Occurrence, Distribution, and Extraction Methods of Microplastics in Marine Organisms | Chapter 8 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 4

This study provides a comprehensive overview of the occurrence, distribution, and extraction methods of microplastics in marine organisms to present current data on the presence and distribution of microplastics in marine environments worldwide in a bid to understand the extent of microplastics pollution and their potential effects in marine ecosystems while discussing the pros and cons of different extraction methods of MPs in marine organisms. The widespread presence of microplastics in marine environments has become a significant concern. This chapter reviews the pressing issue of microplastic pollution, its impact on ecosystems, and potential human health risks. Specifically, it addresses the urgent issue of microplastic pollution in marine ecosystems and its potential ramifications for both the environment and human health, providing an overview of the current status of microplastic prevalence, distribution, and extraction methods within marine organisms. Microplastics are recognized as a major environmental problem due to their detrimental effects on ecosystems and their potential risks to human health. These particles enter marine environments through runoff and atmospheric deposition, contaminating beaches and posing threats to marine life. The proliferation of microplastics in aquatic environments represents a multifaceted and pressing environmental challenge. Its repercussions extend well beyond immediate marine ecosystems, impacting the entire ecological food chain and potentially posing risks to human health. Despite the seriousness of this issue, research on the prevalence and distribution of microplastics in marine organisms remains limited. This review seeks to fill this knowledge gap by thoroughly examining the prevalence, distribution, and various extraction methods used to detect microplastics in marine organisms. It stresses the urgent need for targeted measures to manage microplastic pollution, highlights the significant role of human activities in exacerbating this problem, and emphasize the importance of reducing human-induced pollution to protect marine ecosystems. While this review enhances our understanding of microplastic pollution in marine environments and emphasizes the critical need for action to safeguard marine organisms and preserve our oceans for future generations, it also highlights that effectively addressing the microplastic issue requires a well-coordinated approach. This approach should involve research initiatives, policy adjustments, public engagement, and innovative technologies. Crucially, prompt and decisive actions are necessary to counteract the growing threat posed by microplastics to the oceans and the global environment.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Boluwatife S. Olubusoye
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, USA.

 

Peter Oni
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, USA.

Faustina Owusu
Department of Environmental Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA.

 

Oluwatoyin Adekoya
Department of Water Resource Policy, Grand Valley State University, Grand Rapids, USA.

 

Acaye Ongwech
Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.

 

Daniel A. Odogwu
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, USA.

 

Oluwafemi Awolesi
Department of Environmental Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA and Research and Development Unit, Ecoxygiene Services Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.

 

Ayobami Oje
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure, Akure, Nigeria.

 

Beatrice Arwenyo
Department of Chemistry, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda.

 

Bisola V. Olaleye
Department of Chemical Sciences, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Nigeria.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v4/867

Research on Biomass and Biochar of Reed (Phragmites australis) in U Minh Thuong National Park, Vietnam | Chapter 7 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 4

 Reed (Phragmites autralis) is a plant species with a seasonal reproductive cycle, it has a very high biomass in U Minh Thuong National Park. This characteristic management of forest fire is difficult in Vietnam. To evaluate height, diameter, density, growth, and biomass of fresh and dry, biochar on reed plants; it includes plant, stem, leaves, and flowers; analysis indicators of growth, biomass, biochar on reed. compare chemical indicators of peat and biochar in U Minh Thuong and Kien Luong of the Mekong Delta. Relationship of peat chemical with growth and biomass. Study adsorption from reed biochar with pig urine and inorganic chemical of nitrogen and phosphorus. Study on types of peatland thickness, each one had 5 plots, investigated height (Ht), diameter of stem (D₀.₀); weigh part of plants, stems, leaves and flowers. the soil samples collected on investigated 20 plots, biochar is analyzed for its chemical composition, then the biochar is adsorbed with pig urine and phosphorus and nitrogen inorganic. The results evaluated fresh biomass on parts of reed plant, dry biomass and biochar on parts of them. Results height 3.39 – 4.74 m, diemeter 1.8 – 3.17 cm, biomass 0.04 – 0.1 m³ / m², weight 15.46 – 20.54 kg / m². The dry weight / plant 127.34 – 358.58 g, a dry plant trunk 79.55 – 217.78 g, a dry plant leaves 33.78 – 112.16 g, a dry plant flowers 4.4 – 19.64 g. A plant Biochar 26.16 – 73.57 g, a trunk biochar 14.41 – 39.44 g, a leaf biochar 8.16 – 22.59 g, a flower biochar 2.59 – 11.54 g, Peat analysis, indicators decrease P₂O₅, SO₄²-, NH₄+ and increase are pH, humic acid, N%, K₂O, Fe²+. Compare biochar indicators of U Minh Thuong and Kien Luong indicators higher are 9/11 as humic acid, OM%, Ash%, C%, N%, P%, K%, Ca%, Mg%. Indicators lower are as pH and SiO. Reed biochar can adsorption the pig urine as ammonium, nitrate, nitrogen, phosphorus and it also adsorption inorganic as nitrogen and phosphorus. This discovery it is possible to propose the use of data for environment treatment and application of biochar fertilizer for agriculture in region.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Luom Thanh Thai
Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Kien Giang University, Minh Luong 91000, Vietnam.

 

Quang Thanh Le
Forest Science Institute of Southern, Vietnam.

 

Ngoc Thi Hong Dang
Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Kien Giang University, Minh Luong 91000, Vietnam.

 

Please See the book here :-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v4/763

Observed Trends in Heavy Rainfall Over Tropical Catchments: Case Study of the Oti River Basin, West Africa | Chapter 6 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 4

Climate change has exacerbated heavy rainfall which causes severe floods in West Africa. Global warming accelerates the evapotranspiration process which further alters the rainfall regime due to the increased capacity of the atmosphere to hold moisture according to the Clausius-Clapeyron relationship. Understanding how heavy rainfall events are changing locally is a useful step in the implementation of efficient strategies for flood risk management. This study aims at analyzing heavy rainfall over the Oti River basin. Daily rainfall and temperature data were collected from national meteorological stations in Benin, Ghana and Togo. Thus, seven (07) heavy rainfall indices were calculated using observed daily data from 1921 -2018. The methodology used to estimate heavy rainfall quantiles is an index storm regional frequency analysis based on L-moments of AMAX. The Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope tests were used for the trend analysis. The results showed decreasing trends in most of the heavy rainfall indices. In addition, the occurrence of heavy rainfall of higher return periods has slightly decreased in a large part of the study area. Also, the analysis of the annual maximum rainfall revealed that the Generalized Extreme Value is the most appropriate three-parameter frequency distribution for predicting extreme rainfall in the Oti River Basin. These results are useful for efficient flood risk management and accurate estimation of design rainfalls in the study area.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Kossi Komi
Département de Géographie, Laboratoire de Recherche sur les Espaces, les Echanges et la Sécurité Humaine (LaREESH), Université de Lomé, BP: 1515, Lomé-Togo, West Africa.

 

Komi S. Klassou
Département de Géographie, Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Dynamique des Milieux et des Sociétés (LARDYMES), Université de Lomé, BP : 1515, Lomé-Togo, West Africa.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v4/587

Establishment of Sustainable Tourism Observatory in the Northern Sporades Islands in Greece | Chapter 5 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 4

Tourism is one of the most prospective and dynamic businesses in the world. A sustainable tourism observatory is a system that is responsible for collecting and analyzing data based on the needs and strategic questions of a tourism destination or resource. The relationship between tourism development and environmental protection, but also the related socio-economic implications, has been a field of research and practical approach, at least since the 1970s. The paper presents the project and the methodology of the establishment of a sustainable tourism observatory in the islands of the Northern Sporades in Greece in 2021. The mission of the observatory will be the collection of tourist data for the measuring of indicators and the estimation of tourist trends, to provide evidence for sustainable tourism development in the region. The Northern Sporades Islands are a small complex of islands in the North-west Aegean Sea, which have especially in the last 20 years intense tourist growth. At the same time, the area is distinguished by special natural features such as the National Marine Park, which is a nature reserve for a series of terrestrial and marine species living in the Mediterranean Sea, including the Mediterranean monk seal (Monachus monachus). Tourism observatories are based on the effort launched by the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) through the GOST program (Global Observatories for Sustainable Tourism) aiming to support global tourist destinations to become more sustainable in all three dimensions: economic, social, and environmental. In 2004 followed the creation of the International Network of Sustainable Tourism Observatories (INSTO), in which we aim also to include the Sporades observatory. The Tourism Observatory in the Sporades Islands is methodologically based on  the European Environmental Agency’s (1999) DPSIR model (driving forces – pressures – state – impact – responses), which is a causal framework for describing the interactions between society and the environment. Based on the records of 32 selected indicators for the specific region of Sporades islands, the grad of the tourism development and the impact will be calculated. In addition to the 32 tourism impact indicators, the observatory also records indicators of the tourist market trend. This recording will be based on data from tourism companies and operators, airports, and search engines, such as Hotel Availabilities Channel Manager, Book Online Now Booking Engine, etc. Finally, it should be noted that the establishment of the observatory and the implementation are in early stages and there may be methodological changes in the future. However, the periodic and frequent recording of the indicators will provide important information for tourism planning, especially at a time when Greece intends to restart tourism after the pandemic and the observatory will be an important guide for sustainable development. The practical implications of the estimated indicators in the Socio-Cultural, Economic and Environmental dimension, will be the support of the destination stakeholders to take focused and coherent action in tourism planning for sustainable development.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Efstathios Velissariou
Department of Business Administration, University of Thessaly, GR 41500 Larissa, Greece.

Thomas Poulios
Department of Business Administration, University of Thessaly, GR 41500 Larissa, Greece.

 

Christos Amoiradis
Department of Business Administration, University of Thessaly, GR 41500 Larissa, Greece.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v4/463

A Review on Cutting-Edge Technology for Revitalizing and Reducing Water Pollution | Chapter 4 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 4

Because pollution control and improved treatment technologies are critical to tackling environmental sustainability challenges, adhering to environmental management standards is necessary for living a more sustainable lifestyle. Notably, rural inhabitants in both rich and low-income countries are becoming increasingly concerned about the quality of their water. Even while artificial intelligence (AI) can help with the majority of environmental sustainability issues, including water management, machine learning models can maximize water resource conservation. There is a large knowledge gap regarding the application of AI to water pollution mitigation. Long-term performance under ideal conditions for water resource conservation is decided by the ability to implement adaptive and sustainable water management techniques and technologies that ensure the successful use and conservation of water resources in the foreseeable future. Furthermore, the amount of pollution-related research—particularly advanced pollution control—published in the literature has expanded dramatically over the years and continues to do so. This review focuses on six key components of advanced water pollution management technologies: adsorption, ion exchanges, electrokinetic processes, chemical precipitation, phytobial remediation, and membrane technology. It also discusses how artificial intelligence can be used to regulate water pollution to protect environmental health, sustainability, and security. Water source protection involves the protection of surface water sources (e.g. lakes, rivers, man-made reservoirs) and groundwater sources (e.g. spring protection, dug well protection, and drilled well protection) to avoid water pollution (see also pathogens and contaminants). Water quality is more difficult to maintain due to data gaps and pollution's impact on dimi water quality. As a result, a complete system or strategy for water security and pollution  management is required to handle water-related challenges and give a thorough approach to water problem solving.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Dr. Krishnakumar B. Vaghela (B.Sc., M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D.)
Department of Life Science, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

 

Dr. Devangee P. Shukla (B.Sc., M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D.)
Department of Life Science, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

 

Dr. Nayan K. Jain (BSc (Hons), MSc, PhD)
Department of Life Science, School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v4/510

Spatial and Temporal Response of Vegetation and Production of Crops to Climate in Rajasthan, India | Chapter 3 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 4

Agricultural activities are chiefly influenced by the weather and climate. The success or failure of crops mainly under rain-fed conditions in arid and semi-arid regions is closely associated with climate variability. Drought is one of the worst natural calamities that affect major parts of India, mainly in the desert states of Rajasthan recurrently and creates innumerable problems immediately or over time as the economy experiences adverse impacts. In this study, long-term NOAA-AVHRRGIMMS3G (1983-2011) Normalize Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time trends were used as a proxy for Net Primary Production (NPP). Monthly rainfall data sets have been collected from the Indian Meteorology Department (IMD) and the Department of Revenue for the period from 1983-2011 for 102 rain gauge stations in Rajasthan. The vegetation greenness in Rajasthan has an increasing trend in the recent decade, these positive anomalies have been noticed from 1996 onwards, however, they may vary at a regional scale. In the 2000 drought, an extreme value of SPI reached up to -3.69 in September and –2.84 in August, which exhibits the severity of drought conditions. Generally, the station belongs to the desert districts of Jaisalmer, Bikaner, and Churu having extreme negative SPI during drought years and moderate anomaly in normal years. This study has demonstrated that there is a direct relationship between rainfall, vegetation, and crop growth. This study found that the spatial and temporal variations of NDVI are closely linked with precipitation and there is a strong association between rainfall anomaly and NDVI anomaly.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

K. Rajendram
Eastern University, Vantharumoolai, Chenkalady, Sri Lanka.

 

N. R. Patel
Agriculture & Soil Division, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, India.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v4/8030A

Public Perception on the Existence of Sebangau National Park Buffer Zone, Indonesia | Chapter 2 | Research Advances in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 4

National Park is one of the forms of Nature Conservation Area (KPA) which has the ecosystem of the original, staffed with a system of zoning that is utilized for the purpose of research, science, knowledge, education, support aquaculture, tourism, and recreation. Sebangau National Park is one of the Nature Conservation Areas (KPA) in Central Kalimantan defined as Sebangau National Park by letter of the decision of the Minister of Forestry No. SK. 423/Forestry/II/2004 on October 19, 2004. Similarly, the problem with other national parks, the Sebangau area already contained a settlement of fishermen who lived in the buffer zone. They are very dependent on the existence of river and swamp forests in the Sebangau National Park. The purpose of this research is to determine the perception of the public about the influence of National Parks' presence on various aspects, both for environmental sustainability and social welfare of the TNS (Taman Nasional Sebangau) buffer zone. The approach used in this study is a rationalistic approach that considers something as real if there is coherence between the empirical to the rational scheme. The type of research are combination of quantitative and qualitative descriptive using Skorring, SWOT and IFAS-EFAS analysis. These results indicate that the public has the perception that the TNS environment is still very awake by the TNS management efforts. However, people also have the perception that TNS Management does not significantly affect people's lives in the buffer zone. A proper development strategy needs to be implemented in Sebangau National Park which is in the first quadrant of space A, namely the Rapid Growth Strategy. There is a need to design policies or regulations for the determination of the zoning district by paying attention to aspects of ecological, economic, social and cultural communities in and around the district.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Wiwin Zakiah
Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.

 

Sunaryo N Tuah
Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Palangka Raya, Palangka Raya, Indonesia.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raeges/v4/7352E