Background: Acute Leukemia (AL) is one of the malignant hematological disorders, which is caused by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal hematopoietic cells. On the basis of different methods of diagnosis, Acute Leukemia has been divided into different types based on morphology, antigen presentation, and genetic abnormalities.
Aim: To study the distribution of Acute Leukemia cases, and
the expression of commonly used Cluster of Differentiation (CD markers) in
sub-classification of Acute Leukemia and aberrant expression of these markers.
Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at a Global
Reference Lab in Mumbai from January 2017 to December 2021 on 1538 Acute
Leukemia cases diagnosed based on 20% & more blasts on morphology and
Flowcytometry immunophenotyping. The data were analyzed by using “R Studio
version 1.4.1103”. Descriptive analyses were made to obtain the frequency and
percentage of Acute Leukemia classification in the population, in addition to
the characteristics of the sample, Age, and Gender.
Results: Out of 1538 Acute Leukemia (AL) cases, Acute
Myeloid Leukemia (AML) was found to be more common (59.49%) than Acute Lymphoid
Leukemia (ALL) (39.27%). Age distribution showed that ALL was more common in
the Pediatric age group, whereas AML was seen more commonly in adults and older
age. In further analysis of ALL, B-ALL was found to be higher as compared to
T-ALL. CD33 (92.74%), CD19 (100%), and CD7 (97.79%) were the most sensitive
markers for AML, B-cell, and T-cell, respectively. CD7, CD33, and CD13 were the
most commonly expressed aberrant markers found in them, respectively. The
immunophenotyping of acute leukemia not only differentiates leukemia into two
different types, AML or ALL, but further subcategories as well. Aberrant expression of myeloid markers in ALL
has been described to have a poor prognosis compared to one that does not show
aberrations.
Conclusion: Flowcytometry immunophenotyping is indispensable
fastest and most precise tool in defining the lineage of Acute Leukemia and
identification of Mixed Phenotypic Acute Leukemia (MPAL) and Undifferentiated
Leukemia. Aberrant expression of markers guides further cytogenetic and
molecular studies to a great extent and identification of blasts during
assessment of minimal residual disease. The evaluation of aberrant expression
with genetic phenotype and prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Author (s) Details
Namrata Singh
Department of Hematology, Metropolis Healthcare Ltd., Mumbai, India.
Sanjay Gohil
Department of Hematology, Metropolis Healthcare Ltd., Mumbai, India.
Jyothi Mathias
Department of Hematology, Metropolis Healthcare Ltd., Mumbai, India.
Reshma Haryan
Department of Hematology, Metropolis Healthcare Ltd., Mumbai, India.
Shamika Dhole
Department of Hematology, Metropolis Healthcare Ltd., Mumbai, India.
Shibani Ramchandra
Metropolis Healthcare Ltd., Mumbai, India.
Raj Jatale
Metropolis Healthcare Ltd., Mumbai, India.
Kirti Chadha
Metropolis Healthcare Ltd., Mumbai, India.
Please see the book here:- https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/msraa/v1/4983
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