Management of Risk Factors and Associated Causes of Traffic Accidents in Arbil City, Kurdistan, Iraq: A Comprehensive Study | Chapter 8 | New Ideas Concerning Arts and Social Studies Vol. 1

Traffic accidents are a contributing factor to any loss of life, property, or services. It happens when a car runs into another car or something else. Certain elements will manifest, resulting in harm and potentially preventable incidents, and reduced by using the right strategies. These losses came from lower production and recovery costs. This study aimed to know management risk factors and associated causes of traffic accidents in Arbil city. This perspective-based study was conducted from January 2008 to December 2023, at Arbil City, Iraq, and all data was calculated by (NIMS). Data was collected and calculated until August 2020 after that some of the cases were not included and collected due to the COVID-19 lockdown.

 

A total of 41669 traffic cases were recorded during 2008-2023. A high prevalence was found in 2023, and 2022 accounted for 4769 (11.44%), and 4613 (11.07%). While low prevalence was seen in 2012, 2015, 2016, 2014, 2018, 2017, 2021, 2020, 2011, and 2010 years accounted 3320 (7.96%), 3119 (7.47%), 3087 (7.40%), 3066 (7.35%), 3008 (7.21%), 2999 (7.19%), 2871 (6.89%), 2485 (5.96%), 2104 (5.04%), 1943 (4.66%), 1295 (3.10%), 1253 (3%), 1023 (2.45%), and 714 (1.71%) respectively. Among all accidents with high prevalence were crashes 33149 (79.66%), 4343 (10.42%), 3182 (7.63%), bicycles 902 (2.16%), and 85 (0.20%).

 

Human conduct is linked to a high rate of traffic accidents leading to injuries and fatalities. Road accidents have become a significant public health hazard. A new technique for reducing the occurrence of this issue is required.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Muhsen Kamal Yasen
College of Management and Administration, Erbil Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nicass/v1/4209

A Simple Approach to Describe Traffic Fluxes and Urban Congestion by Attractors’ Method | Chapter 4 | Novel Perspectives of Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 6

 A mathematical approach was used to analyze positions of heavy and congested sell goods urban extents, which contained both the recognition of particular parts that attract trainers in a multipoint-to-multipoint traffic structure and their categorization (attractor’s value) as a function of the number of people visiting ruling class by car indifferent time ranges. Attractors' dispersion density values have happened calculated utilizing a Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) function, and they have been combined accompanying nodal and crucial traffic points and traffic mass in a "congestion" graph. Finally, cross-comparing congestion principles with the site of buildings, the drive network and the Corine Land Use/Land Cover environmental classification, a “Quality of Life” plan has been create. The authors use this term because the blockage of traffic flows, with all the problems that it requires (such as long travel occasion, air and acoustic contamination, and so on) is a good indicator of the character of life, exceptionally in small towns. The judgments demonstrate that this type of "off-line" reasoning would permit administrators to quickly and economically identify extents where traffic noise and jumps have defeater in competition impact on civilians' quality of existence and, as a result, concentrate priceless ground measurements and invasions primarily there.

Author(s) Details:

Emanuele Loret,
c/o European Space Agency (ESA), Frascati, Italy.

Gaia Gullotta,
c/o European Space Agency (ESA), Frascati, Italy.

Maurizio Fea,
Council of Presidency, Italian Geophysical Association (AGI), Rome, Italy.

Francesco Sarti,
Earth Observation Science Strategy, Coordination and Planning Office, Directorate of Earth Observation, European Space Agency (ESA), Frascati, Italy.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/NPGEES-V6/article/view/10101

Asthma Predictability Index among Children in Regard to Air Quality Prevalent in and Around Kolkata Metropolis | Chapter 5 | Challenging Issues on Environment and Earth Science Vol. 9

 Asthma is the most frequent chronic condition among children. Asthma diagnosis difficulties are common, leading in inadequate asthma management. Symptoms appear in about 80% of paediatric asthma patients before the age of six, with the majority appearing before the age of three. Only about a third of children who have had at least one episode of asthmatic symptoms by the age of three will develop asthma by the age of six (8). Asthma is under-diagnosed in 18–75 percent of asthmatic children. This city is classified as unfit for human habitation. The degradation of urban air quality is widespread in most megacities, and Kolkata Metropolitan City is no exception. The main goal of this chapter is to create an accurate model for asthma predictability index in children. To do so, an assessment of Kolkata air quality is conducted, in which the listed pollutants' annual average concentrations (RPM, SPM, NO2, and SO2) are classified into four different categories, and data is collected from 17 monitoring stations and classified as critical, high, moderate, and low pollution. In Kolkata, there are 17 monitoring stations, five of which are critical and the rest 12 fall into the high pollution category for NO2. In terms of RPM, four stations are critical and 13 stations record data that falls into the high pollution category. Model questionnaires were administered to 10% of the families in order to measure socioeconomic conditions, critical environmental conditions, the nature and types of health burdens, and attitudes toward health care facilities. Mapping with GIS provides a thorough and up-to-date understanding of the seasonal and spatial fluctuation of asthma, as well as evaluating the area's air quality.

Author(S) Details

Jayati Das
Shri Shikshayatan College, Kolkata, India.

Saibal Moitra
Allergy and Asthma Research Centre, Kolkata, India.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/CIEES-V9/article/view/4939

A Cross-Sectional Study Based on Near-Road Exposure to Air Pollution and Allergic Rhinitis among Vendors in Dakar, Senegal | Chapter 6 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 8

 Introduction: One of the most common causes of allergic rhinitis is the work environment. The majority of vendors in Dakar operate in areas close to heavily travelled highways, exposing them to higher levels of pollution. In this analysis, the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and its risk factors were calculated in these vendors.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among vendors in the HLM, Medina, and Petersen neighbourhoods of Dakar, Senegal, using a standardised questionnaire. A total of 200 vendors were contacted for interviews. In the absence of a respiratory infection, the symptoms of allergic rhinitis were characterised as rhinorrhea, nasal congestion, and sneezing. The relationship between socio-demographic features, occupational influences, and allergic rhinitis was investigated using a logistic regression analysis.

Vendors have an incidence of allergic rhinitis of 43%, according to the study's findings. Age [OR: 3.28 (1.02 - 10.51)], working environment [OR: 8.31 (2.39 - 28.95)], exposure to multiple sources of pollutants [OR: 4.08 (1.43 - 11.63)], and persistent cold [OR: 4.39 (1.15 - 16.85) were the independent variables associated with allergic rhinitis in these vendors, according to multivariate analysis.

Conclusion: Vendors in Dakar had a high prevalence of allergic rhinitis. More and more people are being subjected to high levels of air pollution as a result of the rapid and persistent urbanisation process. Our findings indicate that exposure to air pollution at work can cause allergic rhinitis in vendors.

Author (s) Details

Fatou K. Sylla
Institute of Health and Development—Public Health and Preventive Medecine, Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal.

Adama Faye
Institute of Health and Development—Public Health and Preventive Medecine, Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD), Dakar, Senegal.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMR-V8/article/view/823