Chronotypes and Health: Biological and Social Implications | Chapter 6 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 

Chronotypes represent an individual’s natural preference for sleep and activity timing within the 24-hour day, governed by circadian rhythms and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This review explores how chronotypes categorised as morning, evening, and intermediate affect various dimensions of health and behaviours. It examines the biological underpinnings of chronotype, including hormonal and genetic mechanisms, and the tools used for its assessment, such as the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, actigraphy, and sleep diaries. The study highlights significant associations between chronotype and physical health outcomes, including sleep quality, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular health, and immune function. In terms of mental health, evening chronotypes are particularly vulnerable to depression, anxiety, and stress-related disorders, often due to misalignment between biological rhythms and societal demands. Furthermore, chronotype influences cognitive functioning, academic performance, and the impact of shift work, particularly among working adults. Understanding and aligning daily routines with an individual’s chronotype can lead to improved well-being, enhanced productivity, and reduced health risks. The findings underscore the importance of recognising chronotype differences to improve health outcomes, optimise daily functioning, and tailor interventions in educational, clinical, and occupational settings. Future research should continue to explore chronotype-based interventions and policies that respect biological diversity in human functioning.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sambid Sunamajhi
Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.

 

Mantu Meher
Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.

 

Priyoneel Basu
Department of Zoology, School of Biological Sciences, Doctor Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar - 470003, Madhya Pradesh, India.

 

Sweta Arora

Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v6/6234

The Role of Leptin in Pathology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) | Chapter 5 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 6

 

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder with significant impacts on women’s health. This intricate condition affects the endocrine and metabolic systems, characterised by features such as anovulation, infertility, obesity, insulin resistance, and the presence of polycystic ovaries. The aim of this review is to investigate the diagnostic potential of leptin in PCOS. The objective is to contribute to the existing body of knowledge by examining the relationship between leptin, the leptin receptor gene, obesity, and the various metabolic and hormonal irregularities associated with PCOS. In this regard, a comprehensive review of the literature from the past decade was conducted using databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. The search strategy was aimed at gathering relevant studies on the relationship between leptin and PCOS, including genetic aspects. All the reviewed studies unanimously confirm the diagnostic potential of leptin in PCOS, emphasising its relevance in metabolic disorders associated with PCOS. Leptin is a fat cell-derived hormone that promotes a shift from carbohydrate to fat oxidation and regulates glucose homeostasis. Leptin, classified within the “tumour necrosis factor” family as a cell factor, is an amino peptide consisting of 167 amino acids. Leptin plays a crucial role in relaying metabolic signals to the brain and modulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. PCOS involves hyperandrogenism, inappropriate luteinizing hormone secretion, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia. The relationship between leptin and key factors in PCOS, such as gonadotropins, androgens, and insulin, remains a subject of ongoing research and discussions. The evidence gathered highlights elevated leptin levels, particularly in obesity, as a consistent characteristic of PCOS. The positive correlation between leptin and fat cell quantity underscores its potential role in PCOS pathogenesis. Leptin extends its impact beyond weight regulation, influencing oocyte maturation and activating ovarian enzymes involved in steroid production. Genetic studies on Leptin Receptor Gene (LEPR) polymorphisms indicate associations between specific genetic variants and PCOS susceptibility. Combining leptin with markers like Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) shows high diagnostic accuracy, offering potential utility in clinical assessments. The multifaceted impact of leptin on both reproductive and metabolic aspects is evident. The findings support the integration of leptin with other markers for enhanced diagnostic accuracy, providing a promising avenue for future clinical applications in PCOS assessments.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Sushitha ES
Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, India.

 

Prajna P Shetty
Srinivas Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, India.

 

Sasikala Kathiresan
AIIMS-Madurai, India.

 

Sauvit S Patil
Ramnarain Ruia Autonomous College, Affiliated to University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India.

 

Deepa M
AIIMS-Madurai, India.

 

Emil Phinehas
AIIMS-Madurai, India.

 

Bhavit Bansal
Sant Hirdaram Medical College of Naturopathy and Yogic Sciences for Women, India.

 

Delna NS
EMS Memorial Co-operative Hospital and Research Centre- College of Paramedical Sciences, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v6/6253

The Interplay of Leptin, Inflammation, and Obesity: A Comprehensive Review | Chapter 4 | Medicine and Medical Research: New Perspectives Vol. 5

Obesity has become a global health concern, with its prevalence rising dramatically in recent decades. This book chapter examines the complex relationship between leptin, inflammation, and obesity, synthesizing current research to provide a comprehensive understanding of their interconnected roles in metabolic health. Leptin's crucial function in regulating energy balance and metabolism was first explored, highlighting its connection to adipose tissue mass and its impact on appetite control and energy expenditure. This book chapter delves into the inflammatory aspects of obesity, discussing how excess adipose tissue contributes to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, which in turn leads to various metabolic dysfunctions and related health complications. A key focus is placed on the dual role of leptin as both a metabolic regulator and a pro-inflammatory cytokine, elucidating how leptin dysregulation links obesity to inflammation and subsequent metabolic disorders. The chapter also considers the implications of leptin resistance in obesity and its contribution to sustained inflammation. Finally, potential therapeutic targets emerging from this intricate interplay were discussed, offering perspectives on managing obesity-related complications through interventions targeting leptin signaling and inflammatory pathways. This comprehensive analysis aims to enhance our understanding of the leptin-inflammation-obesity axis and its significance in developing effective strategies for obesity management and prevention of associated metabolic disorders.

 

Author (s) Details

Hemali Jha
Department of Internal Medicine, Integral Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Ishaan Tyagi
 Y Patil Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Sylvester Noeldoss Lazarus
American University of Barbados, Wildey, Barbados (Caricom).

 

Anamika Chakraborty Samant
Chaitanya Hospital and Obesity Centre, Virar, Palghar, Maharashtra, India.

 

Jitendra Patel

Department of Physiology, GMERS Medical College, Vadnagar, Gujarat, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mmrnp/v5/1989

Microbiome-Based Therapeutics: The Future of Chronic Disease Management | Chapter 8 | Disease and Health: Research Developments Vol. 4

The gut microbiome, a complex community of microorganisms residing in the human gastrointestinal tract, plays an integral role in maintaining host health. Comprising trillions of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms, the gut microbiome has become a focal point in understanding human physiology, immunity, and disease. Recent advances in microbiome research have illuminated its therapeutic potential in diverse health conditions, ranging from gastrointestinal disorders to systemic diseases like diabetes and depression. This review explores the therapeutic role of the gut microbiome, emphasizing its impact on health, mechanisms of action, and emerging therapeutic applications.

 

Author (s) Details

Asim Kumar Basak
Department of Allied Health Sciences, Brainware University, Barasat, Kolkata, India.

 

Debayan Chakraborty
Department of Allied Health Sciences, Brainware University, Barasat, Kolkata, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/dhrd/v4/4163

Impact of Medical Music Therapy on Lifestyle Metabolic Treatment | Chapter 5 | Recent Updates in Disease and Health Research Vol. 8

 

The present study explores the potential effectiveness of medical music therapy as a complementary approach to lifestyle metabolic therapy. Conventional treatments typically involve dietary recommendations and exercise regimens. Lifestyle-related metabolic disorders, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, have reached epidemic proportions worldwide. While traditional treatments focus on dietary modifications and physical activity, the integration of medical music therapy into the treatment regimen offers a holistic and innovative approach. The research methodology employed in this study involves a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design to rigorously evaluate the impact of medical music therapy as an adjunct to lifestyle metabolic treatment. This study investigates the impact of music therapy on metabolic parameters, psychological well-being, and overall lifestyle improvement. The results suggest that participants in the experimental group experienced greater metabolic improvements, better psychological well-being, increased motivation for lifestyle changes, and a holistic approach to addressing the psychological aspects of metabolic disorders.

 

Author(s)details:-

 

Sivakumar M
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, BIHER (DU), Chromepet, Chennai – 600044, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Naveenkumar Rajampudi
Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, 173 Agharam Road Selaiyur, Chennai- 600 073, Tamil Nadu, India and Faculty of Pharmacy, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, BIHER (DU), Chromepet, Chennai – 600044, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Uthanthi T U
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, BIHER (DU), Chromepet, Chennai – 600044, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Vijayakumar AR
Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, BIHER (DU), Chromepet, Chennai – 600044, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

Please See the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/rudhr/v8/377

Exploring the Complex Interplay: Diabetes Mellitus and Vitamin C - a Comprehensive Review of the Relationship, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications | Chapter 7 | New Visions in Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 2

 This review provides a comprehensive analysis of multiple research studies that have examined the complex association between diabetes mellitus and vitamin C levels. Diabetes, precisely type 2 diabetes, is linked to changes in vitamin C metabolism, which can result in decreased levels of plasma ascorbate. The interaction between factors such as high blood sugar, reduced sensitivity to insulin, being overweight, and lifestyle choices (such as smoking) has a substantial impact on the levels of vitamin C. The link between glucose and vitamin C is further complicated by competitive inhibition for cellular absorption. Oxidative stress, which occurs as a result of diabetes, leads to the reduction of antioxidant defense, such as vitamin C, potentially worsening diabetic problems. Although several research indicates reduced vitamin C levels in individuals with diabetes, other studies show contradictory results, underscoring the intricate nature of this relationship. The outcome variability can be ascribed to differences in study participants, methodology, and regional disparities. This study examines the possible therapeutic implications of vitamin C supplementation in managing diabetes. The evidence indicates that vitamin C supplementation can improve insulin resistance, glycemic control, and antioxidant enzyme activity.

 

Nevertheless, the efficacy of these therapies can be contingent upon the unique attributes of each patient and the specific stage of their diabetes. This review highlights the intricate correlation between diabetes mellitus and vitamin C, elucidating a multifaceted interaction mediated by oxidative stress, lifestyle variables, and metabolic abnormalities. Additional investigation is required to explain the exact mechanisms and assess the potential of vitamin C supplementation as a therapeutic approach to managing diabetes.

Author(s) Details:

Abhishek Bansal,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B D Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Praveen Prashant,
Department of Biochemistry, Pt. B D Sharma PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana, India.

Pragya Dixit,
ESI Health Care Haryana, ESI Hospital Panipat, Haryana, India.

Sonia Vashist,
Department of Dermatology, Tripti Hospital, Rohak, Haryana, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NVMMS-V2/article/view/13801

Insights into the Role of Preptin in Diabetes | Chapter 4 | Advanced Concepts in Pharmaceutical Research Vol. 4

 Peptide hormones are a type of signaling molecules that comprise amino acids and are synthesized and secreted by various endocrine glands distributed across the human carcass. Numerous physiological functions, containing development, metabolism, duplication, and stress response, are regulated by these hormones. Preptin is a currently identified peptide hormone combined within the organ meat, predominantly by the testing cells. This hormone is a constituent of a fuller hormone family that contains insulin, amylin, and pramlintide. Preptin seems to be generally involved in amplifying the conduct of insulin. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance. We keep find out how preptin and type 2 diabetes communicate, leading to novel treatments and stop methods.

Author(s) Details:

K. A. Arul Senghor,
Department of Biochemistry, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

V. M. Vinodhni,
Department of Biochemistry, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

P. Renuka,
Department of Biochemistry, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur – 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Rooban,
SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, SRM IST, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ACPR-V4/article/view/12925

Involvement of Hepatic SHIP2 and PI3K/Akt Signalling in the Regulation of Plasma Insulin by Xiaoyaosan in Chronic Immobilization-Stressed Rats | Chapter 4 | Insights into the Prevention and Treatment of Depression with Famous TCM Prescription Xiaoyaosan

 Background: Long-term exposure to chronic stress is thought to be a factor closely correlated with the development of metabolic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Xiaoyaosan, a Chinese herbal formula, has been described in many previous studies to exert anxiolytic-like or antidepressant effects in chronically stressed rats. However, few studies have observed the effects of Xiaoyaosan on the metabolic disorders induced by chronic stress. Objective: We sought to investigate the effective regulation of Xiaoyaosan on 21-day chronic immobility stress (CIS, which is 3 h of restraint immobilization every day)-induced behavioural performance and metabolic responses and to further explore whether the effects of Xiaoyaosan were related to SHIP2 expression in the liver. Methods: Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group, a CIS group, a Xiaoyaosan group and a rosiglitazone group. The latter three groups were subjected to 21 days of CIS to generate the stress model. After 21 days of CIS, the effects of Xiaoyaosan on body weight, food intake, and behaviour in the open field test, the sucrose preference test and the forced swimming test were observed following chronic stress. Plasma insulin, cholesterol (CHOL), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) concentrations and blood glucose were examined, and the protein and mRNA expression levels of SHIP2, p85 and Akt in the liver were measured using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. Results: Rats exposed to CIS exhibited depression-like, decreased levels of plasma insulin, CHOL, LDL-C, TG and HDL-C, and increased blood glucose. Increased SHIP2 expression and reduced Akt, p-Akt and p85 expression were also observed in the liver. Xiaoyaosan exerted antidepressant effects and effectively reversed the changes caused by CIS. Conclusions: These results suggest that Xiaoyaosan attenuates depression-like behaviours and ameliorates stress-induced abnormal levels of insulin, blood glucose, CHOL, LDL-C and HDL-C in the plasma of stressed rats, which may be associated with the regulation of SHIP2 expression to enhance PI3K/Akt signalling activity in the liver.

Author(s) Details:

Qiuxia Pan,
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing-100029, China and Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medicine Science, Beijing-100700, China.

Jiajia Wu,
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing-100029, China.

Yueyun Liu,
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing-100029, China.

Xiaojuan Li,
Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou-510632, Guangdong, China.

Jiaxu Chen,
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 North Third Ring Road Chaoyang District, Beijing-100029, China and Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou-510632, Guangdong, China.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/IPTDFTPX/article/view/11265

Study on Rare Metabolic Disorder (Primary Hyperoxaluria Type 1) among Children: Perspectives to Genotyping and Outcome | Chapter 2 | Challenges in Disease and Health Research Vol. 9

 Background: Primary hyperoxaluria is an uncommon metabolic condition that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait. It is caused by AGXT gene mutations, which are more common in underdeveloped nations due to increased consanguinity rates. The clinical characteristics, type of AGXT mutation, and outcome in children diagnosed with PH1 at a tertiary referral centre in Oman were studied to identify the clinical characteristics, type of AGXT mutation, and outcome in children diagnosed with PH1 at a tertiary referral hospital in Oman.

Method: Between 2000 and 2013, a retrospective review of children diagnosed with PH1 at a tertiary hospital in Oman was conducted.

There were a total of 18 children found. With a median age of 7 months, females made up 61 percent of the youngsters. In 39 percent of cases, severe renal failure was the first symptom, while 22 percent had nephrocalcinosis and/or renal calculi. Family screening identified 39% of cases. Hemodialysis was performed on 50% of the children. Organ transplantation was performed on 28% of children. The c.33-34insC variant in the AGXT gene was the most prevalent mutation discovered in Omani children.

Conclusion: PH1 is a prevalent cause of ESRD in Omani children due to consanguinity. Genetic testing is recommended to aid in family counselling and to reduce illness incidence and burden; it can also be used for premarital screening. This is the first report from Oman and the Gulf region, and it emphasises the large illness burden caused by an autosomal recessive mutation, as well as the necessity of family screening and genetic counselling.

Author (S) Details

Mohamed S. Al Riyami
Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Child Health, Royal Hospital, P.O.Box 1331, 111 Muscat, Oman.

Badria Al Ghaithi
Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Child Health, Royal Hospital, P.O.Box 1331, 111 Muscat, Oman.

Nadia Al Hashmi
Metabolic and Genetic UNIT, Department of Child Health, Royal Hospital, P.O.Box 1331, 111 Muscat, Oman.

Naifain Al Kalbani
Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Child Health, Royal Hospital, P.O.Box 1331, 111 Muscat, Oman.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CDHR-V9/article/view/2056