Examining the Causes and Economic Impact of Rural-Urban Migration | Book Publisher International

This research paper aims to study migration from rural to urban areas with the main concern that by the year 2050, it’s expected that 60% of the total world population will reside in urban areas. This is by all means a major transition from the 1950s when only 30% of the population resided in urban areas. The major concern here is whether developing economies will be prepared enough to cope with the socio-economic and political implications of this transition.

 

This study aims at adding value to already existing literature on migration patterns by looking at other possible factors that may cause rural-urban migration like social ties and relationships among other traditional factors like age, sex, marital status, income expectations and family size.

 

This research critically examines the effects of education on migration decisions by analyzing data on the level of education attained by the time a migrant makes a decision to migrate. The study found that most of the migrants to the urban areas have attained little or no education at all and the majority only have a primary level of education. The study also examines the socio-economic and environmental concepts associated with rural-urban migration such as the mushrooming of slum dwellings, urban unemployment, crime, environmental degradation and other social vices like drug peddling hawking and prostitution.

 

This study aims at suggesting policy recommendations based on the findings which can be of use to policymakers and the Government as they try to tackle this problem. Of great importance as found out in the study is the need to develop infrastructure in the rural areas, and create income-generating activities and employment opportunities in these areas in order to minimize urban migration. This should be followed by a Government-regulated and planned expansion of the urban informal sector to control the emergence of slum dwellings and unplanned economic activities. Finally, this study proposes areas that require further research such as the effect of technology, digitization of the economy effects of internet connectivity and mobile banking in influencing future migration patterns from rural to urban areas.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Mr. Simon Wangombe Ngai
University of Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Prof. L. P Mureithi
University of Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Dr. S. M Nyandemo
University of Nairobi, Kenya.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mono/978-93-48859-09-9

 

Concept of Housing and Settlement Development of Eco-Green-based Coastal Areas: A Case Study of Babelan and Tarumajaya, Bekasi, Indonesia | Chapter 6 | Geography, Earth Science and Environment: Research Highlights Vol. 5

In the coastal communities of the District Babelan and Tarumajaya Bekasi, daily life cannot be separated from dependency on infrastructure, public facilities and means of supporting the environment. The problem that is considered in this study is how the concept of structuring and developing housing and residential areas in coastal areas is based on eco-green and the purpose of arranging the concept of structuring and developing housing and residential areas in eco-based coastal areas so that the quality of the housing and settlement environment becomes better.

The methodology used in this research was carried out on the basis of the actual conditions of housing and settlement areas in the study areas in Babelan District, and Tarumajaya as previously described in the discussion ahead, then combined with eco-green-based assessment parameters. The variables studied consisted of 8 (eight) components, namely: 1) Environmental Conditions, 2) Building Management, 3) Clean Water, 4) Wastewater, 5) Drainage, 6) Solid Waste, 7) Energy, and 8) Energy. Energy, and 8) Transportation.

Based on the survey results and interviews, 1 housing unit is occupied by 2-3 families.   This results in the number of residents in 1 house totaling between 8 - 11 people.  The large number of families in 1 housing unit is based on a very close family relationship between parents and children, or brothers and sisters, even though they have their own families.  Ownership of permanent housing is based on joint ownership with parents as the main owners.  The co-living system shows that this is a common practice. 

Democratization in the family makes this habit a common thing. The physical character of the settlement as a coastal residential area is characterized by collective activities as fishermen. This activity is used as the identity of the settlement as a fishermen's settlement which is implemented in the utilization of space both personally in one dwelling, as well as communal space along the coast in the settlement area. The routine of fishermen's activities occurs continuously, thus making the coastal area a space that has activities throughout the day and night. In the context of settlements, the typology of functions as coastal settlements with fishermen's activities shows a fairly thick difference.

Based on the Eco-Green Concept in the arrangement and development of housing and settlements in coastal areas, including several things, namely: 1. green open space areas, including the concept of structuring riparian areas, namely the concept of improving the quality of settlements; 2. the concept of road network development; 3. the concept of handling waste; 4. the concept of handling clean water; 5. the concept of handling wastewater.

It is recommended that planning for housing and settlement areas based on eco-green should also be adjusted to the potential and planning of coastal areas. It is also expected that the community and developers in the construction of housing and residential areas in the coastal area the concept of eco-green are absolutely condition so that damage can be avoided for the preservation of the housing and settlement environment itself.

 

Author (s) Details

Zefri
Universitas Krisnadwipayana Jakarta, Bekasi, Indonesia.

 

Nurwahyi
Universitas Krisnadwipayana Jakarta, Bekasi, Indonesia.

 

Please see the book here:-https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/geserh/v5/3058

Investigating the Impact of Urbanization on Surface and Sub-Surface Water Flows and Statistical Change Detection in Water Cycle Over Two Decades | Chapter 13 | Emerging Issues in Environment, Geography and Earth Science Vol. 5

 The episode attempts to correlate and identify the monthly changes in the urban water era that have occurred throughout the urbanization of Bhopal City, India, all the while the previous twenty age and beyond. Several city cities are applique water related problems in India and abroad. Urbanization is defined as the material modification of landscapes that alters the unrefined regime of the environment encircling it, resulting in further changes in the domain's macro and micro atmosphere. Water scarcity and city flash floods are perennial issues in metropolitan scenes. Studies have determined that land use, land cover, water distillation, and urban development are the leading to factors of the hydrological phase's impacted components, that include combination, runoff, and evaporation. The flow of urban development so destabilizes water availability, water revitalize, and the water cycle.  The findings are established GIS plan of the research region from 1991 to 2009, which secondhand a rational approach of drainage and recharge estimates, as well as a mathematical analysis of accompanying built-up areas. Changes in the organic route of drainages have also been found using Soldier imagery during the last twenty age, which sexually transmitted disease in observing the adaptation of instinctive systems to city courses. The observations also disclose an intriguing connection that can be exploited for future research and tenable development.

Author(s) Details:

Sheetal Sharma,
School of Architecture VIT, Bhopal University, India.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/EIEGES-V5/article/view/12780

Impact of Land Cover Variability Indices on Land Surface Temperature Using Multi-Temporal Landsat Data in Greater Accra, Ghana| Chapter 7 | Novel Perspectives of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 3

 In soil skill, skilled are two famous standard procedures for weighing the soil liquid characteristic curve: the pressure plate plan providing the pF curve and the tensiometer providing the soil assimilation pressure curve. These two practical curves are mainly used for typifing and posing the soil water characteristics. The two approaches are established two very various calculation ideas, and material unity of the calculated variables has never existed illustrated. The currently thermodynamic expression of the pedostructure water memory curve h(W) admits us examining this unity, two together in theory and experimentally. This authorizes the object of the item. We establish that the pressure plate arrangement supports correct calculation points of the water memory curve of the pedostructure h(W) but on the condition that h is not deliberate usually, as prepared the air pressure used to the sample. Instead, in accordance with the thermodynamic belief grown attending, h must be determined as the mathematical of the air pressure used to the pedostructure sample to correspond to the assimilation pressure straightforwardly calculated for one tensiometer. We therefore show by virtue of what the hydrostructural limits of the hypothetical curve equating maybe supposed from some calculated curve, however calculation method. An use instance utilizing published pF curves is likely.

Author(s) Details:

Aarthi Aishwarya Devendran,
Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag (LKAB), Kullevägen, Malmberget Sweden.

Fabrice Banon,
Ecole Africaine des Métiers de l’Architecture et de l’Urbanisme, Lomé, Togo.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NPGEES-V3/article/view/9390

Retrieval of Urban Land Surface Temperature Matrices from Remotely Sensed Data: An Overview| Chapter 8 | Novel Perspectives of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 1

 In the judgment and monitoring of environmental and environmental processes, remote realizing is becoming a force to be imagined with. The part of temperature as a tool for listening urban growth and heat islands in cities about the world was checked in this study. The research went on reviewing the role of various land-use/land-cover changes as provable inputs in determining the city heat Island threshold. The study equally raise that in the case study regions, Landsat thermal data is commonly used to compute land surface hotness. The imagery' NDVI values are used to visualize if they correlate accompanying LST. We also discovered that directed classification is the optimal procedure for determining land use classes when the aim of a study is to obtain hotness profiles in some metropolitan region. In contrast to added methods like mono-bay and split-window, brightness hotness is determined expected popular in the literature resolved.

Author(s) Details:

Ike, Felix,
Department of Geography and Planning, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.

Mbah, Isaac Chiedozie,
Department of Geography and Planning, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.

Ochi Ejimofor,
Department of Architecture, Abia State University, Uturu, Nigeria.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NPGEES-V1/article/view/9020

Unplanned Urbanization and Canopy Losses in Punjab, India: A Theoretical Approach | Chapter 8 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 8

 The rise of concrete areas in cities, known as urbanisation, has resulted in a shift in land use patterns all throughout the world. The spread of concrete regions in cities has largely harmed the canopy cover in the regions. Parts of the land that were once covered in trees have now become the city's concrete flooring. Despite the fact that trees are necessary for a healthy ecosystem, they are being cut down without any thought or care. Punjab, an Indian state, has a high incidence of unplanned urbanisation, which has caused in a considerable loss of canopy. If the state had been rich in forested land, it would not have required much attention. Punjab, On the other hand, its extensive canopy cover is no longer recognised. Due to continued deforestation in the name of development, it has the least amount of forest cover in the country, accounting for roughly 3.67 percent of its 50362 square kilometres or even less. The state lost 9 lakh trees between 2011 and 2017, with regeneration and afforestation taking a second place. With each passing day, this percentage decreases as the state's tree-cutting campaign continues. With such a low canopy cover and a population of 28 million people to look after, the state has already begun to experience some of the negative consequences of unplanned urbanisation and canopy loss, such as the loss of biodiversity. Water scarcity, changes in weather patterns, foul air, and depletion of the water table are only a few examples. The goal of this study is to use existing data to document an increase in canopy losses in various sections of the Indian state of Punjab, and to explore the current repercussions of rapid urbanisation in the state. This article examines the state's startling canopy losses in recent years, as well as the effects of unsustainable growth in Punjab, India.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Kirandeep K. Dhami
Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, India.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V8/article/view/3241

Determining the Impact of Microclimatic Variables on Human Comfort; A Case Study of Akure Urban Environment, Nigeria | Chapter 3 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 7

The physiological equivalent temperature (PET) index was used in this study to assess differences in physiologic comfort of people living in the Akure metropolitan setting using a Geographic Information System (GIS). PET values were calculated from both microclimatic and thermophysiological data using the Rayman model, which may provide mean radiant temperature and PET, which are important in thermo-physiological heat balance models. It also looked at the responses of a sampled population to various land uses, which was the major goal of the study. the study: that is, to examine the geographical pattern of human comfort in the study region using a physiological equivalent temperature index across various land use types. As a result of diverse activities in each of the land uses evaluated, thermal heat stress was discovered geographically and temporally (6:00; 12:00; and 18:00 local standard time, LST) within the research area as high as (41-55) °C. The results also revealed that many of the respondents had not yet grasped the concept of thermal stress. as well as the consequences. The study's conclusion is that data should be collected during the dry season and that tree planting and urban greenery should be improved.

Author (S) Details

D. B. Alaigba
Regional Centre for Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.


O. O. Fabiyi
Regional Centre for Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.


O. S. Akinnawo
Regional Centre for Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.



View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V7/article/view/3055

 

Sociology of Youth | Book Publisher International

The current book examines the youth as a dynamic age group, typically 15-24 years old, in a quantitative and qualitative framework, as they are extremely influential in all societies around the world. If properly invested in, the kids have the potential to be extraordinarily innovative and creative. The development of industrial countries owes a great deal to the development of its youth. Proper efforts must be taken to train and educate the youth in order for them to engage in various events. Youth are the demographic that is most quickly influenced by new trends, modernism, and culture. As a result, they are constantly updated and capable of upgrading science and technology in any civilization. The youth have a big role to play in closing the generation gap. They make a significant contribution to raising GNP in every country. Youth have played a significant role in spreading the culture of change and modernization, as well as urbanisation and industrialization, which have all contributed to country growth. As a result, countries and governments must devote special attention to this age group in order to reap the most rewards.

Author(s) Details

Mohammad Taghi Sheykhi
Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/SY/article/view/2719

Study on Energy Efficiency and Green Activity Trends in Bangladesh | Chapter 7 | Current Approaches in Science and Technology Research Vol. 8

 This chapter aims to determine the trends in energy consumption patterns among residents of typical apartment dwelling in Dhaka, Bangladesh, utilising water, gas, and electricity as indicators. Green activities have increased in Bangladesh during the last decade as a result of increased urbanisation and a high concentration of industry. Some supportive variables are studied in this chapter in order to enable and assure that it continues to flourish. One of the most important drivers of the country's market preparedness for green activities is the residents' degree of knowledge. To demonstrate this, data on energy usage patterns were collected from Dhaka households over a two-year period between 2011 and 2019. Because the city and the environment are a symbiosis and not one without the other, a demand for city rehabilitation is always in action in tandem with the city's development. The human dynamic is analysed by aggregating residents' responses in order to determine whether or not humans are the most important determinant in the structure or destruction of the metropolis. Over the course of a decade, this research has found that becoming conscious citizens and starting change with one person is the most effective way to affect change locally, nationally, and worldwide.

Author (s) Details

Ishita Mouri Rahman
Milano School of Policy, Management and Environment, The New School, USA.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/CASTR-V8/article/view/1948