Introduction: Background, Aetiology and Pathogenesis | Chapter 1 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

This chapter serves to briefly introduce this book. It has four sections: a background that provides some history about the pandemic, a brief account of the aetiology of the disease, the pathogenesis and a conclusion

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Mbwas Isaac Mashor
Morbid Anatomy Department, Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Richard Kelechi Samuel
Histopathology Department, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja FCT, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor University of Edinburgh Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom.

 

Simji Samuel Gomerep
Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Jos / Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH1

Covid-19 Geriatric Considerations | Chapter 17 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic was first reported in Wuhan, China in December 2019, moved across the globe at an unprecedented speed, and is having profound and yet still unfolding health and socioeconomic impacts in the elderly. SARS-CoV-2, a β-coronavirus, is a highly contagious respiratory pathogen that causes a disease that has been termed the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Clinical features in the elderly thus far indicate that COVID-19 is highly diverse, ranging from being without symptoms and mild to severe symptoms and causing mortality. The elderly risk factors including increasing age, male gender, smoking, obesity sex, and comorbid conditions are key determinants of disease severity and progression. The elderly may present with fever, myalgia, headache, nausea, vomiting, nasal congestion, sore throat cough, dyspnea, chest pain, excessive sputum production, asthenia, diarrhea, falls, ageusia, anosmia, delirium, body weakness, aphasia, hypotension, low oxygen saturation, low mood and anhedonia.

 

 Author(s) Details:

 

Kumbet John Sonny
Geriatric Medicine Subdivision of Family Medicine Department, Federal Medical Centre Keffi, Nigeria.

 

Tahoma Jabbe
CBN Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, Abuja, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH17

Haematological Manifestations of Covid-19 | Chapter 14 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) grew fast to become a global pandemic and a dreaded disease since its emergence in 2019. This work looks at the hematological manifestation and its effect on some hematological disorders.

The infection through multiple pathways resulted in lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, thrombosis and multiple unique cellular changes seen following COVID-19 infections. COVID-19 can cause severe illness and death in people with a history of sickle cell disease (SCD). Patients with thalassemia are at increased risk of developing severe illness from respiratory infections, including COVID-19, than people without SCD. Individuals diagnosed with leukemias and other hematological malignancies also demonstrated increased adverse outcomes following infection with COVID-19 infections. Vaccine-induced thrombosis (VITT), a condition that has been associated with a specific type of vaccine rapidly came to light following the widespread vaccine campaign to control the spread of the virus.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Aliyu Dahiru Waziri
Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medical Science, Ahmadu Bello University/Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria.

 

Emmanuel Akoyi Akor
Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital (JUTH), Prozone Diagnostic Laboratory, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH14

Rheumatic Manifestations of Covid-19 | Chapter 13 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

A number of inflammatory or autoimmune manifestations linked with COVID-19 have been reported to be associated with some musculo-skelatal manifestations. These manifestations include fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, vasculitis, autoantibodies, and chilblains. The underlying mechanisms are not completely clear but are thought to be directly or indirectly linked to circulating immune complexes, inflammatory cytokines and levels of complement proteins.

 

  Author(s) Details:

 

Pam Stephen Dung-Gwom
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Chinemelum Adaora Onodugo
Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor, University of Edinburgh, Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH13

Corona Virus-19 Infection and Psychiatric Illnesses | Chapter 19 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) primarily affects the respiratory system, however, the clinical presentation of patients is usually multi-systemic due to the immunologic response to the virus. Neuropsychiatric symptoms occur in one-third of patients during the acute phase of the infection and represent initial symptoms in a small number of patients. The exact mechanism by which COVID-19 causes Neuropsychiatric symptoms is not fully understood, however, researchers have suggested the roles of the hyperactive immune response and the affinity of the virus to some receptors in the brain, among other possibilities. There are pathognomonic neuropsychiatric symptoms specific to COVID-19, nevertheless, commonly reported and/or observed presentations include, delirium, anxiousness, depression and sleep problems. The majority of patients have mild to moderate symptom severity with optimal response to short-course of appropriate psychotropic medications and other psychosocial interventions.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Ejike Chukwuma Nwokwor
Department of Psychiatry, Missouri University Hospital, Columbia MO, USA.

 

Muhammad Gidado Ibrahim
Department of Psychiatry, Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH19

Gastrointestinal and Liver Manifestation of Covid-19 | Chapter 15 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

COVID-19 is caused by a respiratory virus and infected millions of people worldwide leading to a pandemic. Its origin was linked to seafood and wet animal markets therefore the likelihood of having gastrointestinal and liver manifestations is high. GI symptoms are common and mostly self-limiting but where they occur in combination or as a marked symptom, it tends to portend a worse outcome.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Chikodili Crystal Umejiaku
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH15

A Review of Sars-Cov-2 Pharmacotherapy | Chapter 18 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

The Coronavirus viral disease 2019 (COVID-19) is arguably the most important medical and public health challenge of the current decade. This has resulted in tens of millions of deaths and disturbed socio-economic lives across the globe.  Clinicians and scientists have been assessing many potential anti-virals for effective control of SARS-CoV-2. Many drugs have been repurposed and granted emergency authorization for use in the treatment of COVID-19 cases. Some of the drugs that have been assessed include Remdesivir, Ribavirine, Favipiravir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine, dexamethasone, biologics and the anti-parasitic ivermectin. Dexamethasone significantly cut mortality among severe and critical SARS-CoV-2 cases. There were no clinical benefits with the use of hydroxychloroquine and Lopinavir/ritonavir in the RECOVERY Trials. Early observational studies and a randomized controlled clinical trial conducted in Nigeria demonstrated the possibility of the efficacy of ivermectin in the treatment of SARSCoV-2. Overall, effective and efficient pharmacotherapeutic interventions will be important in achieving SARS-CoV-2 control. There is also evidence that the COVID-19 vaccine was effective in curtailing the effects of the pandemic. Different generic vaccines available are DNA vaccine, mRNA vaccine, and non-replicating viral vector vaccines

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Olumuyiwa Elijah Ariyo
Infectious Diseases & Tropical Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State/Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria.

 

Joshua Gini
Stroke Medicine United Lincolnshire Hospital, Lincoln County Hospital, United Kingdom.

 

Oladipo Vincent Akinmade
USAID Integrated Health Program Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.

 

Ugochukwu Anthony Eze
Department of Ophthalmology, Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Nigeria and Honorary Supervisor University of Edinburgh Masters of Surgery Program in Clinical Ophthalmology, United Kingdom

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH18