Discussing the Initial Experience: Monitored Anesthesia Care vs. General Anesthesia for Trans Catheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) | Chapter 14 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

The game changer in the field of treatment for Aortic Stenosis in patients with high operative risk for
surgical aortic valve replacement is Trans catheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI). The aim of the
present study was to study and compare the outcome of patients among those who underwent TAVI
with general anesthesia against those who underwent TAVI with Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC).
After institutional ethics committee approval and obtaining written informed consent, 31 patients
undergoing Trans catheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) were registered. First 21 (n=21) (Group A)
patients who underwent TAVI at our center received general anesthesia. Subsequent 10 (n=10)
(Group B) patients who were scheduled for the procedure received sedation with dexmitidomidine.
Patient selection for TAVI was based on various risk calculators which attempts to ascertain surgical
risks. The study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital in western Maharashtra between November
2017 and March 2019. No statistically significant difference regarding pre-operative patient
characteristics, comorbidity and procedural characteristics. i.e the duration of procedure, stay in ICU,
days to discharge from procedure and duration of stay in hospital. However there are trends in favor
of monitored anesthesia case in terms of reduction in procedural time and hospital stay. TAVI can be
performed in majority of cases, under dexmitidomidine based sedation. Our initial experience
suggests that this should result in a shorter implant procedure time, reduced stay in intensive care
unit and shorter time to hospital discharge.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Satish Kumar Mishra
Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Military Hospital (CTC), Pune, India.

Kamal Pathak
Department of Radiology, Military Hospital (CTC), Pune, India.

Ajay Swamy
Department of Cardiology, Military Hospital (CTC), Pune, India.

Mathew Jacob
Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Military Hospital (CTC), Pune, India.

Sachin Shouche
Department of Cardiothoracic Anesthesia, Military Hospital (CTC), Pune, India.

Arijit Ghosh
Department of Cardiology, Military Hospital (CTC), Pune, India.

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Association between Knowledge and Drug Adherence among Patients with Hypertension in Abu Dhabi, Sharjah and Ajman-UAE | Chapter 13 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

Objectives: To investigate the current health status of hypertensive patients in UAE.
Methodology: A questionnaire was delivered to random sample of 385 hypertensive patients in Abu
Dhabi, Sharjah and Ajman. SPSS version 20 was used for data entry and analysis.
Results: Out of the 385 patients, 353 (91.7%) had high knowledge value and scored within the high
knowledge category while 32 (8.3%) considered as having poor knowledge and scored within the poor
knowledge category. On the other hand, 325 (84.4%) of the study participants showed good
adherence to medication and scored within the positive attitude category while only 60 (15.6%)
showed poor adherence to medication and scored within the negative attitude category. Spearman
rank order correlation coefficient (rho) between total knowledge score and total adherence score was
used to indicate the association between knowledge and adherence among the study participants.
Conclusion: The result of the study clearly showed that there was positive correlation between
knowledge and drug adherence among hypertensive patients in UAE.Despite this finding, it is
believed that medication adherence is a multi-factorial phenomenon and knowledge is only one key of
these factors.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Ahmed Abdalla Mohamed Gaili
College of Pharmacy& Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE

Professor Dr. Zakia M. Metwali
College of Pharmacy& Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE.

Dr. Nihal Abdalla,
College of Pharmacy& Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE.

Dr. Sundos Qasim Al-Ebraheem,
College of Pharmacy& Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE.

Dr. Sara Al–Akshar
College of Pharmacy& Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, UAE

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The Emergence of Sulforaphane as a ClinicallyRelevant Nutraceutical in the Prevention and Treatment of Disease | Chapter 12 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

There is growing awareness that phytochemicals can have profound effects on the cellular
mechanisms that influence upstream endogenous defence processes. This has led to intensified
research into their potential relevance in the prevention and treatment of both acute and chronic
disease. Whereas pharmaceutical medicine has historically looked to plants as sources of the starting
materials for drug development, the focus of nutraceutical medicine is to retain the plant bioactive in
as close to its native state as possible. As a consequence, the potency of some nutraceutical
concentrates or extracts may be lower than required for significant gene expression. The molecular
structure of bioactive phytochemicals to a large extent, determines the molecule’s bioavailability.
Polyphenols are abundant dietary phytochemicals and extensive in vitro research has established
many of the signalling mechanisms involved in favourably modulating human biochemical pathways.
Such pathways are associated with core processes such as redox modulation, activation of
detoxification pathways, immune modulation for infection control and the downregulation of the
synthesis of inflammatory cytokines. Although the relationship between oxidative stress and chronic
disease continues to be affirmed, direct-acting antioxidants such as vitamins A, C, E, beta-carotene
and others have not yielded the expected preventive or therapeutic responses, even though several
large meta-analyses have sought to evaluate the potential benefit of such supplements. Because
polyphenols exhibit poor bioavailability, few of their impressive in vitro findings have been replicated
in vivo. SFN, an aliphatic isothiocyanate, emerges as a phytochemical with comparatively high
potency and high bioavailability. A number of clinical trials have demonstrated its ability to produce
favourable outcomes in conditions for which there are few satisfactory pharmaceutical solutions,
foreshadowing the potential for SFN as a clinically-relevant nutraceutical. Although myrosinase-inert
broccoli sprout extracts are widely available in supplement form, there now exist myrosinase-active
broccoli sprout supplements that yield sufficient SFN to match the doses used in clinical trials. As
such, the clinical application of SFN woluld appear to be much broader than the more readilyavailable polyphenol-based phytochemicals.

Author(s) Details

Christine A. Houghton
University of Queensland, St Lucia Queensland, Australia and Cell-Logic, Australia

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Chilaiditi Syndrome | Chapter 11 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

Chilaiditi sign is seen commonly in elderly people as radiological sign wherein intestine isJuxtaposed between the right crus of the diaphragm and upper surface of right lobe of the river . It may be associated with acute abdomen or respiratory difficulty and is called Chilaiditi syndrome. Although clear on chest X ray mostly but may be confusing and require ultrasound or CT scan to clear the confusion of gas under the diaphragm.This chapter highlights about

Ethiopathogenesis clinical feature  and treatment of this syndrome, as it requires conservative treatment  and resolves but if reoccurs may  require fixing of intestines so as to prevent them from migrating to fossa below the diaphragm. Unrecognized it may lead to urgent unwarranted laparotomy with poor outcomes.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Sunil Kumar
Department of Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta University), Wardha, Maharashtra, India.

Deepak Talwar
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Metro Hospital, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

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Overview on the Role of Proteins as the Molecular Markers of Male Fertility | Chapter 9 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

Proteins play a key role in many functions such as metabolic activity, differentiation, as cargos and
cell fate regulators. It is necessary to know about the markers involved in male fertility in order to
develop remedies for the treatment of male infertility. But, the role of the proteins is not limited to
particular function in the biological systems. Some of the proteins act as ion channels such as catsper
and proteins like Nanos acts as a translational repressor in germ cells and expressed in prenatal
period whose role in male fertility is uncertain. Rbm5 is a pre mRNA splicing factor necessary for
sperm differentiation whose loss of function results deficit in sperm production. DEFB114 is a beta
defensin family protein necessary for sperm motility in LPS challenged mice where as TEX 101 is a
plasma membrane specific germ cell protein whose function is not clearly known u to now. Gpr56 is
another adhesion protein whose null mutation leads to arrest of production of pups in rats. Amyloid
precursor protein role in Alzheimer’s disease is already known but it plays an important role in male
fertility also but its function is uncertain and has to be considered while targeting APP during the
treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. The study on amyloid precursor protein in male fertility is a novel
thing but requires further study in correlation to alzheimer’s disease.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Eswari Beeram
Department of Biochemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, A.P., India.

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Scientific Study on the Particle Nature of Thoughts – Do Thoughts Matter and Mass!!! | Chapter 8 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

In this paper, we have a look at the potential power of thoughts and whether thoughts do have mass
or the power to influence the physical environment like matter does with its gravitional field. We also
have a look at some of the mind-boggling experiments in which thoughts seem to affect the physical
universe and also take a peek at the probable mechanism of interaction between thoughts and the
external environment. Also some methodologies to perform such experiments have been outlined. But
really…
Do thoughts have the power to kill a cancer cell or bring back a cell from the point of no return into
viable existence?
Like the rice experiment, can good thoughts amplify cell growth and bad thoughts cause a cell
death in a cell culture?
Again, can a cell culture inoculated with virus be affected by mere thoughts?
Can strong concentrated thoughts really heal?
Our thoughts are not just mere physical processes in our body. Human thoughts paved the way for
mankind to ascend the throne of ecosystem as a divine being. Thoughts not only determine a
person’s attitude and actions but also influence the physical world around him. Indeed thoughts which
inks the pen is mightier than the sword. It has the power to modulate the environment-air, water and
soil to help us, or hurt us if we seek to harm them. Harvesting controlled and devoted thoughts have
the potential to make dreams and miracles come true.
Till then THINK AND DO THINK… COZ THOUGHTS DO MATTER AND MASS.

Author(s) Details

Krishanko Das
Department of Internal Medicine, IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.

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Traditional Eye Medicine Practitioners in South Western Nigeria: A Need for Collaboration and Standardization of Current Practices | Chapter 7 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

Aim: To determine the magnitude of traditional eye medicine practitioners (TEMP), the eye conditions
they treat in a local community and proffer a form of continuous education to improve on their
practices.
Study Design: A prospective cross sectional study.
Methodology: Traditional medical practitioners (TMP) from two randomly selected local Government
areas (LGA) in Ogun State were invited for a One-day seminar on Primary healthcare in conjunction
with the Public Health department of The Babcock University Teaching Hospital, Ilishan-Remo, Ogun
State in April 2013. Each respondent completed an assistant administered Questionnaire.
Results: Fifty-six respondents took part in the study with 61% females. Age range was 28-73 years
with a mean of 50.49±11.24 years. 96.4% had at least Primary school education. Only 14.3%
indicated that they treat Eye conditions, while 32.1% did not indicate if they treated or did not treat eye
conditions. Eye conditions treated, were red eyes, eye discharges and Cataract. Medications used
were mainly plant extracts, breast milk, urine mixture and other native mixtures. Seventy-five percent
of the respondents that indicated treating eye conditions, learnt the treatment from their ‘masters’ and
50% of them presently have trainees. 32.1% of the respondents declined answering our questionnaire
but indicated interest in learning more about Primary eye care.
Conclusion: Reaching out to the traditional eye care practitioners is an essential tool towards
achieving Universal eye care in Nigeria.

Author(s) Details

Dr. O. Jagun Omodele,
Department of Surgery, Babcock University, Ilishan, Ogun, Nigeria.

Dr. I. Faturoti Olubukola
Department of Surgery, General Hospital Odan, Lagos State Nigeria

Dr. Ogechukwu Taiwo
Department of Surgery, Babcock University, Ilishan, Ogun, Nigeria

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A Scientific Study: Analysis of Brain-Neuromuscular Synchronization and Coupling Strength in Muscular Dystrophy after NPT Treatment | Chapter 6 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

We perform an analysis of brain-neuromuscular synchronization and coupling strength in muscular
dystrophy before and after NPT treatment. In order to estimate with accuracy the level of brain
synchronization, we introduce and use the method of the cross GMI that was elaborated by Pompe.
The finality is to account for the nonlinear chaotic dynamic contributions that regulate the dynamics.
We find that this method is excellent and it may be applied in such case of sEMG and EEG study as
well as at a general neurological level. By it we arrive to quantify the coupling strength and
synchronization first between two muscular sections (left and right trapezes) and after between Brain
activity, as recorded by the EEG, and the trapezes. We compare the results before and after the NPT
treatment and we find that the improvement obtained following such treatment is very consistent. We
have now in progress other studies relating in particular the application of such new methodologies to
other more serious pathologies as the HSP (Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia).

Author (s) Details

Elio Conte
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy and Department of Basic Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.

Ken Ware
The International NeuroPhysics Functional Performance Institute, Robina, Australia.

Riccardo Marvulli
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.

Giancarlo Ianieri
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.

Marisa Megna
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.

Sergio Conte
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy.

Leonardo Mendolicchio
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy.

Enrico Pierangeli
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy.

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Scientific Documentation and Analysis of the Autonomic Regulation in a Case of Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy Post Ken Ware NeuroPhysics Therapy | Chapter 5 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

This is a study on autonomic neuroscience. In a previous paper in Ware et al. [1], we studied a
subject affected from facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy before and after Ken Ware
NeuroPhysics Therapy (NPT). Using the non linear methodology of the Generalized Mutual
Information (GMI) analysis of Sensory Motor Rhythm, we produced detailed results evidencing that
the mentioned NPTinvolved a net improvement of the patient under his subjective psychological
condition, and in particular, under the neurological and sensory motor profile. We quantified with
accuracy the improvement that the subject realized during such treatment. Of course, previous
studies of several authors have evidenced that muscular dystrophies are strongly linked to a profound
ANS disfunction. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze the ANS of the subject before
and after the treatment. We performed analysis in time as well as in frequency domains using
nonlinear methods. The basic result of the paper was that, according to our analysis, the subjects
started with a serious ANS disfunction before NPT and that a net improvement was obtained after this
therapy. The results of all the examined parameters that were strongly out of normal range before the
treatment verified they had returned within normal range post NPT.

Author(s) Details

Ken Ware
The International Neuro Physics Functional Performance Institute, Energy Circuit, Robina, Australia. https://www.neurophysicstherapy.global/

Elio Conte
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy and Department of Basic Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.

Riccardo Marvulli
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.

Giancarlo Ianieri
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.

Marisa Megna

School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy.

Enrico Pierangeli
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy.

Sergio Conte
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy.

Leonardo Mendolicchio
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy.

Flavia Pellegrino
School of Advanced International Studies on Applied Theoretical and Non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy.

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Probiotics Therapy for Dermatophytosis | Chapter 4 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

Probiotics are widely being reported to alleviate lactose intolerance, suppress diarrhea, reduce
irritable bowel symptoms, prevent irritable bowel syndrome and exhibit anticolorectal cancer activities.
Recently clinical studies have reported that probiotics may exert other health promoting effects
beyond gut well-being like lowering blood cholesterol levels, exert antihypertensive effects, treat
urogenital effects, reduce allergic reactions, prevent dental caries, reduce risk of cancers,
immunomodulatory effects and in addition exert dermal effectslike improving atopic eczema, atopic
dermatitis, healing burns and scars, skin –rejuvenating properties along with improving skin ‘s innate
immunity. This review focus on various causesof dermal infections caused by (Trichophyton,
Microsporum and Epidermophyton), their signs, clinical features, current therapy (synthetic ant ifungal, Probiotic therapy) and the existing herbal therapy for these fungal infections. However, the use
of probiotics needs more standardization and validation thus providing an Insite to newer therapeutic
targets for dermatophyte infection.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Neha Mathur
Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow-226028, U.P, India.

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Experiment and Investigation on the Correlation of Histological Dating and Glycogen Content by Histochemical Stain during Various Phases of Menstrual Cycle in Primary Infertility | Chapter 3 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

Glycogen and its products of metabolism are considered to be the most important and direct source of
nutrient for the early conceptus. The premenstrual biopsies were taken from 100 women with primary
infertility whose male partners had normal semenograms. The biopsies were then subjected to
Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) and Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining with and without diastase to
study histological and histochemical changes particularly glycogen content in the endometrium
respectively. Histolomorphologic spectrum of endometrium on H & E stained sections revealed early
proliferative phase (4%), late proliferative phase (7%) and early secretory phase (7%), mid secretory
phase (33%) and late secretory phase (49%). PAS staining with or without diastase for glycogen was
performed and glycogen content, as demonstrated by magenta color, was graded from + to ++++.
Glycogen content was observed to be “+” to “++” in proliferative phase, where as in secretory phase, it
varied from “++” to “+++”. Glycogen was confirmed by treatment with diastase enzyme, after that PAS
stain gave negative staining, i.e. loss of magenta color as glycogen was digested by diastase.
Glycogen deficiency was observed in 24.7% of secretory phase endometrium of infertile women.
Depletion of glycogen results in inadequate preparation of endometrium at the time of implantation,
and hence, may be one of the causes of infertility.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Anshu Gupta
Department of Pathology, Institute of Human Behaviour & Allied Sciences (IHBAS), Delhi, India.

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Cervical Incompetence and Innovative Method for Re-tightening of Loose Cerclage Sticth (Adinma Procedure) | Chapter 2 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

Background: Cervical incompetence (CI) is a major cause of pregnancy loss and preterm delivery.
The management ususally requires the identification of the causes, through relevant evaluation,
followed by the application of an appropriate treatment modality, usually the insertion of the cervical
cerclage stitch.
Objective: To review cervical incompetence – its evaluation and management and highlights an
innovative method for ret-tightening of loose cerclage stitch (Adinma Procedure).
Methods: This review involves a literature search on the internet in relevant journals, textbooks and
monographs.
Results: The incidence of cervical incompetence in the general obstetrics population ranges from 0.5
- 1%, rising to 8% in women with a history of previous mid-trimester miscarriages. The causes may be
congenital as in Ehlers-Danlos syndrome or Marfan syndrome or acquired from cervical trauma or
intra-amniotic infections. Risk of CI includes recurrent mid-trimester miscarriages; a previous preterm
pre-mature rupture of membranes occurring before 32 weeks of pregnancy; or a previous pregnancy
with cervical length less than 25 mm measured before 27th weeks of gestation; previous history of
cervical trauma; some congenital abnormalities; and polycystic ovary disease. Diagnosis is made from
the assessment of cervical shortening; cervical dilatation in the absence of history of maternal uterine
contractions and mid-trimestral ultrasound measurement of cervical length less than 25mm.
Management usually involve transvaginal cervical cerclage, prophylactic abdominal cerclage when
indicated, and in rare occasions expectant management and the use of vaginal pessaries. Salvage of
cervical cerclage may involve simple re-tightening (Adinma) procedure.
Conclusion: Management of CI involves thorough evaluation to identify the various risk factors and
causes; and the restoration of cervical competence through cervical cerclage procedure. Post
procedure periodic evaluation and re-tightening improves the success of cervical cerclage and overall
ultimate outcome of the pregnancy

Author(s) Details

Adinma, Joseph Ifeanyi Brian-D
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University and Teaching Hospital, P.M.B. 5025, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria.

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The Prognostic Value of Total Neutrophil Count,Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratio and Left VentricularEjection Fraction in Predictingin-hospital Mortality and Complications after Acute STEMI: Prospective Investigation | Chapter 1 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

Background: Leukocytosis predominantly neutrophilia has been described following ST elevation
myocardial infarction (STEMI). But its exact association with clinical outcome of STEMI is not well
studied. So hereby we examined the cellular inflammatory response to STEMI in the blood was
assessed by total neutrophil count (TNC), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and Left ventricular
ejection fraction (LVEF) post myocardial infarction and their association with in-hospital mortality
and/or adverse clinical events.
Methods: 50 patients of acute STEMI were studied. In all the patients complete blood cell count
(CBC), total leukocyte count and differential leukocyte count were performed and
neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was calculated. Left ventricular ejection fraction was assessed
within one week of MI. Association of cellular response and ejection fraction with the incidence of
post-MI mortality/complicationswere assessed by using ROC curve analysis and chi square test.
Results: In-hospital mortality and post-STEMI complication rate were 8% and 42%, respectively.
Total neutrophil count and Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were predictors of mortality. High NLR and
lower LVEF were predictors of total complications and cardiogenic shock. Pump failure in the form of
acute pulmonary edema (6%) or cardiogenic shock (8%) occurred in 7 (14%) patients. Higher total
neutrophil counts, higher NLR and lower ejection fraction were predictors of pulmonary edema. The
frequency of ventricular tachyarrhythmias at the first day was associated with higher NLR level. High
TNC and low LVEF were predictors for first degree heart block and high NLR was predictor for third
degree heart bock and left bundle branch block.
Conclusion: A single CBC analysis along with routinely assessed parameter i.e. ejection fraction may
help to identify STEMI patients at risk for mortality and heart failure, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
is the most valuable in predicting both.

Author(s) Details

Deepa Malik
Department of Medicine, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

Yogender Kumar Malik
Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, PGIMS, Rohtak, Haryana, India.

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In vitro Antioxidant Effects and α -Amylase and α - Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Cissus polyantha Aqueous Extract | Chapter 10 | Current Topics in Medicine and Medical Research Vol.2

Cissus polyantha (Vitaceae) is a plant used in Cameroonian traditional medicine for the treatment of
diabetes. The aims of this study were to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of
the aqueous extract of Cissus polyantha leafy stems. The enzyme inhibitory activity was determined
in vitro on α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, followed by confirmative study in vivo on normal
rats (oral starch and sucrose tolerance tests at doses of 111, 222 and 444 mg/kg). The ferric reducing
antioxidant power and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) antiradical activity of the extract were
examined to evaluate the antioxidant potential of the extract.The total content of phenols, flavonoids
and tannins of the extract were also determined. Results showed an inhibitory effect of the extract on
the α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity with IC50 values of 216.14 and 182.40 µg/mL respectively.
The extract at doses of 222 and 444 mg/kg induced a significant decrease in postprandial glycaemia
during the starch and sucrose tolerance tests. A remarkable antiradical activity of the extract was
obtained, although lower than that of the standard product. The aqueous extract of leafy stems of
Cissus polyantha has an interesting inhibitory activity on the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes,
as well as an antioxidant potential, thus validating its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of
diabetes mellitus and its complications.

Author(s) Details

Wansi Ngnokam Sylvie Léa
Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, West Region, Cameroon.

Miaffo David
Department of Life and Earth Sciences, Higher Teachers’ Training College, University of Maroua, Far North Region, Cameroon

Mahamad Abba Talba
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Maroua, Far North Region, Maroua, Cameroon.

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Study of Some Therapeutic Properties of Algerian and French Propolis | Chapter 12 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol. 3

Propolis in Algeria is different in its composition and physical parameter, this fact could be due to the
diversity of the climate and the geographic areas from which propolis is usually harvested. The study
published in 2019 evaluate the pH, the total polyphenols and flavonoids contents in propolis. The
samples were labeled from P1 to P10, collected from different ecosystems in Algeria (Est, West,
Center and South).This study showed that the richest propolis samples of Algeria in total flavonoid
and total polyphenol contents were the ones collected from the southern (P10) and the western
regions (P6 and P8).
In 2020 recent in vitro study showed the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of propolis varieties with
high total polyphenols and flavonoids contents, which were chosen beforehand from an analysis
made of 10 propolis samples. The study revealed that EEAP of LAGHOUAT with high polyphenols
and flavonoids contents exhibits a strong antibacterial activity, and it may be indicated as an
alternative solution for the treatment of staphylococcal osteomyelitis.
On the other side, another in vivo study using a French propolis was published in 2014 regarding the
role of propolis in osteointegration enhancement in allograft autoclaved implanted in femur of dogs.
This study has shown how the propolis accelerates the osteointegration of the allograft covered with
propolis, to follow up that process radiologically until obtaining a total consolidation. The results
showed that the use of a graft covered with propolis enhances and accelerates the osteointegration
process.

Author(s)  Details

Dr. Abdellatif Boudra
Department of Animal Health, The Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000, Algeria.

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Somatic Embryogenesis of Cork Oak (Quercus suber L.): Influence of Culture Medium on the Secondary Somatic Regeneration | Chapter 11 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol. 3

In this chapter, we present the technique of somatic embryogenesis applied to cork oak (Quercus
suber L). Also, we will show how the effectiveness of this technique can be improved based on the
phase of secondary somatic embryogenesis. Specially, we try to demonstrate the effect of the culture
medium composition on the massive multiplication of the embryos by secondary somatic
embryogenesis. To achieve this aim, several factors affecting the proliferation and maturation of SSE,
such as the basic formulation of culture medium, were evaluated.

Author (s) Details

Naouar Ben Ali
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences-Tetouan, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.

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Effect of Conservation Methods on the Mineral Contents and the Nutritional Quality of the Oil of Some Maize Varieties (Zea mays L.) Produced in Côte d’Ivoire | Chapter 10 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol. 3

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of conservation methods on the mineral
content of some maize varieties during post-harvest storage. To meet the needs for the human and
animal consumption, it is necessary to determine the mineral contents of raw materials.
Methodology: Eight maize varieties, including two local varieties used as controls (“Violet de Katiola”
and AC176) and six improved varieties (Obatanpa, MDJ, EV8728, GMRP18, Acr97TZLcomp-1w and
Acr97TZLcomp-1wsynth), produced by the Centre National de Recherché Agronomique (CNRA),
were stored according to three preservation methods (granary, attic and jute bag) during 120 days.
Sampling was performed every 30 days, followed by chemical analyses.
Results: The ash contents of local varieties were better preserved in the granary than in the attic or
the jute bag because no significant variation was observed at the end of the preservation time. In
improved varieties, all the ash contents varied. Concerning constitutive minerals, magnesium and
calcium contents were preserved in all varieties respectively during 30 and 120 days of storage in the
granary, the attic and the jute bag. On the other hand, some variations were observed for potassium
and phosphorus contents. For example, “Violet de Katiola” potassium content was best preserved in
the jute bag during 120 days; AC176 and EV8728 potassium contents were best preserved in the attic
respectively during 90 days and 60 days. The three preservation modes were suitable to maintain
ACr97 comp1wsynth potassium content between 60 and 120 days; but in this variety, phosphorus
was best preserved in the attic during 90 days. In level of nutritional quality of oil of the maize
varieties, the tenor of palmitic and linoleic acids of local varieties remained stable for 2 months in the
bag and 4 months in the attic, respectively, whereas the levels of oleic and linolenic acids remained
stable for 4 months in the canary. For improved varieties, palmitic and linoleic acid levels remained
stable for 2 months and 4 months respectively in the bag and oleic acid levels for 4 months in the attic
and canary. For For improved varieties, palmitic and linoleic acid levels remained stable for 2 months
and 4 months respectively in the bag and oleic acid levels for 4 months in the attic and canary.
Ultimately, the impact of duration and the method of conservation on the parameters of the corn grain
oils studied depends on the variety.
Conclusion: The three modes of maize grain storage were suitable to preserve magnesium and
calcium contents of local and improved varieties and Acr97TZLcomp1-wsynth potassium content.
Also, the impact of duration and the method of conservation on the parameters of the corn grain oils
studied depends on the variety

Author(s) Details

Dr. Deffan Kahndo Prudence
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nangui-Abrogoua, 02 P.O.Box 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire.

Dr. Nemlin Gnopo Jean
Laboratory of Technological Research Station, National Center of Agronomic Research, 08 BP 881 Abidjan 08, Côte d’Ivoire.

Dr. Akanvou Louise
Laboratory of Technological Research Station, National Center of Agronomic Research, 08 BP 881 Abidjan 08, Côte d’Ivoire.

Dr. Deffan Zranseu Ange Benedicte
Laboratory of Technological Research Station, National Center of Agronomic Research, 08 BP 881 Abidjan 08, Côte d’Ivoire.

Pr. Prof. Kouamé Patrice
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nangui-Abrogoua, 02 P.O.Box 801 Abidjan 02, Côte d’Ivoire.

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A Review on Bioactivities of Necter Bee Sting | Chapter 9 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol. 3

The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is one of the world’s most advantageous creepy crawlies, because it
plays a basic part in numerous earthbound environments. The use of honeybee products has been
documented for thousands of years in many cultures for the treatment of human diseases, and their
healing properties have been documented in many religious texts. The present study sets out to
compile information on the history, chemical composition and scientific evidence concerning bee
venom research. The promising bioactivities have the potential to provide practical directions for
further investigation. PubMed database, Google Scholar Library, research articles, books, and
relevant web pages have been accessed to accumulate data so that the updated information included
in this study is as current as possible. At least 18 pharmacologically active components including
various enzymes, peptides, and amines are present in bee venom. Medicinal use of bee venom
therapy wields significant in vivo and in vitro outcomes to some extent mitigate the effects of
Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, HIV, arthritis, liver fibrosis, cancer, tumors, fibrotic
diseases, Lyme disease, etc. The effects of bee venom were the first documented in 1888 with the
publication of a European clinical study conducted on its impact on rheumatism. According to a study
published in the journal, bee venom has been used to treat various conditions for centuries. Such
research activities confirm the therapeutic effectiveness of bee venom and as a potential future
biomedicine.

Author (s) Details

Md. Nur Kabidul Azam
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of
Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh.

Md. Nasir Ahmed
Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhanmondi, Dhaka- 1209,
Bangladesh.

Samanta Biswas
Medical College for Women & Hospital (MCW&H), Uttara Model Town, Dhaka-1230, Bangladesh.

Akinori Hirashima
Laboratory of Pesticide Chemistry, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of
Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan.


Dr. Md. Nazmul Hasan, Associate Professor
Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of
Science and Technology, Jashore-7408, Bangladesh.


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Antimicrobial and Free Radical Scavenging Effects of Cow Urines from different Geographical Regions of Nepal | Chapter 8 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol. 3

Background: Cow urine has been extensively used as healing or additive agents in different parts of
Nepal, mainly to treat infections, cuts, burns, etc. Cow urine has been considered as revered and holy
water and used in many rituals and worshipping purposes. Along with therapeutic and rituals
ceremony cow urine is also used in cleansing and disinfecting the houses.
Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the in-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of
cow urine from different geographical region of Nepal.
Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity of cow urines was carried out by using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-
picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as free radicals. The antibacterial activity of cow urines was tested by the agar
disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (grampositive).
Results: The urine sample from Muktinath (Subalpine region) showed the highest 44.8±0.21%
inhibition against DPPH free radicals. The urine samples from Jajarkot and Marpha (Temperate zone)
showed 39.70±0.43% and 37.30±0.15% inhibition against DPPH free radicals respectively. The urine
samples from Palpa and Shyangja (Subtropical region) showed 30.00±0.24 and 34.4±0.01 percent
inhibition of DPPH radicals. The samples from Butwal and Dhangadhi (Tropical region) showed the
least percentage inhibition of 23.9±0.08 and 21.12±0.1 respectively. Amongst the entire sample, the
subalpine region of cow urine (Muktinath 3710m) made known the highest inhibition zone such as
10.56±0.05mm against S. aureus and 7.46±0.15 against E. coli.
Conclusion: Our study has concluded that cow urines have the antibacterial and antioxidant activities
and vary in potency according to altitudinal and climatic differences. Hence cow urine from the
subalpine zone has better antibacterial and antioxidant activity than that of lower altitudinal climatic
zones.

Author(s) Details

Ravin Bhandari
Department of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Devinagar-13, Butwal, Nepal

Dirgha Raj Joshi
Department of Pharmacy, Crimson College of Technology, Devinagar-13, Butwal, Nepal and College of Pharmacy, Yonsei
University 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.

Paras Mani Giri
Department of Pharmacy, University of Toledo, Ohio, USA.

Rabindra Kumar Rokaya
Department of Pharmacy, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Province no. 6, Jumla, Nepal.

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Spatial Dynamics and Structural Analysis of Dense Dry Forest Relics in Togo: Implications for Sustainable Management of Abdoulaye Wildlife Reserve | Chapter 7 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol. 3

In Togo, the dense dry forests are currently threatened by human activities and only a few relics are
found as islands in the central plain, particularly in the protected areas. This study seeks, based on
the analysis of spatial dynamics and structural parameters, reliable scientific information to guide the
development guidelines of these types of forest in the Abdoulaye Wildlife Reserve. The study of
spatial dynamics of land cover in the reserve is carried out by the diachronic analysis of Landsat
images of three different ages (1972, 1991 and 2019). The evaluation of the structural characteristics
of the islands of dry dense forest is based on the interpretation of the forest inventory data. Thus, the
analysis of the land cover dynamics of this reserve reveals a reduction in the area of forests between
1972 and 2019 at an annual rate of regression of 3% over the whole reserve. A total of 69 woody
species were inventoried in the dense dry forests with an average density of 681 stems/ha, an
average diameter of 22.03 ± 17.04 cm and an average height estimated at 13. 33 ± 6.22 m. These
results provide a scientific basis for testing ecological indicators of sustainable management of dry
dense forests in Togo. They also provide information on the implementation of guidelines for
improving past management methods for protected areas, based on government repression and
monopoly

Author(s) Details
Dr. Kossi Adjonou
Laboratoire de Recherche Forestière, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 BP : 1515, Lomé, Togo.

Mr. Oyétoundé Djiwa
Direction de la Planification, Ministère de l'Environnement et des Ressources Forestières, 01 BP: 4825, Lomé, Togo.

Mr. Yendouhame Kombate
Direction de la Planification, Ministère de l'Environnement et des Ressources Forestières, 01 BP: 4825, Lomé, Togo.

Pr. Adzo Dzifa Kokutse
Laboratoire de Recherche Forestière, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 BP : 1515, Lomé, Togo.

Pr. Kouami Kokou
Laboratoire de Recherche Forestière, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, 01 BP : 1515, Lomé, Togo

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PR-DFT: A Review of the Computational Approach in Prediction of Eukaryotic Promoter Regions | Chapter 6 | Current Research Trends in Biological Science Vol. 3

Identification of promoters is of great significance for determining transcription site, finding protein
coding regions and annotating the functional structures of genes. Computational prediction of
promoters and subsequent identification of transcriptional site is most sought after research area in
biological science. This communication discusses PR-DFT, a simple algorithm with high specificity
and sensitivity for determining promoter regions in human genomic sequences. This computational
method relies upon non-redundant and experimentally verified promoter data sets form Eukaryotic
Promoter Database (EPD) as training parameters. This technique predicts and computationally
satisfies the promoter regions in the NCBI annotated database around gene sequences.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Quazi Mohmmad Alfred
Aliah University, Kolkata, India.

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