Anticancer Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of Garlic (Allium sativum) Derived Allicin and Z-Ajoene | Chapter 3 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 9

 

Garlic (Allium sativum) derives much of its anticancer properties from sulfur-containing metabolites generated when cloves are crushed, including Allicin and its more stable rearrangement product Z‑Ajoene. Despite its rapid degradation, Allicin induces mitochondrial-driven apoptosis, changes the Nrf2 pathway to alter cellular redox balance, and inhibits drug efflux proteins (such as P glycoprotein) to render chemotherapy-resistant cancer cells more susceptible. Z‑Ajoene has multiple effects, including triggering endoplasmic reticulum stress_(upregulating BiP/GRP78 and activating the PERK/ATF4/CHOP axis blocking Wnt/β_catenin signaling through CK1α-mediated β-catenin phosphorylation, reducing oncogenic drivers like c-Myc, disrupting vimentin filaments to impair invasion, and selectively targeting cancer stem cells through AKT, TGF_β, Notch, and ERK/p38 pathways. Recent translational efforts include nanoformulation of Allicin for better stability and delivery, as well as combination regimens matching these drugs with traditional chemotherapeutics (e.g., 5-FU, paclitaxel), which demonstrate synergistic tumour suppression and lower systemic toxicity. Nanocage-based delivery systems, such as Al₁₂N₁₂ and B₁₂N₁₂, enhance allicin’s stability, bioavailability, and targeted delivery, significantly improving its therapeutic potential.

 

 

Author(s) Details

Shivani L. Bhuse
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, PES Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi-411044, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Pallavi M. Patil
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, PES Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi-411044, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Rajat R. Durbule
Department of Quality Assurance Technique, PES Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi-411044, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

Prathmesh B. Parkale
Department of Quality Assurance Technique, PES Modern College of Pharmacy, Nigdi-411044, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v9/6041

Prosthetic Implant-supported Rehabilitation after Mandibular Ameloblastoma Resection: An 8-year Follow-up Case Report |Chapter 2 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 9

 

Introduction: Ameloblastomas are benign but locally invasive odontogenic tumours, most frequently located in the mandible. The gold standard treatment is the surgical resection with safety margins. Postsurgical defects generate a significant morbidity that needs reconstruction and oral rehabilitation to restore the oral functions. Dental implants are the main option for prosthetic rehabilitation. An individualised treatment plan is necessary, which requires multidisciplinary teams: maxillofacial surgeons, implantologists and prosthodontists. Case presentation: This case report describes the prosthetic rehabilitation of a 42-year-old man after mandibular ameloblastoma resection. Excision of the lesion by segmental mandibulectomy and mandibular reconstruction by microvascularized fibula flap was performed. After placement of 6 dental implants, the patient was rehabilitated with a lower hybrid prosthesis by Computer-Aided Design-Computer-Aided Manufacturing. During an 8-year and 5-month follow-up, some clinical complications were observed: peri-implant disease and explantation of one implant due to a lack of osseointegration. A strict maintenance program was performed to avoid these problems.

 

Discussion and Conclusion: An immediate reconstruction of the postoperative defect is essential to avoid aesthetic problems and functional sequelae. The functional reconstruction of large mandibular segments with microvascularized flaps and dental implants is considered the best option. Nonetheless, it is vitally important to monitor the patient closely and to follow a maintenance program to minimise peri-implant disease.

 

Author(s) Details

Moreno-Soriano, C
Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.

 

Estrugo-Devesa, A
Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL, Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.

 

Castañeda-Vega, P
Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.

 

Jané-Salas, E
Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), University of Barcelona, Institut d’Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL, Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.

 

Antonio Marí Roig
Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Catalonia, Spain and Oral Health and Masticatory System Group (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute), IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.

 

López-López, J
Department of Odontostomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences (Dentistry), Institut d’Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL, Bellvitge Institute of Biomedical Research), Dentistry Hospital University of Barcelona – University of Barcelona, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v9/6001

Using Griffiths III for Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of a Child with Diagnostic Complexity: A Case Study | Chapter 1 | Medical Science: Recent Advances and Applications Vol. 9

 

Aims: This study illustrates the use of the Griffiths Child Development Scales 3rd edition (Griffiths III) to clarify a diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Disorder and possible other comorbid disorders with attentional and behavioural features.

 

Study Design:  A single case study integrating quantitative data from the Griffiths III with qualitative information derived from disaggregated item-level analysis and developmental constructs.

 

Methodology: A test battery of the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Conners 3 - Parent and Teacher Surveys, Long Form and the Goodenough–Harris Draw-a-Person test was administered before the Griffiths III. The concept of Theory of Mind is used to examine his difficulties on the Griffiths III Personal-Social-Emotional Subscale.

 

Results: The Griffiths III assessment revealed a scattered developmental profile, with developmental quotients (DQ) both above and below 50. The child demonstrated marked difficulties in:

 

Skills for Learning (e.g. attention, curiosity, processing speed)

Ways of Thinking, Memory, and Play

Language and Communication

Early Social and Emotional Development

These findings, in combination with qualitative analysis, helped to construct a more comprehensive developmental profile.

 

Conclusion: Assessment using Griffiths III added valuable depth to the diagnostic process, particularly in domains where normative scores fell at or below DQ 50. Evaluating children with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders presents challenges in early childhood, where scores alone may not reflect the full extent of the child’s needs. A thorough evaluation is essential when presenting behaviours impede typical development, as it supports the creation of tailored, individualised support plans. This study cautions against a narrow diagnostic lens and underscores the importance of ongoing, broad-based assessments for children presenting with complex or overlapping developmental concerns.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Jennifer Jansen
Association for Research in Infant and Child Development, South Africa and Psychology Department, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa.

 

Elizabeth Green
Association for Research in Infant and Child Development, South Africa and Psychology Department, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa.

 

Louise Stroud
Association for Research in Infant and Child Development, South Africa and Psychology Department, Nelson Mandela University, South Africa.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v9/5961

 

A Survey on Physician Perspectives and Treatment Preferences for Febrile Seizures in Children | Chapter 15 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 9

 

Background: Febrile seizures are the most common symptoms observed in pediatric patients and often prompt parents to seek medical attention. There are two types of febrile seizures: simple and Complex. While simple febrile seizures are typically harmless, complex febrile seizures can have long-term effects. These seizures occur due to fever without any intracranial infection or acute electrolyte imbalance between the ages of 6 months and 6 years old.

 

Most children with febrile seizures experience normal growth patterns and development after an episode. However, evidence suggests that both parents and physicians hold misconceptions about managing fever effectively.

 

Objective: This study aims to determine physician opinions regarding treatment preferences for children experiencing febrile seizure episodes within the age group ranging from six months up to five years old.

 

Methods: In June-July 2021 we conducted a cross-sectional study involving primary care physicians (n=100). A self-administered questionnaire was used via a Google form survey to gather data. Descriptive statistics were employed for analysis.

 

Results: Our study revealed that only 10% of physicians correctly identified a body temperature above 37.2°C as fever when measured axillary temperature is taken into account.

 

Furthermore, just 26.2% of the surveyed physicians considered signs and symptoms other than fever before prescribing antipyretics.

 

Notably, 85% of respondents prescribed antipyretics with the aim of controlling or preventing complications associated with fevers, particularly febrile seizures.

 

Additionally, most participants (76.3%) indicated that high fever could be an indicator of severe bacterial infection

 

Interestingly, the majority (91.3%) advised parents to alternate between ibuprofen and paracetamol if the child's fever did not subside.

 

Conclusion: Misconceptions regarding management and potential complications related to febrile seizures were evident among participating physicians in this study.

 

The findings indicate a need for improved recognition, assessment, and management by primary care providers when it comes to managing underlying illnesses in children presenting with a fever-related condition.

 

Author(s) Details

C. Tulasi Priya

Department of Pediatrics, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

Chaudhary Devanand Gulab

Department of Pediatrics, Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

 

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v9/311

Poha Consumption and Glycemic Control: An Experimental Study| Chapter 14 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 9

 

Background of the Study: A research study on poha consumption and glycemic control was conducted with the objective of assessing the efficacy of glycemic control. The population included patients with type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. They were allowed to continue their normal life pattern during the addition of poha as a diet.

 

Materials and Methods: A one-group pretest post-test design was used for the study. The sample size was 100. The setting was a selected village in Mangalore taluk in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka. The systematic sampling was used for the study.

 

Results: The post-test GRBS levels of all the patients were lesser than the pretest levels after one week of pretest. The patients did not have any additional complaints. The study was significant and was tested at a 0.05 level.

 

Conclusion: Poha is a part of the normal occasional diet in south India. Due to the ignorance of the glycemic control effect of this food, people do not consume it regularly. Because of the fiber content and slow release of glucose from the body, regular consumption of his food is very effective in controlling hyperglycemia. A large-scale awareness is to be created among the diabetic population regarding the efficacy of this food.

 

 

Author(s) Details

N.M. Jose

Srinivasa Institute of Nursing Sciences, Mukka, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v9/243

Long-Term Outcome and Maintenance of Outdoor Walking Ability After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty for Osteoarthritis Versus Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective Study | Chapter 13 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 9

 

Objective and Aim: Ambulation is important for maintaining health. It becomes difficult when the knee joint is severely damaged by diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the long-term results and maintenance of outdoor walking ability after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients with osteoarthritis versus rheumatoid arthritis.

 

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 205 patients with OA (285 knees) and 117 with RA (168 knees) who underwent primary TKA. We investigated the period during which they were able to walk outdoors for more than 10 minutes and the long-term outcomes of TKA. All TKA surgeries were performed via a medial parapatellar approach under general anesthesia by one surgeon at one institution. The mean follow-up durations in the OA and RA groups were 13.0 and 12.8 years, respectively.

 

Results: About 90% of participants in both the OA and RA groups were female. The mean ages at surgery in the OA and RA groups were 72.8 and 65 years, respectively. The cumulative frequencies of outdoor walking ability in the OA and RA groups were 39.3% and 44.1%, respectively, at 15 years, and 21.0% and 27.1%, respectively, at 20 years, with no significant intergroup differences (log-rank test, p=0.3017). The main cause of gait dysfunction was medical disease (55.7% and 61.4% in the OA and RA groups, respectively). The cumulative survival rate for TKA was 97% at 20 years in both groups. The preoperative risk factors for inability to walk outdoors were older age at TKA and consistently severe pain in the OA group, and older age at TKA, higher rheumatoid factor concentration, and oral corticosteroid use in the RA group.

 

Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the OA and RA groups in knee joint function after TKA, even in the long term. The cumulative survival rate for TKA was 97% at 20 years in both the OA and RA groups. TKA improves long-term knee function and has a similar long-term beneficial effect on outdoor walking ability in patients with OA and RA.

 

Author(s) Details

 

Fumiharu Yamashita

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan and Department of Rheumatology, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

Yoshitake Tsukasaki

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

Yoshiharu Shimozono

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

Shin Haku

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

Takaaki Shirai

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

Hiroshi Funakoshi

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

Daisuke Mori

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

Hideo Ito

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

Noboru Funakoshi

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan and Department of Rheumatology, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

Yasuyuki Mizuno

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

Masahiko Kobayashi

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

Megumi Itoi

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Nantan-shi, Kyoto, Japan.

Kazuha Kizaki

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan and Department of Rheumatology, Kyoto Shimogamo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v9/1185

 

Probiotics as an Adjuvant Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders | chapter 12 | Medical Research and Its Applications Vol. 9

 

Introduction: Many psychiatric illnesses have been linked to the gut microbiome, with supplements such as probiotics showing some efficacy in alleviating the symptoms of some psychiatric illnesses. There is a well-established, bidirectional connection between the gut microbiome and the brain, known as the gut-brain-axis. Research suggests that the gut-brain-axis may influence a variety of neurological functions, including the pathology of psychiatric disorders. The aim of this chapter is to evaluate the current literature investigating the effects of adjuvant probiotic or synbiotic administration in combination with first-line treatments for psychiatric illnesses.

 

Methods: This review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A systematic search of four databases was conducted using key terms related to treatments for psychiatric illnesses, the gut microbiome, and probiotics.

 

All results were then evaluated based on specific eligibility criteria.

 

Results: Ten studies met eligibility criteria and were analysed for reported changes in outcome measures used to assess the symptoms of psychiatric illness and the tolerability of treatment. All Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (n=7) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) (n=1) studies found adjuvant probiotic or synbiotic treatment to be more efficacious in improving the symptoms of psychiatric illness than the first-line treatment alone or with placebo. The schizophrenia studies (n=2) found adjuvant probiotic treatment to have no significant difference in clinical outcomes, but it was found to improve the tolerability of first-line antipsychotics.

 

Discussion and Conclusion: The findings of the studies included in this chapter suggest the use of adjuvant probiotic treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for MDD and GAD to be superior to SSRI treatment alone. Probiotic adjuvant treatment with antipsychotics could be beneficial for improving the tolerability of the antipsychotics, but these findings do not suggest that adjuvant probiotic treatment would result in improved clinical outcomes for symptoms of schizophrenia. Finally, it is said that the gut microbiome and the brain are clearly linked, and reviewed studies show that combining treatments that target both areas respectively is a viable and efficacious way to combat the symptoms and treat psychiatric illnesses.

 

 

Author(s) Details

E. Forth

Department of Psychiatry, Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada and Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston ON, Canada.

B. Buehner

Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada.

A. Storer

Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada.

C. Sgarbossa

Department of Psychiatry, Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada and Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston ON, Canada.

R. Milev

Department of Psychiatry, Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada, Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston ON, Canada and Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, ON, Canada.

A. Chinna Meyyappan

Department of Psychiatry, Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada, Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada and Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston ON, Canada.

 

Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/mria/v9/1103