Kidney Manifestations of Covid-19 | Chapter 12 | Clinical Manifestations of Covid-19: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach

 

Infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS CoV-2) virus causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The disease is primarily a pulmonary disease but with multisystem (extra-pulmonary) manifestations, of which the kidneys are involved. Affection of the kidney is caused by the direct invasion of the virus or as a consequence of the immunological response to the presence of the virus. The resultant manifestation could range from an asymptomatic proteinuria to an acute kidney injury requiring kidney replacement therapy. The presence of kidney dysfunction in COVID-19 increases the severity of the disease and the risk of mortality.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Abdul-Karim Olayinka Shitu
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria.

 

Daniel Gilbert Uchendu
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-81-973195-5-6/CH12

Synthesization and Characterization of the N-substituted Tetrahydrocarbazole Compounds by Molecular Docking Method | Chapter 5 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 1

 

The objective of the study was to synthesize and characterize the N-substituted tetrahydrocarbazole compounds, along with molecular docking studies of the synthesized compounds associated with the evaluation of anti-bacterial activity by the agar cup method. Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target. The heterocyclic compounds named tetrahydrocarbazoles have significant biological properties. The recently created substituted tetrahydrocarbazole compounds were made by refluxing substituted cyclohexanone and phenylhydrazine in glacial acetic acid. These intermediates were ultimately transformed into N-substituted tetrahydrocarbazoles through a reaction with substituted aromatic acid chlorides in alkaline conditions.  Fifteen compounds are synthesized and characterized by their melting point (MP), IR, NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. All the compounds were subjected to molecular docking studies for Gln-6-p enzyme (1XFF) inhibition. The newly synthesized tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives were studied for anti-microbial activity using the agar cup method. In silico studies revealed that all the synthesized compounds have relatively better binding affinity as compared to the standard drug. So, it may be considered a good inhibitor of GlcN-6-P.  The anti-microbial activity was assessed by the agar cup plate method, and the results showed eight compounds having a better anti-microbial response against the bacterial and fungal strains. The study helps to expand the scope of developing these tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives, which help to promote effective anti-bacterial agents.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Sakinala Padmavathi
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Phytochemistry, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur-522503, India

 

Ramu Bhadramaraju
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Madhira Institute of Science and Technology (Mits College of Pharmacy), Palennaram, Chilkure, Kodad, Suryapet District, Telangana, India.

 

Mamatha Uddoju
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440033, India.

 

Nosina Venkataramana
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Phytochemistry, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur-522503, India.

 

Madhukar Rajaram Tajne
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Phytochemistry, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur-522503, India.

 

Illuri Supriya
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Phytochemistry, Nirmala College of Pharmacy, Atmakur, Mangalagiri, Guntur-522503, India.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v1/41

AI in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Present Senario in Pharma Industry | Chapter 6 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 1

 

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming a potential model that uses human knowledge to solve difficult problems more quickly. The field of drug discovery, pharmaceutical formulation, and dosage form testing is about to undergo a radical change because of remarkable developments in AI and machine learning. Researchers may find disease-associated targets and anticipate how they would interact with possible treatment options by using AI-developed programs that examine vast biological data like proteomics and genomics. This raises the likelihood of successful pharmaceutical approvals by allowing for an efficientive and concentrated approach to drug development. AI may also save development costs by streamlining the research and development process. AI models enable pharmaceutical companies to design, automate, evaluate, and monitor human-centric and integration-centric activities and processes, helping them to deliver novel medicines more cost-effectively and on time. It improves repeatability, control, and visibility inside the firm while also streamlining and simplifying operations. It may help pharmaceutical manufacturers quickly understand and implement procedures and systems to improve their company operations, offering them the agility they require to respond to changing situations, new legislation, and expectations for a short product delivery life-cycle. Artificial intelligence evaluates patient information and enables the personalization of medicine approaches, hence improving patient adherence and treatment outcomes. This thorough overview section delves into the many uses of AI in the creation of drug delivery, formulation development, process optimization, evaluation, and PK/PD studies. The article discusses the benefits and drawbacks of several AI model strategies applying in pharmaceutical manufacturing. However, the pharmaceutical industry's increasing research and investment in AI creates several prospects for enhancing the treatment of patients and drug development processes.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Dr. Kotha Kranthi Kumar (Associate Professor)
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

 

Mrs. Jyothi M. (Associate Professor)
Department of Pharmaceutics, East Point College of Pharmacy, East Point Group of Institutions, Jnana Prabha, East Point Campus, Virgo Nagar, Bidarahalli, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v1/194

Impact of Covid-19 on Ear Nose and Oral Health during Pandemic | Chapter 3 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 1

 

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 is a novel coronavirus belonging to the family Coronaviridae originating in Wuhan, China has created an impact across the globe. The SARS-CoV-2, which started initially as a severe pneumonia outbreak in China, has now quickly spread all throughout the globe, COVID-19 has affected a large number of people being reported in approximately 200 countries and territories. The disease has been declared a pandemic by the WHO on March 11, 2020. In this review, an update on virology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation with a detailed update on oral manifestations. The main suspected mechanism is invasion of the olfactory receptors centrally or damage of the olfactory epithelium which leads to post olfactory loss. Anosmia is usually associated with frontal headache.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Srividhya Srinivasan
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

K. Saraswathi Gopal
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

P. Mahesh Kumar
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

V. Poongodi
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

R. Anitha
Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College, Maher, India.

 

Please see the book here: https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v1/51

Formulation, Evaluation and Assessment of Bilayered Tablet of Candisertan Cilexetil Manufactured by Direct Compression Technique Quantitative Evaluation and Assessment | Chapter 4 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 1

 

A Sustained-Release Drug Delivery System is specially designed to provide a drug in the human body at a predetermined and constant rate (zero order dissolution).  The primary objective of sustained-release drug delivery is to ensure safety and to improve the efficacy of drugs as well as patient compliance. Conventional dosage forms are accused of repetitive dosing and unpredictable absorption windows that cause a wide range of fluctuations in drug concentration in the bloodstream and tissues with subsequent undesirable toxicity and poor therapeutic efficiency. Bi-layer tablet is suitable for the sequential release of two drugs in combination, separating two incompatible substances and also for sustained release tablets in which one layer is immediate release as the initial dose and the second layer is the maintenance dose. The goal of the present investigation was to formulate and evaluate bilayered tablets of Candisartan Cilexetil for an extended period of time. The tablets were prepared by using different polymers (Sodium Alginate, Ethyl Cellulose, HPMC K100M) in various proportions by using (Direct compression method technique).  The tablets were evaluated for Angle of Repose, Bulk Density, Taped Density, Weight Variation, Thickness, Hardness, Friability, Determination of drug content, Scanning Fourier transform- infrared spectroscopic analysis (FT- IR), In vitro Disintegration time Studies, In-vitro drug release studies, Stability studies of tablets and ex-vivo residence time. Nine formulations were developed by using different polymers in different proportion. The formulation F7 shows an in vitrodrug release of 96.28% in 12 h along with satisfactory results. From the experimental results, it was concluded that F7 was the best formulation based on dissolution profile and physical characteristics. Formulation (F7) showed total drug release in 12 hours and showed fair flow properties when compared to other formulations.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Raja Narender. B
Sree Chaitanya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thimmapoor, Karimnagar, Telangana 505527, India.

 

P. Pavan Kalyan
Sree Chaitanya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thimmapoor, Karimnagar, Telangana 505527, India.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v1/8518E

Innovations in Vesicular Drug Delivery: The Proniosomal Approach for Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy | Chapter 2 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 1

 

Novel drug delivery systems have made great progress in the field of nanotechnology. This review focuses on different aspects of proniosomes such as preparation, characterization, in vitro drug release, entrapment efficiency, applications in the present scenario in the market and future trends. In the development of new dosage forms, drug delivery using nanotechnology is playing a vital role. Vesicular drug delivery systems have gained wide attention in the field of nanotechnology, such as niosomes, liposomes and proniosomes. Among the vesicular carriers, proniosomes are superior. Proniosomes are water-soluble carrier particles that are coated with surfactant so these are dry formulations. They are rehydrated to use on agitation in hot aqueous media within minutes to form niosomal dispersion immediately. Both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs can be incorporated into these proteasomes. The physical stability problems of niosomes like aggregation, fusion and leaking are minimized in proniosomes, routes, such as oral, parenteral, dermal and transdermal, ocular, oral mucosal, vaginal, pulmonary, and intranasal. In the treatment of hypertension, Proniosomes are used as carriers for the transdermal delivery of captopril. Proniosomes are also used for the delivery of levonorgestrel the emergency contraceptive and many more. Proniosomes prolong the existence of the drug in the systemic circulation and finally reduce toxicity.  Proniosomes are an effective tool for targeting of drugs and have the potential to provide better treatment than conventional drug delivery system.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Saritha Medapati
Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Satya Prakash Panda
Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Visakhapatnam, India.

 

Krishna Mannem
Sir, C R Reddy College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eluru, India.

 

Latha Kukati
G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, India.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v1/8352E

Prediction of Active Sites of Bitter Taste Receptors through X-ray Crystal Structure of COX-2 Enzyme| Chapter 10 | Pharmaceutical Research - Recent Advances and Trends Vol. 1

 

Conventional taste masking methods including the use of sweeteners, amino acids and flavoring agents are often inadequate in masking the taste of highly bitter substances such as NSAIDs, i.e. ibuprofen, diclofenac sodium, mefenamic acid and etc., especially when these drugs are administered via the orally as syrups or solutions. The X-ray crystal structure of the enzyme COX-2 and the chemical structures of widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that bind to COX enzymes and activate the bitter taste receptor TAS2R14 are used in this commentary to discuss a novel approach to be used in the design of active sites of bitter taste receptors, especially TAS2R14. In order to better understand the nature of the interactions between bitter tastants and the chemical groups within the active site of the TAS2R14 receptor, the suggested approach entails docking calculations of the NSAIDs (ligands) to the active site of COX-2.

 

Author(s) Details:

 

Rafik Karaman
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine and Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Viadell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.

 

Gennaro Mecca
Ricercatore at EXO Ricerca, Potenza, Italy.

 

Salma Jumaa
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem, Palestine.

 

Please see the book here:  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/prrat/v1/68