Nanoparticles in Dentistry: Applications and Future Perspectives | Chapter 14 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

Nanoparticles have emerged as a transformative innovation in dentistry, offering unique physicochemical properties that enhance diagnostic, preventive, and therapeutic outcomes. Their high surface-to-volume ratio, antimicrobial activity, and ability to interact at the molecular level have enabled wide-ranging applications across restorative dentistry, endodontics, periodontics, implantology, and oral medicine. Silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and calcium phosphate nanoparticles have shown promise in combating oral biofilms, preventing secondary caries, improving adhesion in restorative materials, and enhancing remineralisation of dental tissues. In implantology, nanoparticle coatings contribute to osseointegration and infection resistance, while in periodontics, nanocarriers facilitate targeted drug delivery and regenerative therapies. Despite these advances, challenges remain regarding biocompatibility, long-term stability, controlled release, and potential toxicity. Future research is expected to focus on smart nanoparticle systems with stimuli-responsive behaviours, multifunctional composites, and personalised nanodentistry tailored to individual patient needs. Overall, nanoparticles hold significant potential to revolutionize dental practice, improving both clinical efficacy and patient outcomes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Ioana Stanciu
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 4-12 Elisabeta Blvd, 030018, Bucharest, Romania

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/6349

 

Is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus One Disease? Subtype Classification and Clinical Implications | Chapter 13 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

This review aims to describe the four metabolic subtypes or clusters of Type 2 DM. It summarises these different subtypes based on clinical and laboratory features—such as glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD), age at onset, HbA1c, body mass index (BMI), and measures of insulin resistance and secretion—helping to characterise them. The main goal of identifying these clusters is to improve treatment personalisation and prevent complications that differ among these groups. The severe insulin-deficient group at diagnosis resembles Type 1 diabetes but lacks autoantibodies against beta cells and has different genetic markers. Microvascular complications like diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy are most common in this subtype, along with cardiovascular issues. Insulin therapy should be started early in this group. The insulin-resistant subtype is linked to the highest risk of diabetic nephropathy. Efforts to reduce insulin resistance and protect kidney function are essential for this cluster. The mild obesity-related and mild age-related subtypes usually have a lower risk of complications and respond well to lifestyle changes and weight loss. Recognising these subtypes of Type 2 DM allows for a personalised approach to disease management based on different metabolic profiles. For example, the insulin-deficient metabolic subtype carries the highest risk of microvascular complications, while the insulin-resistant subtype carries the greatest risk of diabetic kidney disease.

 

Author(s) Details

A. Manov
Internal Medicine and Transitional Year Residency Program, Mountain View Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

 

S. Shehnaz
Sunrise Health GME Consortium, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/6348

Serum Selenium Levels in Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Comparative Study in Nigerian Patients | Chapter 12 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

 

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer among men and also a significant cause of mortality. Over one million new cases were diagnosed in 2020, and over 300,000 deaths from prostate cancer were recorded in the same year. Selenium, a trace metal, has been investigated for its potential role in prostate cancer through mechanisms such as angiogenesis inhibition, modulation of cell death, and androgen receptor signalling. This study compares the serum Selenium (Se) levels of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer versus those diagnosed with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH).

 

The study was carried out in the University of Port Harcourt teaching Hospital (UPTH) and Gbeye hospital. A total of 81 patients who gave their consent, and had lower urinary tract symptoms were recruited over a 6 months period. 40 patients had Benign prostate enlargement, while 41 patients had prostate cancer. Blood samples were collected and analysed for Se using an Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Patient biodata, prostate-specific antigen, and serum selenium levels were collected and analysed using SPSS version 20.

 

The mean age of respondents in this study was 60(9) and 62(9) for BPH and PCa respectively. The mean BMI was 25.81 (2.04). The mean PSA of the BPH and PCa groups were 2(1) and 18(5) respectively P <0.001. The serum selenium level for those with BPH was 0.17 (0.07), while that for those with PCa was 0.14 (0.07) with a p-value of 0.073.

 

This study found that serum Se was lower in patients with PCa compared with controls (BPH) but this difference was not statistically significant. The role of Se in prostate diseases and, indeed, prostate cancer still requires further research. This is particularly important in West Africa, where the burden of prostate cancer is high.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Okigbeye Danagogo
Department of Surgery, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

 

Egbuchilem Chisor-Wabali
Department of Surgery, Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/6317

Assessing Knowledge and Perceptions of Dental Students Regarding the Management of Diabetic Patients | Chapter 11 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

 

Background: Patients with uncontrolled diabetes are at an increased risk for various oral health complications, particularly periodontal disease. Furthermore, evidence supports a bidirectional relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease. Dentists are well-positioned to detect undiagnosed patients with diabetes early by recognising oral manifestations of diabetes and referring suspected undiagnosed patients to a physician for further diagnostic workup. With the growing prevalence of diabetes, dental practitioners are expected to treat a higher number of diabetic patients in the coming years.

 

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of dental students regarding the management of diabetic patients.

 

Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a questionnaire among dental students at a private dental university in Morocco. Qualitative variables were presented in terms of frequencies and percentages and compared using a Chi-square test. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0.0 (Statistical Package for Social Science) software.

 

Results: A total of 268 students participated in the survey, yielding a response rate of 83.7%. The findings revealed that 80.6% of students recognised the importance of knowing the type of diabetes. However, only 14.2% were aware of the risks diabetic patients face during dental treatments. For analytical purposes, three groups corresponding to the final three years of the 6-year dental curriculum were compared. When asked about the risks associated with diabetic patients, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between the three groups. Additionally, a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) was observed among 4th, 5th, and 6th-year students regarding the prescription of antibiotics for endodontic procedures when HbA1c < 7. Furthermore, a significant difference (p < 0.001) was found between the three groups in their knowledge of antibiotics and analgesics commonly prescribed in dentistry for diabetic patients.

 

Conclusion: The care of diabetic patients requires the dentist to have perfect knowledge of the various risks to which they are exposed. To address the knowledge gap among dental students, it is essential to incorporate the management of diabetic patients into clinical internships. Lastly, continuing education programs should be implemented for dentists to enhance their understanding of diabetic patient management.

 

Author(s) Details

Soukaina Rouijel
International Faculty of Dental Medicine, Health Sciences Research Center (CReSS), College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Sala Al Jadida, Morocco.

 

Fatima Ezzahra Zidane
International Faculty of Dental Medicine, Health Sciences Research Center (CReSS), College of Health Sciences, International University of Rabat, Sala Al Jadida, Morocco.

 

Majid Sakout
Department of Conservative Odontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.

 

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/5669

Advances in Gene Therapy for Age Related Macular Degeneration (ARMD): A Promising Frontier | Chapter 10 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

 

A serious demographic and public health concern, age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) continues to be the leading cause of permanent loss of vision in the elderly globally. Conventional therapeutic approaches, including anti-VEGF injections and laser-based strategies, offer only temporary disease control and are limited in their ability to modify the underlying pathophysiology. It involves creating techniques to ensure sustained delivery of a range of antiangiogenic proteins. These are repetitive intravitreal injections, which put the patient at high risk of infection, costly drugs, low compliance, disparities in access, healthcare burden, increase the doctor-patient conflict, and are hectic for the elderly population. It is a degenerative disease that results in central vision loss by affecting the choriocapillaris, photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and macula. In recent years, gene therapy has developed as a transformational approach, integrating molecular genetics, vector engineering, and precision medicine principles to target the fundamental causes of ARMD. Gene therapy has emerged as a promising substitute, an innovative approach to treating ARMD by replacing faulty genes with healthy ones. Viral non-integrating vectors, such as Adeno-Associated Viral (AAV), act as envelopes that carry encoded genetic messages without impacting native cellular DNA. This chapter addresses the evolving importance of precision gene therapy in ARMD management, emphasising developments in gene replacement techniques. The high potential and efficiency of this therapy could make it an effective method, providing hope for patients and future healthcare.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Asra Warees
Optometry Section, Paramedical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Aleena Saeed
Optometry Section, Paramedical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Wasil Hasan
Biochemistry Section, Paramedical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Saima Ahsan
Optometry Section, Paramedical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Mohd Faraz
Department of Radiodiagnosis, J.N. Medical College, Paramedical College, Faculty of Medicine, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/6257

Primary High-Grade Serous Carcinoma of the Fallopian Tube Initially Misdiagnosed as Ovarian Carcinoma: A Case Report |Chapter 9| Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

 

Background: Historically, primary fallopian tube carcinoma has been reported to constitute only about 0.3% of all female genital tract malignancies. However, literature suggests that its actual incidence may be higher, as many cases are often classified as ovarian cancer. Preoperative diagnosis is difficult and challenging due to the absence of specific symptoms. Clinically, fallopian tube carcinoma resembles epithelial ovarian cancer, and histologically, it is also similar; hence, its evaluation and treatment are essentially the same.

 

Objective: As primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) is a rare gynecologic malignancy that poses a diagnostic dilemma and is often misdiagnosed as ovarian carcinoma, we report a case of primary high-grade serous adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube. This case highlights its role in the differential diagnosis of adnexal masses and emphasizing the diagnostic challenges and the importance of intraoperative evaluation, appropriate treatment and follow-up.

 

Case Summary: A 48-year-old woman presented with watery vaginal discharge, and on bimanual examination, a firm, non-tender mass in the left fornix measuring 6 × 6 cm separately from the uterus. Radiological imaging suggested an ovarian tumour, and serum CA-125 was markedly elevated at 2586 U/ml. The patient underwent staging laparotomy with total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, total omentectomy, and pelvic as well as para-aortic lymphadenectomy. Intraoperatively, a solid, polypoidal growth measuring 5 × 5 × 7 cm was identified arising from the fimbrial end of the left fallopian tube. Approximately 100 ml of hemorrhagic peritoneal fluid was noted in the pelvis,  and two para-aortic lymph nodes were enlarged, measuring up to 1.5 × 1 cm. Histopathological examination confirmed a poorly differentiated serous adenocarcinoma of the left fallopian tube, classified as histologic grade III and nuclear grade II, and staged as pathological stage IC2.

 

Outcome: Postoperatively, the patient received adjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin. She was monitored regularly over five years with physical examinations, CA-125 testing, and imaging studies, during which no symptoms or signs of recurrence were observed.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Gayam S.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vijay Marie Hospital, Hyderabad, India.

 

Babu C.
Department of Surgical Oncology, Apollo Hospital, Hyderabad, India.

 

V.V.S. L.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Vijay Marie Hospital, Hyderabad, India.

 

Maddali S.
Histopathology & Cytology Laboratory, Hyderabad, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/6258

Efficacy of Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring (IONM) in Preserving Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Function in Thyroid Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial | Chapter 8 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 11

 

Intraoperative nerve monitoring (IONM) is an essential technique for detecting Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN) function during thyroid surgery, significantly reducing the risk of nerve damage. IONM involves attaching sensors to the endotracheal tube, which stimulates the RLN and detects vocal cord motion. The study aims to determine whether IONM improves outcomes in thyroid surgery, particularly in preserving vocal cord function. Post-surgical voice function is assessed using tools like the GRBAS scale, CAPE-V, and the Voice Handicap Index (VHI), which evaluate dysphonia severity and its impact on daily life. This prospective randomized controlled study was conducted from January 2023 to May 2024 at PGIMER Chandigarh, involving 100 patients undergoing thyroidectomy. Surgical techniques involved using an NIM FLEX endotracheal tube for IONM in Group 1 and a standard Portex tube for Group 2. Nerve stimulation was performed using a monopolar stimulator probe, with real-time monitoring of amplitude and latency. In the preoperative 90-degree endoscopy, 96% of patients in the test group had bilateral true vocal cord (TVC) mobility, while 4% had left TVC palsy. In the control group, 100% had bilateral TVC mobility. In the test group, 86% of patients had bilateral TVC mobility, while 2% had right TVC palsy, 6% had left TVC palsy (2 of which were preoperative), 4% had right TVC paresis, and 2% had left TVC paresis. In the control group, 74% had bilateral TVC mobility, 2% had left TVC palsy, 14% had right TVC paresis, and 10% had left TVC paresis. There were no significant differences observed in GRBAS, VHI, CAPE-V, or MPD scores between the two groups on preoperative day, postoperative day 1, and postoperative day 10. The study highlighted that while IONM did not lead to a significant reduction in the overall incidence of RLN injury, it did aid in the preservation of vocal cord function. Transient nerve paresis was observed in the test group, specifically following repeated nerve stimulation, which was managed effectively with steroid therapy. Patients in the test group showed higher rates of bilateral true vocal cord mobility and less deviation from preoperative voice quality parameters, such as GRBAS scores and VHI, highlighting IONM’s role in reducing nerve injury severity and improving patient outcomes.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Shivam Saxena
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

 

Jaimanti Bakshi
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

 

Naresh Panda
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

 

Rijuneeta Gupta
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

 

Sourabha Patro
Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

 

Sanjay Munjal
Department of Speech and Audiometry, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

 

Tanvir Samra
Department of Anesthesia, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India.

 

Please see the book here :- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v11/6136