Gallstones in Tikrit, Iraq: A Population–based Study on the Roles of Obesity, Gender, and Age | Chapter 1 | An Overview of Disease and Health Research Vol. 1

 

Background: Gallstone disease (Cholelithiasis) is among the most common gastrointestinal diseases across the globe. Its prevalence and the risk factors associated with it, however, vary markedly from one region to another. Although awareness of gallstone disease is rising in Iraq, data regarding its prevalence and associated risk factors are limited.

Aim: This study aimed to carry out an immense investigation into the prevalence of gallstones in Tikrit (Iraq) while trying to highlight sex, age, and body mass index (BMI) as risk factors.

Methods: Cross-sectional study executed on 468 grown individuals in Tikrit, Iraq, during the months spanning May to October in the year 2019. Diagnosis of gallstone prevalence was carried out via abdominal ultrasound, plus calculation of participants' BMIs through their heights and weights. SPSS software is used for data analysis. Chi-square tests coupled with logistic regression models were deployed to check associations between demographic variables and gallstone prevalence.

Results: The total prevalence of gallstones was 20.5%. Females (28.4%) were affected significantly more than males (12.4%). Individuals whose BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² had a significantly higher risk of the formation of gallstones (OR=3.41;95%CI:2.18–5.33). Age was not a significantly associated factor with the formation of gallstones.

Conclusion: Obesity, particularly in females, is the leading cause of gallstone disease in Tikrit, Iraq. Results from this study should prompt public health initiatives that direct efforts toward obesity as a predisposing factor, along with screening the vulnerable population at an early stage.

 

Author (s) Details

Abdulhadi M. Jumaa
Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq.

 

Ammar L. Hussein
Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq.

 

Meqdam A. Khalaf
Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/aodhr/v1/5254

Management of Risk Factors and Associated Causes of Traffic Accidents in Arbil City, Kurdistan, Iraq: A Comprehensive Study | Chapter 8 | New Ideas Concerning Arts and Social Studies Vol. 1

Traffic accidents are a contributing factor to any loss of life, property, or services. It happens when a car runs into another car or something else. Certain elements will manifest, resulting in harm and potentially preventable incidents, and reduced by using the right strategies. These losses came from lower production and recovery costs. This study aimed to know management risk factors and associated causes of traffic accidents in Arbil city. This perspective-based study was conducted from January 2008 to December 2023, at Arbil City, Iraq, and all data was calculated by (NIMS). Data was collected and calculated until August 2020 after that some of the cases were not included and collected due to the COVID-19 lockdown.

 

A total of 41669 traffic cases were recorded during 2008-2023. A high prevalence was found in 2023, and 2022 accounted for 4769 (11.44%), and 4613 (11.07%). While low prevalence was seen in 2012, 2015, 2016, 2014, 2018, 2017, 2021, 2020, 2011, and 2010 years accounted 3320 (7.96%), 3119 (7.47%), 3087 (7.40%), 3066 (7.35%), 3008 (7.21%), 2999 (7.19%), 2871 (6.89%), 2485 (5.96%), 2104 (5.04%), 1943 (4.66%), 1295 (3.10%), 1253 (3%), 1023 (2.45%), and 714 (1.71%) respectively. Among all accidents with high prevalence were crashes 33149 (79.66%), 4343 (10.42%), 3182 (7.63%), bicycles 902 (2.16%), and 85 (0.20%).

 

Human conduct is linked to a high rate of traffic accidents leading to injuries and fatalities. Road accidents have become a significant public health hazard. A new technique for reducing the occurrence of this issue is required.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Muhsen Kamal Yasen
College of Management and Administration, Erbil Polytechnic University, Kurdistan, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:-  https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/nicass/v1/4209

Prevalence of Bullying Victimization among School-Going Adolescents in Secondary Schools in Al-Karkh, Baghdad, Iraq | Chapter 8 | Current Progress in Arts and Social Studies Research Vol. 8

Background: Bullying victimization is a major public health problem. Interest in bullying in the Arab world is a recent phenomenon. In the last four decades, Iraq was exposed to wars, civil war, widespread violence and sectarian violence which in turn means unrest community, internally displaced families (low affluence) and high exposure to trauma. Publication on victimization in Iraq is limited.

Purpose:  This study was conducted to report bullying among students of Iraqi schools.

Methods: A total of 302 students from Baghdad were selected by a cluster random sample to include in this study. Participated students were recruited by multistage random sampling. An Arabic version of the standardized questionnaire was obtained from the International (ISPCAN). Identification of bullying (bullies, victims and sexual victims) was done by using a cutoff for the scoring of bullying manifestation in the questionnaire depending on three repeated actions at least to consider as bullies. Chi-square was used to examine the association of victimization and sexual victimization (dependent variable) with sex, smoking and drug abuse (independent variable). P value less than 0.05 was considered significant for meeting the criteria of bullying.

Results: Out of the total 39.1% were bullied pupils (victims) there was a significant association between bullying and victim with sex (P=0.001). A significant difference was noticed in age between those who reported sexual victimization and those who reported no sexual victimization. Bullying and victimization were significantly associated with smoking, drug abuse, and failure in school (P=0.001 for each).

Conclusion: A high prevalence of victimization (bully, victims and sexual victim was revealed among students in schools as a predictor for smoking and drug abuse.

 

Author (s) Details

 

Hyder M. Yahya
Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Iraq.

 

Mushtaq T. Hashim
Department of Medicine, Unit of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Iraq.

 

Eman A. Al-Kaseer
Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Iraq.

 

Jawad K. Al-Diwan
Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Baghdad University, Iraq.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cpassr/v8/3786

Detection of New Five Tri-allelic Patterns at Penta D Locus in Autosomal STRs during Establishment of Genetic Fingerprint Database for the Iraqi Security Forces| Chapter 9 | Perspective of Recent Advances in Medical Research Vol. 3

 In this affiliate, we provide new five instances of tri-allelic patterns that were found while construction a genetic mark on finger database for 354 signs up in the Iraqi security forces. The PowerPlex® Fusion System had happened used to type these things using the next 22 autosomal STRs : D3S1358, D1S1656, D2S441, D10S1248, D13S317, Penta E, D16S539, D18S51, D2S1338, CSF1PO, Penta D, TH01, vWA, D21S11, D7S820, D5S818, TPOX, D8S1179, D12S391, D19S433, FGA and D22S1045.All five tri-allelic patterns were noticed at the Penta D locus and had the genotype 9/11/13, 9.4/13/14, 9/10/11, 7/9/11, and 9/10/14 individually. Each instance belonged to the Type 2 tri-allelic pattern, that has three alleles that are reasonably smoothly distributed. Tri-allelic patterns in autosomal STRs happen in 5 cases out of 354 categorized folk, which shows a frequency of 1.41%.

Author(s) Details:

Esam Ghazi Mohammed Salih,
Ministry of Defense, Directorate of Military Medical Affairs, Iraq.

Mohammed Ibrahim Nader,
Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Majeed Arsheed Sabbah,
Forensic DNA Center Research and Training Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Mohammed Mahdi Al-Zubaidi,
Forensic DNA Center Research and Training Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq.

Hanan Khaleel Mahmood,
Ministry of Health, Medical-legal Directorate, Paternity and Kinship Section, Iraq.

Khalifah Mahdi Salih,
Ministry of Health, Medical-legal Directorate, Paternity and Kinship Section, Iraq.

Dhurgham Hameed Hasan,
Ministry of Health, Medical-legal Directorate, Paternity and Kinship Section, Iraq.

Please see the link here: https://stm.bookpi.org/PRAMR-V3/article/view/9068

Gap between Preferred and Observed Fertility Behaviors | Chapter 15 | Recent Developments in Medicine and Medical Research Vol. 4

 The goal of this research was to examine if C6 or C7 cervical spinal stenosis caused any transferred medial scapula pain. The dorsal scapular nerve is regarded to be the primary mediator of scapula discomfort of neurologic origin. Several species have dorsal root ganglion neurons with dichotomizing axons, which are thought to play a role in transferred pain. Many of the patients with medial scapula discomfort in an interventional spine clinic did not have C5 stenosis, but many of them did have C6 or C7 stenosis.

The charts of 278 patients who were diagnosed with cervical radiculopathy based on the location of pain at an interventional spine clinic throughout an 11-year period from 2008 to 2018 were reviewed. Cervical MRI imaging was performed on 135 of them. The information was gathered to see if there was a link between the severity of cervical stenosis and the location of pain on the scapula's medial border.

Patients with ipsilateral medial scapula pain had a stenosis rate of 0.0 percent at C4, 29.5 percent at C5, 64.6 percent at C6, 49.2 percent at C7, 0.0 percent at C8, and 80 percent with C6 or C7 stenosis.

Conclusion: This is the first case of referred pain from cervical stenosis at the C6 or C7 levels to the medial scapula. The mechanism of referred pain is discussed, along with a neurobiological explanation that is both plausible and testable.

Author(S) Details

Hajir H. Al-Ridhwany
Nineveh Health Directorate, Iraq.

Asma A. Aljawadi
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Mosul, Iraq.

View Book:- https://stm.bookpi.org/RDMMR-V4/article/view/4180

Breast Cancer Stage at the Time of Presentation: Clinicopathological Correlations | Chapter 7 | Highlights on Medicine and Medical Science Vol. 4

 Background: Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy and the second leading cause of death in women in Iraq, accounting for 23% of all cancer-related deaths. The disease's low survival rate is a direct result of the disease's advanced stages at diagnosis. The goal of this study is to document the composite stage of breast cancer in Iraqi patients at the time of diagnosis, as well as to correlate the observed findings with other clinical and pathological parameters at presentation.  Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective study that included the clinical and pathological characteristics of 448 Iraqi female breast cancer patients. The UICC TNM Classification System of Breast Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging were used to determine the composite stage of breast cancer. The parameters studied included the patient's age, disease stage, marital and educational status, history of lactation and hormonal intake (for a minimum of 6 months), family history of breast or other cancer, the affected breast side, and the effected breast side. The primary cancer's hormone (estrogen and progesterone) receptor (ER, PR) and Her2 content. Using the SPSS version 16.0 statistical program, a statistical analysis was performed to correlate the recorded composite stages at diagnosis with the corresponding clinical and pathological data. Four (0.9 percent) of the 448 patients had ductal carcinoma in situ (Stage 0). Stages I, II, and III were represented by 7.6 percent, 46.9 percent, and 39.3 percent, respectively, while Stage IV was represented by only 5.4 percent. There was no correlation found between the stage of breast cancer and the patients' age or history of lactation. The marital and educational statuses were found to have a significant relationship. status, history of hormonal use, contralateral breast involvement, and a family history of cancer The ER+PR+Her2+ (Triple Positive/Luminal B), ER-PR-Her2- (Triple Negative), ER+PR+Her2- (Luminal A), and ER-PRHer2+ (Her2) subtypes were found in 13.4%, 11.8 %, 48.2 %, and 9.8 % of the cases, respectively. The correlation between the composite stage and the corresponding breast cancer subtypes, as determined by immunohistochemical staining, was highly significant at p 0.01.

 Conclusions and Recommendations: Regression in Stage IV breast cancer at the time of presentation among Iraqi patients is one of the fruitful outcomes of launching the National Breast Cancer Early Detection Program. More professional efforts, supported by practical policy decisions, are recommended to reduce the stage of breast cancer by promoting evidence-based protocol guidelines and implementing comprehensive, well-designed diagnostic, screening, and cancer control strategies.


Author (S) Details

Prof. Dr. Nada A. S. Alwan
National Cancer Research Center, Baghdad University, Iraq.


Furat N. Tawfeeq
National Cancer Research Center, Baghdad University, Iraq.

Mina H. Maallah
Public Health, City University London, UK.

Safana A. Sattar
National Cancer Research Center, Baghdad University, Iraq.

View Book :- https://stm.bookpi.org/HMMS-V4/article/view/1690