, Russia.

 

Danil Nurmuhametov
Laboratory of Integral Photonics, Perm State University, 15, Bukireva St., Perm 614068, Russia.

 

Anastasia Shmyrova
Laboratory of Integral Photonics, Perm State University, 15, Bukireva St., Perm 614068, Russia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v6/604

Environment Code Embodying Climate Action: A Qualitative PESTEL Analysis of Ilocos Sur | Chapter 5 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 6

The study sought to assess the Code to determine if the current ideals of mitigating the causes of climate change are precisely aligned to the attainment of the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), and realization of Sustainable Development Goals 13 - Climate Action (SDG). The process of the study is to derive a situational understanding and implementation analysis of the Code, to develop a matrix of proposed policies as the basis for creating guidelines for restoring the forest and coastal conditions of the locality. The study used qualitative thematic and PESTEL analyses particularly the hybrid approach via structural and value types of coding. The themes necessitate the occurrence of a triangular effect that brings forth a reflexive identity for the amendment or development of the Code to a more responsive policy towards sustainable climate conditions. The immediate management implications to PGIS are inherently implied in the weaknesses of the Code, which are seen in the lack of necessary provisions that call for immediate action and the improvement of the implementation process. The primordial recommendation is to research and examine the remaining Articles of the Code to gain a holistic understanding of the needed inclusions prior to appropriate actions by PGIS legislative officials. This will provide an all-inclusive scrutiny of the areas of weaknesses, strengths, opportunities, and threats of the Code, and unleashes the best approach to fighting climate change

 

Author (s) Details

 

Bensen Alex Urbano Pola
Department of Social Sciences, Mariano Marcos State University CASAT, Currimao, Philippines.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v6/957

Simple and Reliable Analysis of Uranium by the Application of Differential Technique in Laser-induced Fluorimetry/ Pulsed LED-Fluorimetry in Ores, Certification of Reference Materials, Borehole Core Assay, Beneficiation Product, and Other Diverse Matrices | Chapter 4 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 6

The measurement of uranium in diverse matrices like mineralized rocks, ores, beneficiation products, and other diverse matrices using a Laser/LED fluorimeter, without resorting to any separation technique is presented and critically evaluated. The main emphasis is on advances and challenges in the available technique, RAP’s: Reliability, Applicability, and Practicability. Among fluorimetry techniques, Laser/LED fluorimeter is the technique of choice to fulfil the desired parameters by suitably selecting fluorescence-enhancing reagents and methods of measurement. Application of differential technique (DT) in laser-induced fluorimetry/ICP-OES for the direct determination of uranium is recommended for routine accurate determination of uranium over a wide range of concentrations, which is based on the comparison of the response of the standard with a sample of similar but unknown concentration on the same sample weight basis. Differential laser-induced fluorimetry method has been evaluated using standards, SY-2, SY-3, reference uranium ore, BL-2a, low-grade uranium ore-IAEA reference samples, and core samples of diverse matrices. The relative standard deviation of the method was 0.3–0.5% in nine replicates for 0.04–3.4% U₃O₈ in mineralized silicate rock samples and 0.5–0.9% at 18.1, 36.2, 61.2, and 99.6% U₃O₈ in concentrates and mineralized grab samples. In this approach, the procedure of elimination of interference by simple dilution of the sample has the distinct advantage of being quick and very simple to perform because it does not require any chemical preparation or extraction. The results are in good agreement with the published data and those obtained by conventional fluorimetry and other methods, and of comparable precision to those obtained by titrimetric assay. It is a self-standardized green methodology of measurement and guarantees the quality of an analytical result (Accuracy, high precision, reliability, comparability, and traceability). Application of differential technique in Laser-/LED-fluorimetry/ICP-OES has the inherent high metrological quality and will be useful for the analysis of uranium in ores, certification of reference materials, borehole core assay, beneficiation product, and other diverse applications in the entire nuclear fuel cycle worldwide.

 

Author (s) Details

 

D.P.S. Rathore
Department of Atomic Energy, Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Jaipur-302033, Rajasthan, India.

 P.K Tarafder

Department of Atomic Energy, Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India.

 V. Balaram

CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

M. Mishra
Quantalase Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.

J. Pari
Quantalase Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.

V. Balaram
CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

D.D. Bhawalkar
Quantalase Enterprises Pvt. Ltd., Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v6/809

Analyzing Eye Movement Complexity in Virtual Reality Environments | Chapter 3 | Science and Technology- Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 6

This chapter advances the analysis of gaze dynamics by employing Multiscale Entropy (MSE) to evaluate 5020 binocular eye movement recordings from 407 college-aged participants. Utilizing the comprehensive GazeBaseVR dataset, this study investigates the complexity of user interactions across a variety of virtual reality (VR) tasks such as vergence, smooth pursuit, video viewing, reading, and random saccades. The data, collected at 250 Hz using an ET-enabled VR headset, provides a robust foundation for understanding the predictability and complexity of gaze patterns. By incorporating a longitudinal perspective from recordings taken up to six times over a 26-month period, this analysis deepens our understanding of eye movement behavior in VR environments. This chapter highlights the potential of MSE in crafting more intuitive and immersive VR interfaces, thereby enhancing user experience. Recent advancements and additional references have been included to discuss the evolving role of MSE in optimizing VR technology for personalized and comfortable user interactions.

 

Author (s) Details

Sahar Zandi

Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

Gregory Luhan

Department of Architecture, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v6/739

From Cart to Click: Understanding Consumer Attitude towards Technology Enabled Online Grocery Shopping | Chapter 2 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 6

Online grocery shopping is trending worldwide as one of the most expedient e‑commerce practices. Many people have started purchasing their groceries online and this has allowed the researchers to identify and analyse the factors that influence the consumers for making online purchases. We have observed that until around 5 years back, the daily grocery requirements of the Indian consumers were fulfilled by the local Kirana store and to some extent by the emerging hypermarkets/supermarkets. But, with the popularity of the internet and the penetration of smartphones into the daily lives of people, several online grocery stores have been able to penetrate the Indian markets. The busy lives of people especially the urban working population, make online grocery shopping a popular choice. With traditional households still being widely spread in Indian society, online companies need to have a resounding approach to influence the buying habits and shopping patterns of consumers. The aim of this study is to understand the attitude of Indian consumers toward online grocery shopping and determine the factors that influence the consumer decision making to shop for groceries online. In this paper, we have comprehensively explored different areas associated with online grocery shopping and this study can be advantageous for online grocery retailers to articulate effective policies to gain customer confidence toward online grocery shopping. First, in-depth interviews with 20 to 25 people were conducted to have an overall impression of the views of Indian consumers on shopping the groceries online. Then, a survey with a well-thought-out questionnaire was circulated to around 150 people. The total number of complete responses was collected from 125 people. The primary data was collected and analysed to determine the consumer attitude towards online grocery shopping. The findings of the study show that the consumers are influenced by various factors like time-saving and convenience provided by online grocery shopping platforms. The result indicated that 64% of the respondents shop for groceries online, yet a considerable population was still comfortable shopping through the traditional brick-and-mortar stores. They are also influenced by the quality of products and the return policy as well as the level of comfort while using the online shopping website/ app. We have also been able to understand the reasons that prevent people from online shopping. Some people find themselves lacking the technical skills to shop online, but most people who do not shop online like going to the market personally. In the case of online shopping, an area of concern for most shoppers is trusting online applications. People are concerned about the privacy of their personal information while shopping online and need the thoughtfulness of the retailers to encourage more consumers to opt for online shopping platforms.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dr. Deepshikha Aggarwal

Department of Information Technology Jagan Institute of Management Studies, Delhi, India.

Deepti Sharma

Department of Information Technology Jagan Institute of Management Studies, Delhi, India.

Archana B Saxena

Department of Information Technology Jagan Institute of Management Studies, Delhi, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v6/12355F

Computational Models for the Prediction of Rainfall in Chennai, India | Chapter 1 | Science and Technology - Recent Updates and Future Prospects Vol. 6

Weather forecasting is a daunting challenge the world faces nowadays. Rainfall prediction is especially vital for agricultural and meteorological departments and is one of the most challenging tasks. Many researchers have contributed to rainfall prediction using methods ranging from statistical models to computational models.The computational model K-nearest Neighbour Technique (KNN) has been used to predict Chennai Rainfall for various data transformations in the study. Comparison and analysis was made using the error measure MAPE.

 

Author (s) Details

 

M. Mallika (Assistant Professor)
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.

 

M. Nirmala (Professor)
Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/strufp/v6/20083D

Instructional Technology in the 21st Century: Tools and Strategies for Effective Teaching and Learning | Book Publisher International

Instructional Technology in the 21st Century: Tools and Strategies for Effective Teaching and Learning is a user-friendly book. It is churned from research, best practices as well as authors’ extensive knowledge of the classroom dynamics. The book is written to help university students, educators, student-teachers as well as in-service teachers to overcome their technology integration fears in the classroom. The intention of the authors is to bring to the fore the numerous learning opportunities that have become available as a result of 21st 21st-century technologies. Instructional Technology in the 21st Century: Tools and Strategies for Effective Teaching and Learning discusses the historical antecedents of the Instructional Design field, technology use in Ghana, digital tools and software applications by Morrison and Lowther (2010), challenges of technology use in Ghana, Instructional Design models (Nine Conditions of Learning, ASSURE, NTEQ and ADDIE), data collection techniques, e-learning as well as modern applications that educators, teachers, and students can use to facilitate learning and improve performance.

 

There are three main features of the book that are unique from most of the books on technology. First, the authors attempt to explain the problem that each of the chapters seeks to address. This is meant to help readers become aware of some of the burning issues as well as have something to think about as they read along. Second, the authors have strategically placed reflections in the various sections. These reflections are to help the readers to think and ask the right questions and possibly generate creative and critical answers for some of the challenges we face. Third, there are brief suggestions on how to integrate simple tools into the teaching and learning process. Depending on the context within which the book is to be used, teachers are welcome to add or take away aspects that might not work within their environments. From the stand point of an instructional design and technology, we need to be concerned with the main principles that underlie technology use.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dr. Jacob Manu

Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (AAMUSTED), Ghana.

 

Dr. Samuel Antwi

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Ghana.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-00-8

Using Mining, Oil, and Gas Waste for Producing Environmental Warfare Ammunition | Chapter 6 | Chemical Warfare and Environmental Warfare Operations

Environmental warfare agents are Chemical weapons made of a chemical substance by using different natural processes such as hydrological cycles and rock cycles to release them on the battlefield. That reacts with the human body, causing death at a very small concentration in a very fast reaction rate. All industrial sectors, such as the oil and gas sector and mining industries, produce huge amounts of toxic chemical waste. These chemical wastes are promoted as raw materials for the development of environmental warfare agents. In fact, the main toxic elements for the human body are used in a wide range for different mines, gas fields and oil fields. Such as cyanide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. This provides an opportunity for producing environmental warfare agents in solid state, liquid state and gas state from these waste materials. All agents are considered with their plan for introducing in natural cycles and the process time. This ammunition is distributed to these agents over the target area in a uniform way.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Malik M.A. Fakron
University of Calabaria, Italy and University of Bright Star, Libya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-72-5/CH6

Using Air-Drones in Chemical Warfare and Biological Warfare | Chapter 5 | Chemical Warfare and Environmental Warfare Operations

Air Drone applications in chemical warfare and biological warfare have great benefits for warfare. There are several types of drone applications in chemical warfare. The major task of this paper is to define the benefits of the development of drone technology in warfare using drone technology with different kinds of sensors to identify the locations of enemy troops, which will become effective early warning information. Air drones also can be used to attack enemy troops through chemical and biological attacks and to generate buffer zones between army troops and enemy troops. Drones are providing an economically effective solution. The main differences between agriculture spraying drones and chemical warfare drones are speed, maneuverability, and spraying methods. The spraying of pesticide solutions is different from spraying chemical agents such as HD, GB, or VX. This technology for warfare aims to reduce the need for manpower in military applications. Air drones reduce the use of chemical and biological agents in warfare. This reduces the chemical and biological materials used in warfare and then reduces the cost of warfare and also minimizes the environmental problems caused by the excessive use of chemical and biological agents.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Malik M.A. Fakron
University of Calabaria, Italy and University of Bright Star, Libya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-72-5/CH5

Chemical Warfare Operations | Chapter 4 | Chemical Warfare and Environmental Warfare Operations

In 1915, the first Chemical warfare operation in modern history happened. The development of chemical warfare agents was done based on experimental chemistry and the animal science laboratory for testing and measurement of toxicity dose and lethal dose. The aim of this chapter is to provide a stable foundation for the design of chemical warfare agents and design principles for chemical warfare operations, based on theoretical physical chemistry, fluid flow mechanics and theoretical thermodynamics. Optimum gas chemical warfare agents have the following characteristics: colorless, odorless and lethal concentrations at very low concentrations. Very low hydrolysis in water, high stability and high solubility in water. There are several stages for the development of any chemical warfare agent, the focal stages are the selection of the method of exposure and the harm mechanisms. The main elements and groups used for the development of gas-chemical warfare agents are classified based on their harm mechanisms. The first group of halogens is Cl, F, Br, and I. The second group is unsaturated oxides: carbon monoxide and sulfur oxides.  The third group is toxic elements such as cyanide, sulfur, and arsenic. The Fourth group is organic phosphorus. These elements and groups are combined with Phenyl, Benzyl, Xylyl, Methyl, Ethyl, and Vinyl groups such as Halogens Methyl. There are several kinds of calculations and experimental testing to be carried out, such as thermodynamics calculations, reaction kinetics, reaction rates for any chemical agents with target compounds, and then experimental studies for the effect of gas agents on animals. Design chemical warfare operation has many process parameters to study, for developing the desired chemical cloud for the volume occupying three meters above ground for the battlefield area. Meteorological parameters are very important for atmospheric fluid flow in the design of chemical warfare operations. Chemical warfare gas agents at lethal requirement concentration produce the highest lethality rate. This is a combined process of convective mass transfer and diffusion mass transfer. For Producing chemical cloud with lethal concentration at a time of operations, with respect meteorological parameters.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Malik M.A. Fakron
University of Calabaria, Italy and University of Bright Star, Libya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-72-5/CH4

Environmental Warfare Operation | Chapter 3 | Chemical Warfare and Environmental Warfare Operations

This chapter aims to provide principles for environmental warfare operations and chemical warfare operations. Environmental warfare and chemical warfare operations are defined as combining chemical weapons with hydrogeological, physical, and chemical processes. The design of an environmental warfare operation process or a chemical warfare operation process starts by identifying the desired damage effects. Then, select suitable chemical agents or microbiological agents for these applications. After that, select a method for introduction through water, soil, food, or air. Environmental warfare is a war whose goal is not to kill enemies but to generate partial health damage for their enemies. Environmental warfare was known a long time ago. This type of war is not built on accurate calculations but is based on rough approximations. This research presents a logarithmic plan for designing any environmental warfare operation. These steps are: The first step is estimating the damage effects required from this operation of environmental warfare. The second step is choosing chemical compounds and environmental carriers for these compounds. The third step: estimating the time required for this process and the time required for damage effects. Environmental warfare is an important issue. The main difference between chemical warfare and environmental warfare is that chemical warfare involves the transfer of chemical agents, directly through air, soil, or water in environmental warfare, a chemical agent is transferred through the hydrological cycle.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Malik M.A. Fakron
University of Calabaria, Italy and University of Bright Star, Libya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-72-5/CH3

Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents and Biological Warfare Agents | Chapter 2 | Chemical Warfare and Environmental Warfare Operations

Detection in chemical warfare and biological warfare has great benefits for warfare management. There are several types of detectors for chemical warfare agents and biological warfare agents. The major task of this paper is to review chemical warfare agents, biological warfare agents, and the techniques of detection technology for chemical warfare agents and biological warfare agents. The paper also discusses the use of various sensors to detect chemical and biological warfare agents, providing effective early warning information. The application of detection has proven very effective in reducing the hazardous effects of chemical and biological agents in war. This provides an early warning tool for the chemical and biological materials used in warfare, reduces the cost of warfare, and also reduces environmental problems due to the excessive use of chemical and biological agents.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Malik M.A. Fakron
University of Calabaria, Italy and University of Bright Star, Libya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-72-5/CH2

Introduction to Chemical and Biological Weapons | Chapter 1 | Chemical Warfare and Environmental Warfare Operations

A chemical weapon is made of a chemical substance that reacts with the human body, causing death at a very small concentration. The reaction occurs at a very fast reaction rate and within less than one minute of exposure. Biological weapons are defined as using microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria or fungi to cause disease and death in different life forms, such as humans, and animals. A chemical warfare agent causes death due to a chemical reaction between the chemical warfare agent and human tissues. Chemical warfare agents are classified based on the location in the human body of a chemical reaction between chemical warfare agents and human tissues. These include nerve agents, Blister Agents and Choking Agents. A biological warfare agent is classified based on the type of biological toxin or infectious agent. Chemical weapons, also known as chemical warfare agents, are very inexpensive, simple to use, and easy to make. But it has very low lethality compared to nuclear weapons.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Malik M.A.Fakron
University of Calabaria, Italy and University of Bright Star, Libya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-49238-72-5/CH1

Pharmaceutical Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems: Impacts and Bioremediation Strategies | Chapter 8 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 4

With the increase in demand for pharmaceuticals globally due to the increasing human population, the pollutants in the aquatic ecosystem are reaching staggering levels. Most of the pharmaceutical contaminants are not effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). This study explores biomedical strategies as a promising solution for this prominent challenge. Pharmaceutical contaminants such as antibiotics, NSAID (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), endocrine disruptors, antidepressants, antihypertensives, steroids, and chemical residues from pharmaceutical industries and pose a great risk to aquatic ecosystems and public health (Growther et al., 2022). Some of its key impacts include disrupting biodiversity, antibiotic resistance, and interference with hormonal systems in aquatic organisms. Promising technologies like bioremediation are potential solutions but their application at an industrial or environmental scale requires further development.

 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Arvind Sharma (Retd. Deputy Director, Vety. Officer /Project Officer, Clinical Pathologist, Deputy Director)
Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Punjab, Chandigarh, India.

Ankita
IMT Ghaziabad, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v4/4035

Dynamic and Physical Processes Associated with Orographic Precipitation in a Conditionally Unstable, Low-cape and High-speed Wind | Chapter 7 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 4

 Orographic effects on precipitation in a conditionally unstable, low convective available potential energy (CAPE), and high-speed wind are investigated by a series of systematic two- and three-dimensional idealized numerical experiments. Sensitivity experiments are performed with a flow with low CAPE to assess the evolution of orographic precipitation in an environment similar to that observed in tropical cyclones, which, unexpectedly, show that precipitation is nearly doubled compared to that with high CAPE. The heavy rain production in the low CAPE case is explained by the following microphysical processes: (1) warm-rain formation processes (auto-conversion and accretion) are more effective, and (2) strong downdraft and advection-induced evaporation tend to deplete precipitation before reaching the ground, which overcomes the intense rain production via graupel and snow melting in high CAPE case. Overall, both in 2D and 3D high-wind simulations, the pattern of the precipitation distribution resembles the bell-shaped mountain profile with the maximum located over the mountain peak, which may be applicable to climate prediction of orographic precipitation.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Yuh-Lang Lin
North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA.

 

Gökhan Sever
Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, USA.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v4/4126

Poaceae Species Suitable for Andean Livestock Farming in the Peruvian Andes Reported in GBIF and Local Studies | Chapter 6 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 4

Andean grassland ecosystems host a mega-diverse floristic composition, with families such as Poaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Plantaginaceae, Fabaceae, and Cyperaceae among the most significant contributors. These families include species well-suited for feeding Andean livestock such as sheep, cattle, and South American camelids. However, accelerated ecosystem degradation and species extinction highlight the need for better understanding and monitoring of these species' spatio-temporal distribution. To address this, information on Poaceae species identified as suitable (D species) was compiled from theses and published scientific articles. The records and spatial distribution data for these species in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) for the Peruvian Sierra region were analyzed. After curating the data, geo-processed maps were generated that revealed 63 D species across the genera Agrostis, Agropyrum, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Dissanthelium, Festuca, Hordeum, Muhlenbergia, Nassella, Paspalum, Poa, Stipa, Trisetum, and Vulpia. Notably, only 52 of these species are registered in GBIF, with records concentrated in high-tourist areas and regions supported by research projects, such as Huascarán National Park. The limited number of studies on natural grassland species in Peru and the low spatial coverage of GBIF records underscore the need for improved monitoring strategies to support conservation and sustainable livestock farming.

 

Author (s) Details

 

R.M. Yaranga
Research Group Andean Ecosystem, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909, CEP 12006 El Tambo, Huancayo, Perú.

 

J.A. Orellana
Research Group Andean Ecosystem, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909, CEP 12006 El Tambo, Huancayo, Perú.

 

S.E. Pizarro
Dirección de Desarrollo Tecnológico Agrario, Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), Carretera Saños Grande-Hualahoyo Km 8 Santa Ana, Huancayo 12002, Perú.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v4/4046

Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Cyanotoxins, and Trace Elements in Commercial Fish Species from a Freshwater Protected Area: Co-occurrence in Pertusillo Lake, Southern Italy | Chapter 5 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 4

Studies have shown the presence of anthropic contaminants in inland waters of various continents, as found in lakes polluted by industries. This study investigates the simultaneous presence of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Cyanotoxins, and Trace Elements in ichthyic fauna from Lake Pertusillo. A total of 79 fish samples representing nine species were collected from Pertusillo Lake, a Site of Community Importance (SCI) located in Southern Italy. This freshwater reservoir, intended for drinking water, is situated in an area also used for drilling activities. The presence of microcystins (MYCs) and cylindrospermopsins (CYLs) was assessed using ELISA assays, with 86% of total fish tissue samples positive for MYC presence, at concentration values ranging from a minimum of 0.19 ng/g to a maximum of 2.01 ng/g b.w. (body weight) and 64% of samples positive for CYN, with maximum concentrations at 0.78 ng/g in muscle tissue. Additionally, 10 fish samples were analyzed for trace elements via atomic absorption spectrophotometry and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) using GC-MS in EI mode. The findings revealed the co-occurrence of significant cyanotoxins and industrial pollutants in the fish. Further research is necessary to assess the combined effects of these contaminants on the lake’s ecosystem and fish population, and to develop a comprehensive risk assessment for the human population in the surrounding region.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Rita De Pace
Department of Foggia, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Puglia and Basilicata Regions, Via Manfredonia, 20-71121 Foggia, Italy.

 

Maria Maddalena Storelli
Department of Pharmacological-Biological Chemistry and Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Prov. le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Ba), Italy.

 

Grazia Barone
Department of Pharmacological-Biological Chemistry and Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Strada Prov. le per Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano (Ba), Italy.

 

Valentina Messineo
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy.

 

Milena Bruno
Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299-00161 Rome, Italy.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v4/3981

 

Assessment of Water Quality Due to Flooding in Mammukku, Ranni, Pathanamthitta Dist., Kerala, India | Chapter 4 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 4

Pamba River is the third largest river in the South Indian State of Kerala. Due to the lack of conservation and protection by human beings, the Pampa is under the threat of Pollution. Physical and chemical parameters degrade water quality causing health issues in living organisms. The present study examines the variation in these parameters in the Pamba River at Ranni. Water samples were collected from five different sources at Mamukku, Ranni and tested at CEPCI, Kollam. In the laboratory, the physio-chemical parameters like pH, BOD, TDS and heavy metals like copper, chromium, Cadmium, lead and mercury (Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, Hg) content in water were analyzed. The study showed that the water quality at Ranni is fit for domestic use in terms of heavy metals. However, BOD levels were elevated due to the pressure of organic waste that could have been entered due to the presence of chemical and sewage wastes in water bodies at Ranni. Among the five heavy metals, Copper and Chromium were below the standard limit and the other three heavy metals Lead, Cadmium and Mercury were below the detected level. The regular water treatment methods adopted in the area due to recent floods may be the result of water quality in Ranni with respect to heavy metals. The physical parameters like pH of water sources in Ranni are normal except well water which is slightly acidic due to chemical runoff and wastewater discharge. The TDS levels are normal in all five sources but BOD levels are elevated due to the presence of organic wastes entered from chemical and sewage disposal in water bodies. Follow-ups are required to monitor the overall quality of the river.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Dr. R. Aruna Devy (Associate Professor & HoD)
Department of Zoology, St. Thomas College, Ranni, Pathanamthitta Dist., Kerala, PIN–689673, India.

 

Gauri Lakshmi
Department of Zoology, St. Thomas College, Ranni, Pathanamthitta Dist., Kerala, PIN–689673, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v4/3856

Assessing the Impact of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and UV Index on Climate Changes in Iraq | Chapter 3 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 4

Assessing the Impact of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and UV Index on Climate Changes in Iraq | Chapter 3 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 4

Climate change in Iraq has an impact that makes Iraq's environmental challenges. The environment is deteriorating due to greenhouse gas emissions causing global warming. Greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, H₂O) absorb the sun’s heat that radiates from the Earth’s surface, trap it in the atmosphere, and prevent it from escaping into space The greenhouse effect keeps the Earth’s temperature warmer. Measurements of the emissions of greenhouse gases including Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) and Methane (CH₄) were taken for Iraq. UV Index charts for the Southern region of Iraq (Basra Province), Central region (Baghdad Province) and Northern region (Duhok Province) for the Summer and Winter seasons of 2024 are shown in this work. Results indicated that Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) is emitted in larger quantities, particularly in Iraq, due to its heavy reliance on fossil fuels for power generation, transportation, and industry. While Methane (CH₄) is emitted in larger quantities compared to (CO₂), it is a far more potent greenhouse gas, where Methane has about 25 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Values of the UV Index in Iraq illustrated that the three regions (Basra, Baghdad and Duhok) during the Summer and Winter Seasons (2024), confirmed a big difference between the two seasons. The results indicate an increase and decrease in the values of the (UV) Index between the Summer and Winter seasons due to the proximity and distance of the Earth from the Sun in its circular motion in the elliptical orbit around the Sun.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Prof. Dr. Saad M. Potrous
Department of Petroleum Engineering, College of Engineering University of Basra, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v4/3908

Comparison of the Effects of Utilizing Single and Mixed Freshwater Cyanobacterial Isolates for Landfill Leachate Treatment | Chapter 2 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 4

Comparison of the Effects of Utilizing Single and Mixed Freshwater Cyanobacterial Isolates for Landfill Leachate Treatment | Chapter 2 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 4

Landfill leachate is the liquid produced from the percolation of rainwater through the decomposed solid waste and the existing water in the waste itself in a landfill. The increasing volume of waste disposal and improper management of landfills have been contributing to the heavily polluted leachate. This study was focused on the investigation of the level of selected parameters in the leachate from Jeram Sanitary Landfill, Selangor, and compared the changes of leachate content before and after treatment by single and mixed cyanobacterial isolates so that the discharge standards can be met. There were two cyanobacterial species used in this study. All the data recorded were analyzed for any significant differences between treatments which are the leachate treatment using single and mixed cultures of cyanobacteria with one-way ANOVA using a statistical software known as Statistical Program for Social Science (SPSS). Local freshwater cyanobacteria were identified based on the polyphasic approach combining morphological and molecular identification using the 16 S rRNA gene sequencing method. The local cyanobacteria isolate (A1) was identified as the genus Cyanobacterium of the order Chroococcales. The A1 isolate together with identified cyanobacteria, Anabaena sp. was used to observe their effectiveness in remediating leachate pollution either as monoculture or in mixed culture. Before the phycoremediation, the characterization of leachate had been carried out. The biological oxygen demand (BOD₅), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH value, the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen (NH₃-N), nitrite (NO^-₂) and nitrate (NO^-₃) of the raw leachate determined were 22.37mg/L,58.33mg/L, 7.84,82.7mg/L,88.67mg/L and 89.43mg/L, respectively. Using a single Anabaena sp. demonstrates the most effective method of removing all contaminants in the leachate. The removal of COD was the highest at 105.71% followed by BOD₅ at 92.71% and (NO^-₃) at 82.09%. This finding suggested that to achieve the optimum removal of BOD₅, COD, NH₃-N, NO₂ and NO^-₃ content in leachate sample, treatment by Anabaena sp. should be applied. The findings from this study, may be an addition to the alternatives for leachate treatment especially for the application of Anabaena sp.

Author (s) Details

 

W R W A Razak

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA. 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

 

A Y Daud

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA. 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

A A Aziz

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA. 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

 

R Rasol

Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA. 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v4/3756

Analysis of Runoff Simulation under Changes in Climate Variability: A Case Study of the Upper Awash Sab-basin, Ethiopia | Chapter 1 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol.4

The impact of precipitation and temperature on runoff over land surfaces is examined through runoff simulation analysis. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrology model is used in this study to predict the sensitivity of runoff to changes in temperature and precipitation. To investigate the sensitivity of runoff to temperature and rainfall, these variables were changed. Rainfall and temperature have a major impact on runoff accessibility by affecting the timing and contribution of water sources. For the entire upper Awash Sab-basin (1980–2010), monthly station-based temperature and rainfall data were used to run the SWAT model. The hydrological model was calibrated during an eight-year period (1993-2000), and the simulation findings were validated using historical stream-flow data at the Hombole gauging station's outlet for four years (2001-2005). The calibrated and validated SWAT hydrological model was used to perform a sensitivity analysis in order to evaluate the effect of changes in temperature and rainfall on the sub-basin's runoff. Utilizing the SWAT model, the effects of several theoretical rainfall and temperature scenarios on the yearly runoff of the Upper Awash sub-basin have been examined. This was accomplished by using temperature increases (up to 5°C) and variations in rainfall (+/-20%) separately and in combination. The findings demonstrated that in the studied area, runoff was responsive to variations in temperature and rainfall.  It has been found that a yearly temperature increase of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 50C results in annual runoff reductions of 0.085, 0.88, 1.75, 2.55, and 3.30%, respectively. There is a negative link between temperature changes and runoff, but a positive correlation with changes in rainfall. The findings show that rainfall has a greater effect on runoff than temperature rise. A 10% increase or decrease in rainfall will cause a 22% or 21% increase or decrease in annual runoff. The findings demonstrated that the availability of water was significantly impacted by changes in the climatic variables.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mekonnen H. Daba (PhD)
Oromia Agricultural Research Institute, Bako Agricultural Research Center, Bako, Ethiopia.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v4/2245 

Behavior of Stress Components with State-Space Approach in Modified Couple Stress Thermoelastic Medium with Variable Conductivity | Chapter 10 | Research Updates in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 9

The present investigation of a two-dimensional problem in “modified couple stress’s thermoelastic medium for a half-space is “established and state-space approach” followed by normal mode analysis has been applied to solve the problem. In control engineering, a state-space representation is a mathematical model of a physical system as a set of input, output and state variables related by first-order differential equations.  In this chapter, a homogeneous isotropic modified couple stress thermoelastic half space for the Lord-Shulman [L-S] model and Green-Lindsay [G-L] model has been considered. The exact expressions for normal stress, tangential stress and couple stress are obtained. These quantities are calculated numerically and depicted graphically for a special model. A particular case of interest has also been deduced from the present investigation.

 

Author (s) Details

Krishan Kumar
Department of Mathematics, DeenBandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Sonipat, Haryana, 131001, India.

 

Ravinder Kumar Sahrawat
Department of Mathematics, DeenBandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Sonipat, Haryana, 131001, India.

 

Ravinder Kumar Sahrawat
Department of Mathematics, DeenBandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Sonipat,  Haryana, 131001, India.

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rumcs/v9/549 

Revealing Dynamics: A Graphical Approach to Sensitivity Analysis in Complex Systems, Demonstrated with Compartmental Models | Chapter 9 | Research Updates in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 9

Understanding the dynamics of model behavior in response to changes in input parameters is pivotal, especially within complex models featuring an array of input factors. Sensitivity Analysis (SA) serves as a fundamental methodology for elucidating and quantifying the fluctuations in model behavior corresponding to variations in model input factors. In situations where models incorporate a wide range of input factors, identifying the most influential variables is of utmost importance. Although the employment of graphical tools to encapsulate SA findings is gaining traction, it remains a relatively new and evolving approach. The advancement of graphical representations significantly enhances the understanding of SA outcomes. Within this work, an exploration into the efficacy of two modern graphical techniques, specically star plots and dot charts, as tools for SA is undertaken. These visual aids provide a clear representation of key input factors, thereby accelerating the comprehension process. To showcase their utility in SA, these techniques are applied to two distinct compartmental models elucidating the dynamics of the global carbon cycle.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Suzan Gazioglu
Department of Mathematical Sciences, Montana Technological University, 1300 W. Park Street, Butte, MT 59701 USA.

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rumcs/v9/65

Variances and Covariance Assessment of Liquid Water Content in Precipitating Warm Cloud | Chapter 8 | Research Updates in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 9

A shallow cloud of warm microphysics is used to analyze the subgrid variability of liquid water content. These turbulent flows are diagnosed by means of second-order moment transport equations for liquid water quantities. These equations show that liquid water variabilities are controlled by the production of the gradient of mean liquid water quantities and microphysical processes. The contributions (source or sink) of these different productions reflect the effects of the gradient of average quantities of liquid water content and microphysical processes on the evolution of liquid water variability. It emerges that cloud water variance is mainly produced by the cloud water gradient term and constantly destroyed by the effects of auto conversion and accretion processes. Inversely, the processes of rain droplet formation and growth contribute as the main source for the variance of precipitating water and the cloud water-precipitating water covariance. Microphysical depletion processes, notably cloud droplet evaporation and precipitable droplet sedimentation, act as sinks for liquid water variances and covariance. Finally, for rainwater variability, the gradient term may be less important, but it provides real support for the source or sink terms of microphysics. This work particularly highlights the subgrid variabilities associated with precipitating droplets. In particular, this work focuses on the subgrid variabilities associated with liquid water content. Incorporating a good parameterization of liquid water variances and cloud water-rainwater correlation in statistical schemes could improve rainwater formation, growth and loss processes in large-scale models.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Bakary Coulibaly
Laboratory of Computer Science and Mechanics, Université Félix Houphouét-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.

Bakary Coulibaly
Laboratory of Computer Science and Mechanics, Université Félix Houphouét-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.

N’dri Roger Djue
Laboratory of Computer Science and Mechanics, Université Félix Houphouét-Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Cote d'Ivoire.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rumcs/v9/12465F.

Exploring New Frontiers in Calculus: Logical Derivatives and Tangent Line Solutions | Chapter 7 | Research Updates in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 9

The basic problem of differential calculus is the problem of tangent lines and calculating the slope of the tangent line to the graph at a given point P and the less seemingly important problem of defining the vertical asymptote line and its derivative. The Logical Derivative makes it feasible to compute tangent line equations of vertical asymptote lines with the corresponding slope and direction of the asymptotes. L'hopitals indeterminate forms were used to evaluate Newton’s difference quotient and compute the logical derivative”. These are new derivatives developed using a method of direct proportions. By reversing the decrement and factoring it along with further analysis, derivatives derived are of the same dimension as their functions.

 

Author (s) Details

Chris Mora
Department of Mathematical Sciences, California State University, Bakersfield, United States.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rumcs/v9/324

Optimal Inventory Model for Deteriorating Items with Permissible Delay in Consideration to Default Risk | Chapter 6 | Research Updates in Mathematics and Computer Science Vol. 9

Inventory, environment, trade credit, default risk, deterioration.The study introduces an innovative approach to manage inventory for deteriorating items by taking into account the permissible delays and default risk. This perspective offers fresh insights into a complex problem faced by many businesses. A credit period is often extended by suppliers to their clients in order to foster long-term relationships and ensure their survival in the business environment. This draws in new clients, increasing market demand. Conversely, the provider is exposed to default risk when a credit period is present. In this paper, an inventory model is developed that deals with credit period dependent quadratic demand and default risk associated with sales revenue. The Deterioration rate under the natural environment is also incorporated with the inventory model. This article discusses the seller's best choice for determining the customer's allowable credit period duration and the purchase amount. Concerns about environmental degradation are also taken into account while making purchases in order to maximize profits. A solution procedure is given for finding the optimal solution of total profit. Numerical example is given to show the effectiveness of the model. Finally, sensitivity analysis is carried out to explore the managerial implications. This study will help significantly the seller in setting optimal credit periods. In future, this research can be extended to study inventory models with stochastic demand. This paper can be extended if shortages are allowed. Different preservation technologies can also be incorporated to reduce deterioration and enhance environmental protection.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Anima Bag
Department of Statistics, Rama Devi Women’s University, Bhubaneswar, Pin-751024, India.

 

P.K. Tripathy
P.G. Department of Statistics, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Pin-751004, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rumcs/v9/12316F