Amalgamation of Ayurveda with Modern Medicine System – Need of the Hour | Chapter 6 | Trends in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.2

‘Good health is true wealth’, So the prime concern of every human being is to maintain the healthy state of body, mind and spirit to acquire comprehensive health. In wake of the fact that despite the availability of advanced technologically aided modern medicine system, our society is witnessing a rise in various life style disorders, chronic diseases and development of resistance to the existing remedies, integration of Ayurveda with Allopathy seems the need of the hour. A novel comprehensive system if generated by fusion of rich traditional therapies with modern medicine system, can utilize the best of both the systems without disrespecting any and can provide care in disease management, disease prevention, preservation, protection and rejuvenation of health. Amalgamation of Ayurveda with Allopathy will certainly be able to create a healthy society by developing a health care system that is more effective, less expensive and less toxic than either system used alone. 

Author (s) Details

Dr. Ruchika Nandha
Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.

Dr. Harpal Singh
Intensive Care Medicine, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Mohali, Punjab, India.

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Recent Study Hepatoprotective Activity of Morus alba (Linn). Leaves Extract against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats | Chapter 5 | Trends in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.2

Aim: To investigate the hepatoprotective activity of Morus alba Linn. leaves extracts against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity.  Materials and Methods: Leaves powder of Morus alba was successively extracted with petroleum ether extract (PEE), chloroform extract (CHE), alcoholic extract (ALE) and water extract (AQE) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity and using Standard drug is Liv-52.  Preliminary phytochemical tests were done. Results: The ALE showed presence of alkaloids, flavonoides, carbohydrates, tannins and steroids, while carbohydrates, flavonoides, alkaloids were present with AQE. The PEE, CHE, ALE did not produce any mortality. Carbon tetrachloride produced significant changes in biochemical parameters  (increases in serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), Serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), alanine phosphatase (ALP) and serum  bilirubin.), histological (damage to hepatocytes). using Standard drug Liv-52. Pretreatment with ALE and AQE extracts significantly prevented the biochemical and histological changes induced by CCl4 in the liver.  Conclusion: The present study that shows the ALE and AQE extracts possessed hepatoprotective activity.

Author(s) Details

Dr. M. G. Hogade, 
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, VDF School of Pharmacy, Latur, Maharashtra, India. 

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Transfusional Malaria and Associated Factors at the National Blood Transfusion Center of Niamey-Niger: Global Perspective | Chapter 4 | Trends in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.2

Transfusional malaria is an accidental transmission of Plasmodium via a blood transfusion. Its magnitude is underestimated and very little data on the assessment of this risk are available in Niger. However, the blood requirement for sickle cell anemia and children suffering from severe malaria with anemia is very important. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of plasmodial infection of blood bags at the National Blood Transfusion Center of Niamey (NBTC). Methodology: A cross-sectional study to diagnose Plasmodium infection by microscopy and Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) was carried out during the rainy season (September to November 2015). Blood grouping was performed by the BETH-VINCENT technique. Results: One thousand three hundred and fifty-seven (1357) blood bags were collected. One hundred and fifty-seven (11.6%) of the donors were infected with Plasmodium by microscopy and 2.4% (9/369) by rapid diagnostic test. All infections were with P. falciparum (100%). The mean parasite density was 197 parasites/L (SD=281; [80: 2000]). There were no significant differences in infection prevalence between the ABO blood groups ( = 0.3) or the rhesus positivity (p=08). There is also no significant difference in temporal (p = 0.1) and spatial ( = 0.6) distribution. Conclusion: The transmission of transfusional malaria during the rainy season is a fact in Niger. Such risks were independent of the ABO blood type and positivity for the rhesus antigen. Pretransfusion diagnosis or posttransfusion therapy should be instituted to prevent it.

Author (s) Details

Dr. Ibrahim Maman Laminou
Unité de Paludologie-Entomlogie Médicale, Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire, Niamey-Niger

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Stability Testing of Ayurvedic Formulations: Exigency of Today’s World: Brief Overview | Chapter 3 | Trends in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.2

The concept of stability is one of the most important issues regarding Ayurvedic formulations as till date no specific guidelines are available for the same. Although the Ayurvedic lexicon as well as Gazette notification issued by Government of India on 26th November, 2005 revealed  shelf life of Ayurvedic formulations but greater advancements in packaging and storage   technology now-a-days has created a need for the revision of their shelf life. Mainly, two   guidelines namely ICH (International Conference on Harmonization) and WHO (World Health Organization) provide details regarding parameters for stability study of pharmaceutical products  but ICH guidelines from Q1 to Q11 is generally followed. A well designed stability protocol               containing information like Selection of Batches and Samples, Test Attributes, Analytical  Procedures, Acceptance Criteria, Storage Conditions and period, Testing Frequency, Sampling    plan, Container Closure System etc, various types of stability study and stability testing methods should be taken into consideration. Currently pharmaceutical product are generally assayed using a validated stability indicating analytical method and an expiry date is marked based on the predicated period from date of manufacture when the pharmaceutical product would show more than 10% deterioration in the active molecule. So, these guidelines may also be implemented on Ayurvedic formulations where percentage degradation can be assayed when the product is stored at different conditions of temperature and humidity. The general concept of stability for Ayurvedicor modern medicine remains same but the parameters used to assess the stability may vary from product to product.

Author(s) Details

Dr. Chinky Goyal
Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishjya Kalpana, Shri Dhanwantry Ayurvedic College and Dabur Dhanwantry Hospital, Sector-46 B, Chandigarh, India.

Dr. Gupta Arun Kumar
Department of Panchkarma, L.N. Ayurveda College and Hospital, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

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Tea Tree Oil in Calcium Alginate Microparticles | Chapter 2 | Trends in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.2

The aim of this work was the characterisation of tea tree oil calcium-alginate microparticles prepared using prilling vibration technology and drying according to three different methods (oven at 40°C, dynamic drying under air-flow at 22°C and freeze-drying). Microparticles were characterized by stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and as regarding essential oil content and in vitro release. After oven drying and air-flow drying processes, microparticles were partially aggregated. They had a high oil content (more than 50% w/w) and were able to release tea tree oil in about 3 hours. Freeze-drying gave microparticles well separated to each other, characterized by the highest dimensions (about 500 µm), a good essential oil content and the fastest release rate. For all systems, the oil content decreased during storage with a total loss, after 5 months, ranging from 10% (air-flow dried microparticles) to 24% (oven-dried microparticles).

Author(s) Details

Lorena Segale
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy and APTSol Srls, Largo Guido Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy.

Andrea Foglio Bonda
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy and APTSol Srls, Largo Guido Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy.

Lorella Giovannelli
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy and APTSol Srls, Largo Guido Donegani 2/3, 28100 Novara, Italy.

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Sudanese Vetiver Oil Vetiverianigritana (Benth.) Stapf | Chapter 1 | Trends in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.2

The volatile oil of the roots of Vetiverianigritana (Benth.) Stapf was extracted by hydrodistillation for 36 h to yield 1.35%. The physical and chemical properties were determined according to international standards and were not compatible with published data. Analysis of the oil by gas liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (GLC-MS) technique revealed that the oil was composed of 50 compounds of which 9 compounds were not identified. The main constituents were longifolene D (25.1%), 2-hydroxycyperol (9.7%) and aromadendrene oxide (1) (8.8%). The different and extremely complex composition of vetiver oil from different geographic regions of the world prompted us to add that the Sudanese vetiver oil is also different and do not comply with the "finger print" of the oil in the literature (α- and β- vetivone plus khusimol).

Author(s) Details

Muna Abdel Latif Khalil
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

Saad Mohamed Hussein Ayoub
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medical Sciences and Technology, Khartoum, Sudan.

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Biodegradable Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogel Membranes for Controlled Release of Anticancer Drug: Advanced Study | Chapter 8 | Trends in Pharmaceutical Research and Development Vol.2

Biodegradable interpenetrating polymer network hydrogel membranes of chitosan and gelatin were prepared by solvent casting evaporation method for the controlled release of 5‑fluorouracil (5‑FU), an anticancer drug. The membranes were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), X‑ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Tensile strength measurements. The FTIR was used to understand the formation of crosslinking and to confirm the absence of chemical interactions between drug and membranes. DSC and XRD studies were performed to understand the crystalline nature of drug after encapsulation into the membranes. SEM was used to study the surface morphology of the membranes. The in vitro studies were carried out in phosphate buffer pH 7.4 at 37°C. The results of controlled release tests showed that the amount of 5‑FU release increased with the increasing the amount of gelatin in the membrane. Moreover, the release rate of drug increased as the amount of drug loaded in the membranes increased. All the results indicated that the prepared membrane was potentially useful in drug‑delivery systems, and the prolonged release rate was observed up to 12 h. 

Author(s) Details

Dr. B. Mallikarjuna
Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College, Rajahmundry, East Godavari, India.  

Dr. K. Madhusudana Rao
School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongbuk, 38541, South Korea.

K. Pallavi
Department of Chemistry, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, A.P, India.

Dr. K. Chowdoji Rao
Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India.

Dr. (Mrs.) M. C. S. Subha,
Department of Chemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur, India.

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