Characterization of High-Grade Glioma and Solitary Metastasis: An Approach towards Spectroscopy and Advanced Magnetic Resonance Techniques | Chapter 2 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 10

 Aim: The purpose of this article is to analyze different advanced MRI parameters and characterize the efficacy of each one of them in the differentiation of these two pathologies.

 

Background: The differentiation by means of magnetic resonance between high-grade gliomas and intracranial solitary single metastasis is of the utmost importance since they condition both surgical and complementary treatment. For decades, different methods have been devised to try to differentiate both, given that the final result of surgery and complementary treatment differs substantially between the two. What's more, knowing the possible diagnosis in advance would improve the prognosis of both pathologies.

 

Methods: Retrospective study that analyzes the parameters of advanced magnetic resonance imaging: spectroscopy, diffusion and perfusion, specifically focused on the differences in the coefficients of the metabolites Cho/Cr, Cho/ NAA and NAA/Cr in peritumoral edema between high-grade gliomas and metastases. The data have been statistically analyzed using ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves, and cutoff values were obtained.

 

Results: A total of 79 patients with histologically analyzed tumors were analyzed: 49 high-grade gliomas (40 multiform glioblastomas and 9 anaplastic astrocytomas) and 30 metastases. A statistically significant mean difference was obtained in the three metabolite ratios. The area under the curve for the Cho/NAA ratio was 0.958 (CI: 0.903–1), for Cho/Cr 0.922 (CI: 0.859–0.985) and for NAA/Cr 0.163 (CI: 0.068–0.258; p < 0.001). The cutoff values were 1.115 for Cho/NAA (sensitivity 93.87%, specificity 93.33%, global precision 93.67%); 1.18 for the Cho/Cr ratio (sensitivity 89.79%, specificity 93.33% and precision 91.13%) and 1.155 for the NAA/Cr ratio (sensitivity 67.34%, specificity 93.33%, global precision 44.30%).

 

Conclusion:  The results of the study support the premise that spectroscopy at the level of peritumoral edema is able to differentiate between high-grade gliomas and metastases by showing tumor infiltration in peritumoral edema. This difference allows not only tumor diagnosis but also the possibility of performing high-grade glioma surgery guided by spectroscopy to find tumor infiltration in apparently healthy tissue.

Author(s) Details:

Arévalo-Sáenz, Alejandra A.,
San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.

Pujante Ferrández, Borja,
San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.

Rascón-Ramírez, Fernando J.,
San Carlos University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V10/article/view/13922

A Mini-Review of Last Guidelines about Management of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis | Chapter 3 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 10

 Background: Eosinophilic oesophagitis is a chronic oesophageal disease that is driven by the immune system. It is defined histologically by mostly eosinophilic inflammation and clinically by symptoms resembling oesophageal dysfunction. Allergens have a significant part in causing this illness. Being an immunologically active organ, the oesophagus can draw in eosinophils in reaction to a variety of triggers.

 

Aim: The present study highlights about last guidelines about management of Eosinophilic Oesophagitis.

 

Methods: Numerous nations outside of Africa have recorded cases of eosinophilic oesophagitis, with men between the ages of. 20 and 30 and city dwellers having a higher frequency. There are several disorders linked to this problem, the most significant of which being gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

 

Results: From a paraclinical point of view, patients have a peripheral eosinophilia, and diagnostic certainty is realized by performing upper endoscopy with biopsy. The recommended treatment has 3 stages, namely diet, drug therapy (such as fluticasone propionate, budesonide and proton-pump inhibitors) and investigations such as upper endoscopy.

 

Conclusion: The article aims to highlight recent recommendations in international guidelines for the management of eosinophilic oesophagitis, as well as to review its clinical manifestations, genetics, immunopathogenesis diagnosis and treatment. A deeper understanding is needed to inform clinical decisions regarding optimal disease follow-up and the use of long-term maintenance therapy.

Author(s) Details:

Roxana Elena Mirica,
Department of Gastroenterology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Regina Maria Private Healthcare Network, Bucharest, Romania.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V10/article/view/13923

The Effect of Environmental Factors on the DNA Methylation Pattern and Its Impact on Addiction | Chapter 4 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 10

 Substance addiction remains a significant social and medical issue, influenced by both environmental and genetic variables. The interplay between genetic and ecological factors demonstrates the importance of the epigenetic mechanism. Given its ability to control and influence enduring alterations in gene expression, epigenetic regulation provides a compelling hypothesis for the persistent behavioral abnormalities associated with drug addiction. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, significantly influence drug addiction and substance abuse. Environmental factors such as parental influence, cultural norms, media representation, and learned physical associations also contribute to addiction. Nutritional, pharmacological, physical, and psychosocial factors (such as stress exposure) also affect the DNA methylation profile, leading to changes in gene expression and vulnerability to drug addiction. Studies show that genetic predispositions to psychiatric illnesses like addiction vulnerability can be attenuated or regulated by environmental factors. This chapter will focus on the effect of DNA methylation and environmental factors on drug addiction. Understanding these variables could potentially provide interpretive tools for the future diagnosis and management of addiction.

Author(s) Details:

Hemam Raishowriya Devi,
Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal-795003, Manipur, India.

Reena Haobam,
Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal-795003, Manipur, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V10/article/view/13924

Investigating the Dental Health and Oral Hygiene Status of Pregnant Women in Rural India | Chapter 5 | Advancement and New Understanding in Medical Science Vol. 10

 The dental health is affected by increase in levels of oestrogen and progesterone hormone in the second month of pregnancy and continues to affect till term and subsides after puerperal period. There is increase in periodontitis, gingivitis and dental caries in women during pregnancy. The outcome of pregnancy is affected by increase in preterm delivery, low birth weight and preeclampsia in pregnancy. The outcome is influenced by life style, dental hygiene and socioeconomic status.

 

The cohort prospective study was carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Integra Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Lucknow from March 2012 to April 2013, for the period of 1year. The dental health statuses of 600 antenatal cases were studied. The prevalence of gingivitis, dental caries and periodontal disease were studied. The association between poor oral hygiene, gingivitis and dental caries were studied in the pregnant women. In the study the prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis and periodontal disease were 90%, 98% and 90.33% respectively. The antenatal cases with poor oral hygiene were 2.5times more likely to have dental caries.

Author(s) Details:

Bhavana Gupta,
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. KNS MIMS, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Yajat Gupta,
Department of Dentistry, SS Institute of Medical Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India.

Rakesh Kumar Gupta,
Sri Sushruta Bone and Joint and Women’s Clinic, Lucknow, India.

Akshaj Gupta,
Sri Sushruta Bone and Joint and Women’s Clinic, Lucknow, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/ANUMS-V10/article/view/13925

Finding Genetic Variation in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Flowering Time by Simple Sequence Repeat Marker | Chapter 10 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

Flowering time is one of the important target traits in a soybean breeding program. Photoperiod and temperature influence the vegetative and reproductive development from emergence to maturity in soybean. The objective of this study was to analyze genetic variation in flowering time based on agronomic performance and SSR marker. About 108 soybean cultivars were used for this study. Eight primers relating flowering genes were selected based on soybean cDNA library from NCBI and TIGR. These primers were designed by using Primer 3 [1] to amplify fragments of 500-800bp. The optimum melting temperature was observed for each primer between 58o to 68oC. PCR was followed by protocol of Crop Genomics Laboratory. PCR products producing a single discrete band were purified by AccuPre® PCR purification kit (Bioneer, Korea). The purified PCR product was directly sequenced using one of the PCR primers with BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequenceing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). The labeling reaction mixture was ethanol-preciputated, and resuspended in 10μl of water. The sequence was analyzed using ABI 3700 sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA). In conclusion, there was wide variation in flowering time of soybean. Gene diversity at nucleotide level will be useful for breeders to make strategy for soybean improvement in future.

Author(s) Details:

Truong Trong Ngon,
Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, Vietnam.

Suk-Ha Lee,
Crop Genomics Laboratory, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13911

Identification and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in Mastitic Cases from Namakkal District | Chapter 9 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

The study was conducted to identify the prevalence of Staphylococcal mastitis in bovines from Namakkal region and the therapeutic response of antibiotics to Staphylococci by assessing the antibiotic sensitivity pattern in clinical settings. Milk samples (n= 241) were collected from clinical and subclinical mastitic cows which were brought to teaching veterinary clinical complex (TVCC), Veterinary College and Research Institute (VC&RI), Namakkal, Tamil Nadu and subjected to isolation on mannitol salt agar, Gram’s staining and confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus at cow level was 61.5 and 57.4 per cent in clinical and subclinical cases, respectively, and at quarter level was 58.8 and 57.4 per cent in the clinical and subclinical cases, respectively. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern revealed a high sensitivity to enrofloxacin (100.0%) and a high resistance to methicillin (100.0%) by S. aureus isolates, and multidrug resistance by S. aureus isolates was also observed. Though enrofloxacin was found to be very effective in therapeutic management of most staphylococcal mastitis cases, antibiogram of milk sample from each mastitis cow is essential to monitor the development of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical or subclinical mastitis to the range of antibiotics commonly used. This would help in the early treatment of mastitis with sensitive antibiotics and prevent the case entering into the chronic stage, failure of treatment and loss of the value of cow.

Author(s) Details:

R. Navaneethan,
Kurichi Veterinary Dispensary, Kumbakonam Division, Tanjore District-612 504, Tamil Nadu, India.

S. Saravanan,
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Tirunelveli-627 358, Tamil Nadu, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13854

Study about Fungal Glycosidases in Sporothrix Species and Candida albicans | Chapter 8 | Research Perspectives of Microbiology and Biotechnology Vol. 1

The present study highlights about Fungal Glycosidases in Sporothrix Species and Candida albicans. Through the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in glycosides, enzymes known as glycoside hydrolases (GHs) take part in a variety of biological activities in fungi and other organisms. They are substantial topics of research in molecular biology and biochemistry and have essential functions in the breakdown of carbohydrates and the building of glycoproteins. Based on amino acid sequence similarities and 3-dimensional structures in the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy), they have been classified in 171 families. Members of some of these families also exhibit the activity of trans-glycosydase or glycosyl transferase (GT), i.e., they create a new glycosidic bond in a substrate instead of breaking it. Fungal glycosidases are important for virulence by aiding tissue adhesion and colonization, nutrition, immune evasion, biofilm formation, toxin release, and antibiotic resistance. Here, we review fungal glycosidases with a particular emphasis on Sporothrix species and C. albicans, two well-recognized human pathogens. Covered issues include a brief account of Sporothrix, sporotrichosis, the different types of glycosidases, their substrates, and mechanism of action, recent advances in their identification and characterization, their potential biotechnological applications, and the limitations and challenges of their study given the rather poor available information. The study approaches will strengthen genetic glycoengineering, as glycosylation/deglycosylation can be used to modulate the efficiency of protein pharmaceuticals, the modification of glycoprotein antibodies by adding or changing the position of some sugars, changing the properties of recombinant proteins, etc. These achievements will impact the areas of biotechnology, biomedicine, and consequently, human health.

Author(s) Details:

Jorge A. Ortiz-Ramírez,
Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico.

Mayra Cuéllar-Cruz,
Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico.

Julio C. Villagómez-Castro,
Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico.

Everardo López-Romero,
Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36050, Mexico.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/RPMAB-V1/article/view/13853