Methods for Assessing Pollen Viability in Eggplant under High Temperatures | Chapter 9 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

In Northeastern Brazil, eggplant production is drastically reduced, especially when the high temperatures during flowering and fruiting of the eggplant for a prolonged period, makes pollen grains unfeasible, prevents full fertilization, results in defective fruits, reduces the fruit fixation rate, number of fruits and yield per plant. In this regard, the assessment of pollen viability under such conditions becomes of fundamental importance and can be used as an auxiliary trait in the selection processes of tolerant genotypes. This book chapter addresses the aspects to be considered when choosing and implementing the pollen viability assessment methodologies currently described for use on eggplants grown under high temperatures and their associations with the traits known to influence: fruit fixation rate, number of fruits and production per plant. There is no universal methodology for use in eggplant; but, under high temperatures the use of Carmine Acetic, Alexander stain and the germination of pollen grains in vitro proved to be efficient and with a high and positive genetic correlation with the traits associated with tolerance; they are easy to perform and inexpensive for pollens extracted from flowers in the field or greenhouse

Author (s) Details

Prof. Dr. Ricardo de Normandes Valadares
Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Chapadinha, MA, Brazil

Lilian Bonfim de Lima
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.

Danieli Andrade Nóbrega
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.

Jordana Antônia dos Santos Silva
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.

Prof. Dr. Adônis Queiroz Mendes
Department of Agriculture, Federal Institute of Pernambuco (IFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil

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Eggplant High Temperature Tolerance: A Brief Review | Chapter 8 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

In Northeastern Brazil, eggplant production is drastically reduced, especially when the flowering and fruiting season coincide with the high temperatures. Therefore, it is necessary that strategies for genotype evaluation and selection in the face of high temperatures should be adopted in field, screen mesh and/or greenhouse tests, based on traits associated with high temperature tolerance, aiming to obtain genotypes adapted to regions where high temperature is the limiting factor. This book chapter provides information on selection based on morphological traits associated with high temperature tolerance: FFI - fruit fixation index, NFP - number of fruits per plant, PP - production per plant and PV - pollen viability, evaluated in genotypes of eggplant in field and greenhouse tests under natural high temperature conditions in Northeastern Brazil, aiming to generate information for future eggplant breeding programs for high temperature tolerance

Author(s) Details
Dr. Ricardo de Normandes Valadares 
Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Chapadinha, MA, Brazil.

Danieli Andrade Nóbrega
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.

Jordana Antônia dos Santos Silva
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.

Dr. Adônis Queiroz Mendes
Department of Agriculture, Federal Institute of Pernambuco (IFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil.

Fabian Santana Silva
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.

Ítalo Jhonny Nunes Costa
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.

Dr. Dimas Menezes 
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil

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Pre Harvest Calcium Treatment under Selected Poly Films Improves Leaf Chlorophyll Content in Rose Cut Flower: Scientific Study | Chapter 14 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

Quality is a key attribute in marketing of cut flowers. This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of light transmission through selected poly films, rose cultivar and calcium foliar feed on leaf chlorophyll content. The study site was at an elevation of 2238 m above sea level with average maximum and minimum temperature ranges from 19°C to 22°C and 5°C to 8°C respectively. The area receives a total annual rainfall ranging from 1200 mm to 1400 mm. The experimental design was split split plot laid down in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with poly films forming the main plot treatments. Data collection involved use of Watch dog data logger mini weather station to determine Photosynthetically active radiation among other spectrum properties. Light transmission was evaluated using UV-1800 Shimadzu spectrophotometer. It was observed that leaf chlorophyll content increased with increase in calcium concentration in the foliar feed. The effect of temperature caused by varying light intensity on chlorophyll content is also discussed. The results obtained show impact of environmental and nutritional factors on rose cut flower quality.

Author(s) Details

G. Oloo-Abucheli
Department of Plant Sciences, Chuka University, P.O.Box 109-60400, Chuka, Kenya and Department of Crops, Horticulture and Soil Sciences, Egerton University, P.O.Box 536, Egerton, Kenya.

J. N. Aguyoh
Department of Agriculture and Environmental Studies, Rongo University College, P.O.Box 1023-40404, Rongo, Kenya.

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Salicylic Acid and Cold Storage in the Post-Harvest of Bird-of-Paradise | Chapter 13 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

The irregular opening of the florets and susceptibility to chilling damages are the major issues of cut Bird-of-Paradise flowers (Strelitzia reginae). The salicylic acid (SA) has shown to be a promising action in reducing chilling injury in many crops; however, its effect is not well elucidated in cut flowers. The objective of this study was to determine the action of SA on the development of reduction of hilling injury during storage of Bird-of-Paradise flowers. The stems were pulsed with 200 g L-1 of sucrose in added with three concentrations of SA (2, 4 and 6 mmol L-1) and control with only 200 g L-1 of sucrose for 24 hours. Subsequently, the stems were transferred to containers with water and conditioned at 5°C for chilling injury induction for 28 days. Water uptake rate, transpiration rate, fresh mass, electrolyte leakage, activity of peroxidase and phenolic compounds of bracts and sepals were determined weekly. The SA reduces the transpiration rate and keeps the mass fresh until 21 days. A reduction was observed in electrolyte leakage up to 14 days. All doses of SA increased POD activity of the bracts while water uptake rate, POD activity of the sepals and phenolic compound content of bracts and sepals are dependent on dose and storage period. It is concluded that the SA applied via pulsing reduces the chilling injury on Bird-of-Paradise cut flowers. In addition, it reduces the transpiration rate and maintains the fresh mass of the floral stems until 21 days. No correlation was found between POD activity and phenolic compounds.

Author (s) Details

Ariana Mota Pereira
Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa/MG, Brasil.

Mateus de Paula Gomes
Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa/MG, Brasil.

Renata Ranielly Pedroza Cruz
Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa/MG, Brasil

Ana Izabella Freire
 Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Holfs s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa/MG, Brasil.

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A Study on the Effect of Blanching on Quality of Custard Apple Pulp | Chapter 12 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

The study on the effect of blanching on quality of custard apple pulp was carried out in the Dept. of Agril. Process Engineering, C.A.E.T. and M.A.U. Parbhani in the year 2005-06. Statistical analysis and sensory evaluation of the data was carried out and it was observed that the complete inactivation of PPO activity was obtained by blanching the pulp at 83°C for 2 min. The application of heat facilitates molecule damage of constituents of pulp by denaturation of protein, evaporation of volatile constituents and gelatinization of starchy material. This may lead to the changes in sensorial characteristics of the pulp like increased viscosity, loss of flavor and taste and change in color. The average score for colour of custard apple pulp ranges from 7.25 to 7.75, for appearance from 6.91 to 7.73, for taste from 5.81 to 6.36, for texture from 6.12 to 6.5, for flavour from 5.95 to 6.5 and for overall acceptability from 6.56 to 6.76.

Author (s) Details

K. J. Kamble
Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, Dr. Annasaheb Shinde College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, MPKV, Rahuri-413722 (MS), India.

S. B. Soni
Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, Dr. Annasaheb Shinde College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, MPKV, Rahuri-413722 (MS), India.

Sujata Patil
Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, Dr. Annasaheb Shinde College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, MPKV, Rahuri-413722 (MS), India.

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Use of Plant Hormones on Postharvest Physiology of Bird of Paradise | Chapter 11 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia reginae Banks) has great market potential due to its intrinsic beauty and longer vase life. However, storage and transportation conditions are not always adequate and may lead to negative consequences on postharvest physiology and the quality of these flowers. Thus, this study determined the effect of pulsing treatment containing methyl jasmonate (MeJA) or salicylic acid (SA) in association with sucrose on the postharvest physiology of Bird of Paradise. Two           independent experiments were carried out. In the first one, floral stems were treated with 100, 250 and 400 μmol L-1 of MeJA plus 200 g L-1 of sucrose for 24 h. In the second experiment, the treatments consisted of 2, 4 and 6 mmol L-1 of SA in association with 200 g L-1 sucrose for 24 h. After the pulsing treatment, the floral stems of both experiments were kept in containers with water at room temperature. The analyses were performed on days 0 and 7 and the assessment comprised: Water uptake rate, transpiration rate, fresh mass loss, electrolyte leakage, peroxidase activity (POD) and phenolic compounds of the bracts and sepals. MeJA and SA reduced the water uptake rate by the stems. SA reduced transpiration rate, loss of fresh mass and phenolic compounds of sepals on day 0. On day 7, MeJA treatment reduced electrolyte leakage and increased POD activity. Otherwise, SA had no effect on electrolyte leakage and reduced POD activity. These results suggest that MeJA and AS act antagonistically on the electrolyte leakage and POD activity which might promote different effects on the postharvest physiology of Bird of Paradise stems, such as adverse patterns of the transpiration rate.

Author (s) Details

Ariana Mota Pereira
Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa/MG, Brasil

Mateus de Paula Gomes
Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa/MG, Brasil

Maria Eduarda da Silva Guimarães
Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa/MG, Brasil.

Dreice Nascimento Gonçalves
Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa/MG, Brasil.

Fernando Luiz Finger
Departamento de Fitotecnia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. PH Rolfs s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP 36570-900 Viçosa/MG, Brasil

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Protein Pattern of Phoenix dactylifera Seeded Strains Grown in Basrah Region Using Cluster and Principal Component Analysis: Brief Overview | Chapter 10 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

The present study was carried out on 17 seeded strains of date palm “Phoenix dactylifera L.” grown in Basrah region to investigate variations in protein pattern of leaflets and fruits among these strains. Cluster and principal component analysis were used to identify the degree of similarity and differences between date palm strains. The leaflet and fruit protein pattern on SDS-PAGE showed differences in band number, location, thickness and density leading to variations in protein quantity and quality among the studied strains. Cluster analysis data showed a high degree of similarity between leaflet and fruit samples of these strains recording an average similarity value of 0.76 and 0.67 for leaflet and fruit samples respectively. Cluster analysis also revealed that all strains occupied two main groups and then distributed into two subgroups under each main group. The principal component analysis showed that protein banding characters for leaflets and fruits could be used for identification of date palm seeded strains.

Author (s) Details

Ali H. M. Attaha
Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Agriculture College, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq.

Taha Y. Mhoder
Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Agriculture College, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq.

Abdul-Kareem M. Abd
Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Agriculture College, Basrah University, Basrah, Iraq

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Genetic Variability, Growth, Yield and Quality Traits of Some Genotypes of Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Jos-Plateau, Nigeria | Chapter 6 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

The improvement of the fresh bulb and the economic dry matter yields of onion is dependent on the morphogenetic variability and the interrelationships amongst morphological attributes which can be used to determine the quality or performance of the crop. This research was aimed to study the genetic variability, growth, yield and quality traits of some genotypes of onion (Ares, Violet de Galmi, Red Creole, “Wase”, “Dan Zaria”, “Dan Garko”, “Dan Giyawa”, “Bahaushe”, “Bakana” and “Yar Aleiro”) in Jos, Plateau State. Using the seedlings raised in the nursery, the genotypes were laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. Results showed that morphological attributes differed amongst the genotypes, except the number of leaves per plant, neck thickness and horizontal bulb diameter. The study concludes that genotypic differences, which are responsible for differences in fresh bulb and dry matter yields, exist amongst the different genotypes of onion. These attributes could be used as selection indices in the improvement of the onion. 

Author (s) Details

S. A. Sirajo 
Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology Nigeria.

Dr. O. A. T. Namo
Cytogenetics and Plant Breeding Unit, Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.

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Effects of Aqueous Neem Leaves Extract on 4th Stage Larvae of Diamondback Moth Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae): New Perspectives | Chapter 5 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella Linnaeus, 1758 (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is improperly and excessively controlled with synthetic insecticides in vegetable crops. Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is reported to be an alternative natural insecticide in the control of many insect pests including P. xylostella. The aims of this study are to evaluate the lethal, antifeedant and post- treatment effects of neem leaves extract, on the 4th instar larvae of P. xylostella compared to those of 2 synthetic insecticides (Conquest Plus 388 EC and Cydim Super). Exposure of larvae on cabbage leaves (Ø = 90 mm) treated or not during 24 h, showed mortality rates between 1.67 and 13.33% and highest mortalities were due to neem extract and Cydim Super. Larvae fed with cabbage leaves disks treated with neem extract, consumed 271.67 ± 47.64 mm2 of the surface while in the control, the consumption was 309.50 ± 35.57 mm2. The emerging rate of P. xylostella adults was lower 57.78 ± 13.04% for neem leaves extract compared to controls and insecticide treatments whose rates were from 65.32 ± 7.34 to 89.63 ± 4.23% (p = 0). Neem extract caused wing damage to 21.86% of emerged P. xylostella, compared to the controls and insecticide treatments where all emerging adults were normal. The neem leaves extract could enhance the management of 4th instar larvae of P. xylostella by regulating its development to adults and deforming wings. Therefore it can be considered as a new hope in developing a management program against P. xylostella.

Author (s) Details

Abla Déla Mondédji
Laboratoire d’Ecologie et d’Ecotoxicologie (LaEE), Département de Zoologie et de Biologie Animale, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Lomé, Togo.

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The Effectiveness of Bacterial Consortium in Bioremediation of Textile Wastewater Containing Dyes Remazol Blue: Recent Perspectives | Chapter 4 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

The research was focussed on the effectiveness of a bacterial consortium to the bioremediation of industrial waste water containing dye textiles blue Remazol, in which it has successfully been done. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the consortium of bacteria on the bioremediation of textile waste water, which contains Remazol blue dye. The process was to find out how the bacterial consortium’s capability in degrading the textile industry wastewater in which the blue dye Remazol is contained. The research was carried out experimentally using Randomized Complete Block and some factorial treatments. These two treatment factors comprise of two types; they are a). The type of microbial consortium consisting of the Consortium of Bacillus coagulans, B. pumilus, B. subtilis and Nitrosomonas sp.; consortium of bacteria Bacillus licheniformis, B. pumilus, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas putida and Nitrosomonas sp and a consortium of Paenibacillus amylolyticus bacteria, Nitrosomonas, B. circulans and B. pumilus and b). The factor of the concentration of Remazol blue on industrial wastewater. This particular textile wastewater containing Remazol blue with concentrations in which containing 200 ppm, 1000 ppm and 2500 ppm. The parameters of the study were BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), TSS (Total Suspended Solid) and decolorization efficiency. The data has been analyzed quantitatively. The results have shown that Bacillus coagulans, B. pumilus, B. subtilis and Nitrosomonas sp. became the most effective consortium in degrading remazol blue in textile wastewater. The evidence revealed that the higher concentration of remazol blue on wastewater, the smaller degradation effectiveness was resulted by the consortium. The consortium of Bacillus coagulans, B. pumilus, B. subtilis and Nitrosomonas sp. was able to degrade textile industrial wastewater with a maximum concentration of remazol blue up to 2500 ppm and the bacterial consortium was able to decolorize of Remazol blue that reaching to 84.9%; reducing the levels of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) to 57.9%; reducing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) of 37.7% and finally reducing Total Suspended Solid (TSS) more or less of 52%.

Author (s) Details

Ratu Safitri
Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Jatinangor Km 21 Bandung – Sumedang, Indonesia.

Mia Miranti
Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Jatinangor Km 21 Bandung – Sumedang, Indonesia.

Mursyidah Amniati
Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Jatinangor Km 21 Bandung – Sumedang, Indonesia.

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Influence of Sowing Dates on Performance of Component Crops in a Pineapple-based Intercropping System | Chapter 3 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

The effects of time of sowing cowpea into pineapple-pepper intercrop on growth and yields of cowpea and pepper in a pineapple-pepper intercropping system was investigated during the rainy and late seasons of 2011 and 2012 in Akure, a humid rainforest zone of Nigeria. The additive series of intercropping experiments were laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replications. Experimental treatments were based on varying time of sowing cowpea at three weeks intervals into pineapple-pepper intercrop in addition to the sole crop components. In the rainy-season planting, cowpea seed yields declined significantly by 80% with delayed sowing (at 6 and nine weeks) into the intercrop. In the late-season, cowpea seed yields dropped by over 50% with delayed planting. Pepper fruit yields also declined by 95% when cowpea was sown at the time of transplanting pepper in both the rainy and late season experiments. Cowpea yield components declined with delayed sowing while pepper yield components increased possibly via enhanced competition between pepper and cowpea. Sowing cowpea at the time of transplanting pepper lowered pineapple fruit yield. Land equivalent ratio values were more significant than one (>1) for all species mixtures indicating enhanced returns and complementarities among component crops.

Author (s) Details

A. J. Ajayi
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Technology, Federal College of Agriculture, Akure, Nigeria.

S. O. Agele
Department of Crop Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

O. P. Aiyelari
Department of Crop Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

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The Details of Maize Seed Quality in Response to Different Management Practices and Sites | Chapter 2 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

Maize seed quality during storage can decline to a level that may make the seed unacceptable for planting purpose. A factorial experiment randomized in complete block design with three replications was conducted during 2011/12 and 2012/13 planting seasons. The experiment comprised of three cropping systems (cowpea-maize rotation, monocropping maize and intercropped maize), three sites (Potchefstroom, Taung and Rustenburg) and two rates of nitrogen fertilizers applied in kg ha-1 at each site (0 and 95 at Potchefstroom, 0 and 92 at Rustenburg, 0 and 113.5 at Taung). The experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of cropping system, site and nitrogen fertilization on maize seed quality. Maize seeds harvested from Potchefstroom and Rustenburg had significantly (P < 0.05) higher oil content of 4.4% than maize seeds harvested from Taung. Maize plots applied with nitrogen fertilizer had significantly (P < 0.05) higher seeds protein content of 8.7% than maize plots without nitrogen fertilizer application. Maize seeds harvested from Potchefstroom had significantly (P < 0.05) higher starch content of 71.8% than maize seeds harvested from Rustenburg and Taung. Cowpea- maize rotation and intercropped maize had significantly (P < 0.05) higher seed phosphorus content of 0.50 and 0.52%, respectively than monocropped maize. In this study, site as factor played a vital role on quality of maize seeds. Maize seed quality was improved significantly by the interaction effect of site x season. There was correlation between soil N-NO3 and maize seed starch and protein content. 

Author(s) Details

E. T. Sebetha
Food Security and Safety Niche Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa.

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Ecological Impact of Plant Density and Planting Dates on the Population of Major Pod Sucking Bugs in Relation to Damage and Yield of Improved Pigeonpea Cultivar in Owerri Rainforest Zone, Nigeria | Chapter 1 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

Field experiment was carried out to access the population of three major pod sucking bugs namely Riptortus dentipes Fab. (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stall (Hemiptera: Coreidae), Anoplocnemis curvipes Fab (Hemiptera: coreidae) and their effect on damage, yield (kg ha-1) and yield components under varying plant densities and planting dates. The experiment was conducted at the Postgraduate Teaching and Research Farm, Department of Crop Science and Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri Imo State. Experiment was laid out in a 3 x 4 factorial and treatments comprised of four plant density of 190,474 plants ha-1, 125,000 plants ha-1, 80,000 plants ha-1, 55,556 plants ha-1 and  three planting dates, April (early season), July (Midseason), and October (late season), 2009 and 2010. The results, show that there was significant (p<0.05) population of the pod sucking bugs on pigeonpea flowers and pods at high plant density and low on plants at low plant density. There was significant (p<0.05) population of C. tomentosicollis and A. curvipes  in October while April and July planting seasons showed absence of C. tomentosicollis and A. curvipes The population of R. dentipes occurred throughout the season with peak population in April which decreased as planting was delayed till October. Also plants at high density recorded high pod and seed damage resulting in low values of seed yield (147.90 kg ha-1) in 2009, (168.80 kg ha-1) in 2010 when compared with pigeonpea planted at low density which had low pod and seed damage with high seed yield of 223.33 kg ha-1 in 2009, and 268.83 kg ha-1 in 2010. Also yield components like 100 pod/seed weight (g), pod/seed yield (g) per plant, number of seeds per pod were low on plants at high density, but high on plants at low density. July planting season recorded the lowest pest loads, pods/seed damage, with resultant high pod/seed yield and yield components compared with April and October planting seasons. Therefore, for high seed yield with minimal damage by pod sucking bugs, planting the early maturing pigeonpea in July at low density should be incorporated into farming systems in this zone as integrated Pest Management alternative.

Author(s) Details

Sunday Ani Dialoke
Department of Crop Science and Technology, School of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology, Federal University of Technology, P.M.B. 1526, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria.

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Types of Pruning and Training Systems for Melon Plants of Momordica Variety in the Greenhouse | Chapter 7 | Advances and Trends in Agricultural Sciences Vol. 4

In Brazil, the momordica variety of melon is cultivated in the field, growing close to soil and without any cultivation-related treatments. However, when fruits reach physiological maturity they crack, burst or the skin peels off from the pulp, exposing it to the environment and reducing the quantity and quality of the fruits produced. This problem could be minimized by adopting protected cultivation in a greenhouse or roof, with hydroponics and cultivation treatments, in particular vertical staking, pruning and fruit thinning. In this regard, this book chapter addresses the main aspects to be considered for the implementation of momordica melon cultivation in a greenhouse and the adoption of treatments that favor the full development and increase of quality and quantity of fruits yielded. The momordica variety can be grown under greenhouse, with vertical staking and fruit thinning regardless of the pruning technique used with great prospects of favorable results for yield and quality of the fruits produced.

Author (s) Details

Prof. Dr. Ricardo de Normandes Valadares
Agrarian and Environmental Sciences Center, Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), Chapadinha, MA, Brazil. 

Danieli Andrade Nóbrega
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.


Jordana Antônia dos Santos Silva
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.


Adônis Queiroz Mendes
Department of Agriculture, Federal Institute of Pernambuco (IFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil.


Fabian Santana Silva
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.


Fernando Antonio Tenório Rocha
Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), Recife, PE, Brazil.

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Sub-clinical Narcissistic Personality Score and Academic Performance | Chapter 13 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

Sub-clinical narcissism is the presence of narcissistic personality traits in otherwise normal people. People with high levels of these traits said to have inflated self-esteem and possibly a high egotism. A 40 itemed Narcissistic Personality Inventory is used to measure this type of personality traits. Those individuals who score above 20 points from the available 40 points of NPI-40 Inventory is considered to be having higher levels of Subclinical Narcissism and prone to exhibit socially dislikeable personality traits. This study tried to address the relationship between supposedly negative personality traits of Sub-clinical Narcissism using NPI-40 Score against past and present academic performance of a group of students in a Private University setup. The study included 202 participants from a Business School Division of a Private University. Analysis showed that only at the current academic levels of the respondents, NPI-40 scores were significantly correlating with their academic performance. Research implications are discussed.

Author(s) Details
Dr. R. Indradevi
VIT Business School, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India

Dr. Vaidhyanatha Balaji
VIT Business School, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India

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The Process of Acquiring Self-genius and Its Effects Creations beyond Time | Chapter 12 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

Love to bubble the innovative creativity within oneself and increase the capacity of creativity capacity in human nature show the most striking difference between him and the other creations and will never be the end for this aim because man has always been following the attainment of immortality and is ahead of its era. The innovative creativity capacity of the mind is the most powerful incentives to form the processes that human could have been successful to represent it till today because human did a lot of searches and endeavors to access the eternity and being vanguard against the time over the time so as to find the solution to this cycle but he couldn’t be successful in this field. Lack of access to the innovative internal sources is because the man should at the first step be aware of philosophy, ignorance and life and critic them without the slightest consideration so that by attending self architect be aware of the value and the ability of the mind and by depending on own ingenuity move toward the creation of the new theoretical to outshine the time and lead up to the millennium of those won be and the powerful presence and immortality would be realized that its output would be entering into the ultramodern mind cycle. The innovation means creating and providing new vents of the theoretical with the content of vanguard against the time. The process of entering to this cycle is so that the student must have believed his ignorance to be able to pass through his mental illness and feels the thirst of knowledge. Now he finds that having the eyes for viewing the wisdom and finding the ingenuity should pass via for main cycle to attend the knowledge and innovation through the sight of his architect (creator). Failure to pass the mentioned process expresses the shuck document with empty reason ownership. Realizing the process of forming own diagram and innovative design in this article has been delivered to the reader as discover page.

Author (s) Details

Mirtaleb Hosseini Kharvanagh
Department of Architecture, Islamic Azad University, Research and Science Branch, Zanjan, Iran.

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Investigating the Adequacy of Textual Materials Used in Teaching Science in Nigeria Secondary Schools for Conceptual Understanding with the New Physics and Chemistry Curriculum in View | Chapter 11 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

This study investigated the adequacy of physics and chemistry textbooks used in Senior Secondary Schools in Nigeria using Owerri municipal as case study. Five research questions guided the study. The sampled textual materials were the three recommended physics and chemistry textbooks. Twenty six physics teachers and thirty chemistry teachers from ten public secondary schools in Owerri municipal, Imo State were used. The evaluation of these text books were carried out using the modified form of 8 – point quantitative approach to content evaluation of science text books (QACEST) and teacher’s perception rating scales (TPRS). The modified form of the 8 – point QACEST was used to answer research questions 1 to 4 while research question 5 was answered using teacher’s perception rating scale. The result revealed that while all the text books were adequate in terms of content and study questions inadequacies exist in some of the texts in the areas of learning activities, illustrations and teacher’s perception. This simply implies that no single text books have completely met the requirements of the new physics curriculum and chemistry curriculum while comprehensive chemistry could serve as good as support to other textbooks. However, teachers should not adhere to a particular text book but rather should expose their students to a variety of text books depending on the goal or aim of the lessons. 

Author(s) Details

Dr. Chukwunenye, Joy Nkiruka
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education Owerri, Nigeria.

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The Performance of Islamic Banks in Terms of Transformational Leadership Style and Work Motivation as a Moderating Variable | Chapter 15 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

The purpose of this study is to study and analyze the impact of transformational leadership style on the performance of Islamic banks, using job motivation as an intermediate variable. Achieving the goals of Islamic banking organizations and individuals and unit members at the same time is a top priority for leaders. The leader can influence his followers, and their executors need to execute orders without using coercive means. In this way, subordinates can voluntarily follow the requirements of the organization and perform their duties by recommending leaders. Transformational leaders are not only aware of the needs of their subordinates, but they are also trying to increase the needs of lower levels to those of existing levels. The sample for this study was an Islamic Bank employee on South Sulawesi. The significance of the repeated measures t test for analyzing the data was determined by p <0.05. The results show that transformational leadership styles have a significant impact on job motivation. Transformational leadership styles have no significant impact on the performance of Islamic banks. There was no significant impact on the motivation of Islamic Banks.

Author(s) Details

Dr. B. L. Muchran
Faculty of Economics, Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia.

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The Study of the Effects of Educational Judo Practices & Games on Motor Abilities of 7-9 Years Aged Judo Athletes | Chapter 14 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of judo educational games on the development of motor skills in boys and girls aged 7-9 years. For Judo performance athletes, claw strength, balance, flexibility and coordination skills are among the most important basic motor skills. Within the framework of the basic principle of learning these skills by having fun in judo basic education process, examples of judo educational games that contribute to the development of children's basic motor skills are given. In this study, the contribution of Judo educational games on motor development of children can be evaluated by measuring with Eurofit Physical Fitness Test battery. In addition, in this study; In addition to being a resource for judo coaches working in the field, exemplary educational games were given for judo coaches and a sample of studies that could contribute to the development of children's motor skills were presented. This study will contribute to employees receive aimed to create a resource.

Author(s) Details

Sengul Demiral
Trakya University, Turkey.

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Preservation of Cultural Heritage Reflected in the Musical Tradition | Chapter 9 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

This paper refers to the musical tradition of the Turkish rural population in the Republic of North Macedonia with a focus on the western part of the country – Municipality Zhupa. The interest is driven from the knowledge of rich historical past of this area with several villages, and specifics of the settled population—Yuruk Turks. Changes in social structures, migration from villages to cities, development of the technology and the Internet, as well as changes oriented from traditional to contemporary social forms are factors that contribute to narrowing the traditional musical repertoire. However, this music is still one of the vital factors that continually sublimate events of the rich history of many centuries. This is confirmed by our field research started during 2013 and still continuing until nowadays by collecting, recording, and monitoring of certain secular events, in which music plays an important role. The performing ensemble depends on the occasion of the traditional rites, and it can be instrumental, vocal, or vocal-instrumental. The instrumental ensemble is still constituted of traditional instruments, davul, and zurna. The musical repertoire consists of local traditional and Rumelian songs (türkü and oyun havasi) from the wider region in which lyric thematic prevails.

Author(s) Details

Aida Islam
Faculty of Pedagogy “Sc Kliment Ohridski”, University "Ss. Cyril and Methodius", Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.

Stefanija Leshkova Zelenkovska
Music Academy, University “Goce Delcev”, Stip, Republic of North Macedonia.

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Heart Drawing, a New Diagnostic Tool: Administration and Scoring Manual | Chapter 8 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

Background: A comprehensive assessment includes an evaluation of a person’s capacity to identify and regulate emotions.  Affect, or emotional and behavioral regulation requires the capacity to identify internal experiences of emotions.  The Heart Drawing was developed as a non-threatening method for assessing a child’s capacity to identify emotions.  Most children enjoy drawing and the Heart drawing is usually experienced by the child as non-threatening and enjoyable. The Heart Drawing is a new, easy to use, and efficient tool that allows the clinician to assess a child’s affect regulation functioning, affective range and experience in a non-threatening manner. It can also be used to assess a child’s insightfulness and capacity to identify internal affective experiences.   Method: The child is asked to select colors for the feelings mad, sad, glad, and scared from a group of eight primary colors.  These simple feelings represent the bulk of a child’s emotional experience.  The child is then asked to draw a heart and to fill in the heart with the amount of each feeling that the child usually feels.  Results: Administration and discussion usually takes ten to fifteen minutes.   Conclusion: The article presents examples of drawing by children with various diagnoses and conditions along with a normative drawing for comparison.  The methodology has been found to be very helpful in assessing a child's emotional status and capacity to regulate emotions.

Author (s ) Details
Arthur Becker-Weidman
Center for Family Development, 5820 Main Street, Suite 406 Williamsville, NY 14221, New York, USA.

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Tourist Friendly Destination: Tourism Policy and Development Strategy in Kuala Lumpur | Chapter 7 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

Tourist friendly destination is a concept that gives satisfaction to tourists through utilization dimensions of spaces, activities, and products. Therefore, this study aims to find the potential of tourist friendly destination through the tourism policy and development strategy in national and state context. The findings show that some aspects need to be emphasized and have similarities in each of tourism policy and development strategy at the national and state level. This shows that tourism policy and development strategy made at national level could be followed at the state level. The tourism policy and development strategy at state level will continue with added value accordance with the current situation and the existing physical characteristics. Accordingly, in Kuala Lumpur there is no obstacle exist to planned, managed and developed through the concept of tourist friendly destination, where it is in line with the requirements of tourism policy and development strategy at national and state levels.

Author (s) Details
Dr. Ahmad Nazrin Aris Anuar
Centre of Studies for Park and Amenity Management, Faculty of Architecture Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

Norajlin Jaini
Centre of Studies for Park and Amenity Management, Faculty of Architecture Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.

Nur Idzhainee Hashim
Centre of Studies for Park and Amenity Management, Faculty of Architecture Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

Firdaus Chek Sulaiman
Centre of Studies for Park and Amenity Management, Faculty of Architecture Planning and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia

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Suggesting the Enhanced Lakatosian Conflict Map for Science Teaching: Overview | Chapter 6 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

This study is to suggest teaching strategies and procedures based on Lakatosian heuristic principle through suggested enhanced Lakatosian Conflict Map. Kuhn’s philosophy and history of science has been widely influential, but in this research it is argued that it is more appropriate to consider constructivist research within Science Education as ‘Research Program’ in the sense used by I. Lakatos. The Lakatosian Conflict Map applied in this research could help teachers understand the Cognitive dissonance between their students’ existing ideas and target scientific concepts.

Author(s) Details
Dr. Jun-Young Oh
Center for Integrated General Education, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

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Advanced Research on Pattern Cutting Skills in Small Scale Garment Industries and Teacher Education Universities in Ghana | Chapter 5 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

The purpose of the study was to compare pattern cutting skills taught in Teacher Education Universities in Ghana with what were used in local small scale garment industries. Fifty small scale entrepreneurs in six regions of Ghana were purposively selected to demonstrate how to take body measurements and cut patterns for a lady’s fitting dress. Measurement and pattern cutting procedures used by the garment producers were found to be different from what were taught at the Universities. All the demonstrators marked the measurements on their fabrics and cut the garments direct without paper patterns (freehand cutting). Their allowances for seams, hems and openings were larger than those in instructions for teaching at the Universities. Reasons for the demonstrators’ use of freehand cutting method were that: Cutting instructions were fewer and easier to commit into memory, making the process fast and the best option for the Ghanaian market’s increasing demand for new and fashionable custom-made garments; the pattern drafting method entailed a lot of work which attracted high charges their clients could not pay; drafted patterns did not produce fitting garments for many of their clients; freehand cutting was the most cost effective option; deep turnings for hems and seams were allowed in freehand cutting for future changes in design, figure and use. To the garment producers, making and keeping patterns of their clients for future use was not necessary, because girth measurement changes of Ghanaian women were very frequent. To bridge the gap between skill training in pattern cutting in the University and industrial practice, it is recommended that the University should involve entrepreneurs in the Garment Industry in their curriculum development and skill training. 

Author (s) Details

Phyllis Forster
Department of Home Economics Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana.

Irene Ampong
Department of Vocational and Technical Education, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.

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Critical Study on Poverty Alleviation Programmes in Ondo and Osun States of Nigeria: New Skills and Knowledge Acquired as a Result of Participation | Chapter 4 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of new skills and knowledge acquired by the beneficiaries as a result of their participation in the poverty alleviation programmes of the National Fadama Development Project III and the Justice Development and Peace Commission (JDPC) Programmes. This study adopted a descriptive research design. A total of 150 beneficiaries comprising 70 FADAMA III and 80 JDPC beneficiaries selected purposively from Ondo and Osun were picked for the study. A self-designed questionnaire was used for data collection. This was “Questionnaire for the beneficiaries of Fadama III and JDPC programmes (QBFJ)”. The QBFJ was designed to gather information on the skills and knowledge acquired by the beneficiaries. Data were analyzed using percentage and chi-square statistics. The study indicated that seven new skills were acquired by the beneficiaries. The beneficiaries also acquired knowledge on ten different types of management programmes. The result further revealed that skills acquired by the beneficiaries of poverty alleviation programmes were significantly influenced by their gender (x2 = 39.93, p <0.05), Bees keeping was the major skill acquired with 60% of the beneficiaries while 66.7% acquired knowledge on tree crops management. Conclusion: This study has established that good implementation of poverty alleviation programmes will improve the standard of living of the beneficiaries. Poverty incidence can thus become reduced with increased investment in people, improving their quality and enhancing their employment prospects. It is recommended that priorities for reform should include emphasizing investment in basic education, working to improve social equity in educational provision and encouraging vocational education and training.

Author(s) Details

Dr. E. O. Akinyemi 
Department of Arts Education, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria.

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Out-migration: A Relief Valve for a Local Economy Empirical Evidence from Vietnam | Chapter 3 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

Economic crisis and recession has been the context for many research taking through. Basing on an empirical research and using mainly the survey results of Hanoi female workers, this chapter seeks to understand how the pattern and trend of the out-migration female workers has been changed; what factors determined the out-migration and how the consequences are in the context of the economic crisis and recession. This chapter also improves the out-migration act as a “relief valve” for a local economy where jobs and investment opportunities are scarce and the migration out flow from urban to rural is more vulnerable to economic shocks. 

Author (s) Details

Mai Tuyet Thi Vu
Department of Planning and Development, National Economics University, Building A1, 207 Giai Phong Street, Ha Noi, Vietnam

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Scientific Approach of Cupping (Al-Hijamah) Training Programs Directed towards Healthcare Professionals: Trainees' Feedback as a Powerful Assessment Tool, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | Chapter 2 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

Background: The feedback of attendees constitutes a powerful tool for the evaluation of training programs directed towards healthcare professionals.  Objective: Using trainees' feedback, this study aimed to assess cupping (Al-Hijamah) training programs tailored for healthcare professionals in Saudi Arabia.  Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 483 healthcare workers who attended the cupping training programs conducted multiple times by National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) in Riyadh city. The participants completed a self-designed 6-item assessment form with a 5-point Likert scale at the end of each course.  Results: Trainees rated trainers (4.8 or 96.9%), organizational setup (4.2 or 84.8%), content relevance (4.5 or 90.6%), working and learning methods (4.5 or 90.7%), achievement of objectives (4.5 or 90.9%) and overall evaluation (4.9 or 97.1%) with a range of 4 (good-84.8% to excellent97.1%) to 5 on Likert scale. The training program satisfied their expectations as reported by 94.2% of trainees and 99.1% agreed that they were the right person to attend the course. A proportion of trainees (98%) reported to recommend this course for their colleagues. Participants gained the significant knowledge from infection control measures, research and evidence based cupping. The most important skills acquired by trainees were proper scarification and precisely selecting points of cupping. The trainees suggested increase in number of case studies, sessions and duration of handson training for improving training course.  Conclusion: The attendees' feedback positively supported all the six items of assessment form concerning both trainers and trainees and offered some strategies for improving training courses. The evaluation of training programs using trainees' feedback or other methods needs to be regularly practiced in all healthcare excellent centers of learning and training not only in Saudi Arabia but also other Gulf countries.

Author(s) Details

Naseem Akhtar Qureshi
National Center for Mental Health Promotion, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Sarah Mohammed Al Yousif
Department of Pharmaceutical Care, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Affairs, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Dr. Hamoud Abdullah
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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The Application of Translingualism to Language Revitalisation in Taiwan: Advanced Study | Chapter 1 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

Translingualism is a term from Steven G. Kellman [1] and David Schwarzer et al. [2], who see teaching an L2 as bridge building between languages that allow one to retain a unified mind and not be cloven into two for the sake of being multilingual. Thus, in contrast to multilingualism, translingualism stresses the process and not the goal. Classrooms where students come from two or more different language communities are established feature of schools in many countries. When multilingual word processing enables ethnolinguistic communities and students to express the funds of knowledge they possess, the school is truly preparing students to thrive in a global community characterized by rapid cultural and technological change. If translingualism is the process, then Action research (AR) is its method. This study explores the sociolinguistics of translingual forces: (1) how classroom experience or actual personal contact with elders in villages causes students of different cultural backgrounds to value other languages and (2) how students’ phonetic knowledge, literacy, as well as content knowledge in English may transfer to acquiring ethnic languages in a collaborative classroom. It mostly examines how the students in a community of Taiwan hailing from different cultural backgrounds and attending multilingual classrooms that promoted bi/multilingualism can come to value all languages spoken in a community. 

Author(s) Details

Huang, Tung-Chiou
Department of Language and Communication of Indigenous Peoples  National Dong Hwa University  No. 1, Sec. 2, Da Hsueh Rd., Shou-Feng, Hualien 974, Taiwan, Republic of China.  

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Literature and Society: Reflection on the Socio - Cultural Function of Oral Literary Genres in Rwandan Wedding and Death Contexts | Chapter 10 | Perspectives of Arts and Social Studies Vol. 4

Literature, society and culture cannot be separated from each other. This paper is concerned with the role that oral literature holds in society with particular interest in Rwandan wedding and burial ceremonies. The researcher reflects on oral genres as a product of society. Observation was used as research instrument besides translation, interpretation and contextual analysis hinged on two literary theories namely expressive theory and didactic theory of literature as spearheaded by Muleka’s Performer Centric Approach. The paper revealed that oral literary genres such as proverbs, elegy, pastoral poems and songs, religious and wedding songs, rhetorical and skillful expressions play a socio-cultural role. They depict the culture and reflect socio- cultural values among Rwandan citizens at a particular occasion. In wedding context, some of these genres reflect a “give and take” culture, thus building the social ties among people of the same society but from different clans. In the death context, the oral genres are didactic as they express the message of the role that the departed one(s) played, their deeds and how they behaved for the community stayed behind to ape. 

Author(s) Details

Bazimaziki Gabriel 
Department of Humanities and Language Education, University of Rwanda, P.O.Box 55, Rwamagana, Rwanda.

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